第2讲：英语句子成分与结构

Body Text,第,2,讲：英语句子成分与结构,0,英语句子,句子,（,Sentence,）,是最高一层的语法结构，也是人们进行交际、表达思想的最小语言单位。,句子在具体的语境中能够表达相对完整的意思，即能够说明一个情况，提出一个问题，下达一个指示或表达一种感情。,正是通过句子的一来一往才使人们的思想交流成为可能；也正是通过一连串意义相关的句子的有机组合才使人们能够表达连贯的思想，进行诸如归纳、推理之类的思维活动。,句子是能够单独存在并能表达相对完整意义的语法单位。,根据这个定义，我们就可以区别句与非句。,比如说,the table,（,这张桌子），当它孤立出现的时候，便不成为句子，因为它没有说明什么问题。,如果说：,The table is made of wood,这张桌子是木制的。 那就是句子，因为它们分别说明了有关这张桌子的情况，传达了有关这张桌子的信息。,一个语言项目能否算是句子有时还需结合上下文来判断。比如说：,在上面两则对话中，,On the table= The vase is on the table，The ChineseThose who won the game are the Chinese，,这叫做省略句（,Elliptical Sentence），,因为句中某些部分被省掉了，而这种被省略的部分根据上下文是很容易填补进去的。,因此，,On the table，The Chinese,在一定的语境中，既可单独存在，也可表达完整的意思，从而应该算是句子，也可叫做不完全句（,Minor Sentence）。,英语里还有一种不完全句并非依靠上下文，而完全依赖于特定的言语环境。,例如：广场木牌上的,No parking！（,不许停车！），池边的告示,No fishing！（,不许钓鱼！），这类结构并没有上下文，也很难说到底省略了什么，但它们既能独立存在，又能表达完整的意义，起着明确的交际作用，所以，也应该算是句子。,句子是建立在分句的基础上，可以包含一个或一个以上的分句。只包含一个简单独立分句的句子叫做“简单句”（,Simple Sentence），,这时句子和独立分句在含义上是没有区别的。,例如：,This is a rare book,这是一本难得的书。,一个句子，如果包括两个或两个以上互相独立的分句并由并列连词连接起来，这就是并列句（,Compound Sentence）。,The old man was dying and he knew it,老人快要死了，而且他也知道要死。,一个句子，如果含有附属分句作为自己的直接成分，这就叫做复杂句（,Complex Sentence）。,When the pilot landed,，,he was immediately taken to a police station,飞机驾驶员着陆后立即被带往警察局。,一个并列句如果含有复杂句便构成并列复杂句（,Compound Complex Sentence）。,I hear that the weatherman said it was going to rain，but I still insist that we should start off at once,我听气象员报告说要下雨了，但我仍坚持立刻动身。,01,句子成分定义,构成句子的各个部分叫做,句子成分,。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；,主要成分有主语（,subject,）和谓语（,predicate,）；,次要成分有表语,(predicative),、宾语,(object),、定语,(attribute),、状语,(adverbial),、补足语,(complement),和同位语,(appositive),。,02,主语,主语,（,subject),：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体或,动作的执行者,，一般位于句首。,但在,there be,结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。,主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。,1,During the 1990s,American country music,has become more and more popular.（名词）,2,We,often speak English in class.（代词）,3,One-third,of the students,in this class are girls.（数词）,4,To swim,in the river,is a great pleasure.（不定式）,5,Smoking,does harm to the health.（动名词）,6,The rich,should help the poor.（名词化的形容,词）,7,When we are going to have an English test,has not been decided.（主语从句）,8,It,is necessary,to master a foreign language,.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,03,谓语,谓语,(predicate),说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。,动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：,1,、,简单谓语：,由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：,He practices running every morning.,2,、复合谓语：,由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：,You may keep the book for two weeks.,主语和谓语是英语句子的两大成分，除少数句子（如祈使句和感叹句等）外，一句话必须同时具有主语和谓语所表达的意思才能完整。主语是针对谓语而言的，是一句话的主题，谓语用来说明主语的情况，为主语提供信息。在正常情况下，英语的主语和谓语的位置与汉语一致，也就是说主语在前，谓语紧跟其后。,04,表语,表语,(predicative),用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如,be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem,等）之后。,表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。,Our teacher of English,is,an American,.（名词）,Is,it,yours,?（代词）,The weather has,turned,cold,.（形容词）,The speech,is,exciting,.（分词）,Three times seven,is,twenty one,?（数词）,His job,is,to teach English,.（不定式）,His hobby（爱好）,is,playing football,.（动名词）,The machine,must be,out of order,.（介词短语）,Time,is,up,. The class,is,over,.（副词）,The truth,is,that he has never been abroad,.（表语从句）,05,宾语,宾语,(object),表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。,宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。,例如：,They went to see an exhibition yesterday.,（名词）,The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.,（代词）,How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.,（数词,),They helped the old with their housework yesterday.,（名词化形容词）,He pretended not to see me.,（不定式短语）,I enjoy listening to popular music.,（动名词短语）,I think,（,that,）,he is fit for his office.,（宾语从句）,06,宾语补足语,英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有,宾语补足语,(complement of object),的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如,make,等,+,宾语,+,宾补）。,宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。,His father named him Dongming.,（名词）,They painted their boat white.,（形容词）,Let the fresh air in.,（副词）,You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.,（不定式短语）,We saw her entering the room.,（现在分词）,We found everything in the lab in good order.,（介词短语）,We will soon make our city what your city is now.,（从句）,07,定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语,(attributive),。定语可由以下等成分表示：,Guilin is a beautiful city.,（形容词）,China is a developing country; America is a developed country.,（分词）,There are thirty women teachers in our school.,（名词）,His rapid progress in English made us surprised.,（代词）,Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.,（不定式短语）,The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.,（动名词）,He is reading an article about how to learn English.,（介词短语）,He is reading a book that he has never read.,（定语从句）,08,状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做,状语,(adverbial),。可由以下形式表示：,Light travels most quickly.,（副词及副词性词组）,He has lived in the city for ten years.,（介词短语）,He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.,（不定式短语）,He is in the room making a model plane.,（分词短语）,Wait a minute.,（名词）,Once you begin, you must continue.,（状语从句）,状语种类如下：,How about meeting again at six?,（时间状语）,Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.,（原因状语）,I shall go there if it doesnt rain.,（条件状语）,Mr Smith lives on the third floor.,（地点状语）,She put the eggs into the basket with great care.,（方式状语）,She came in with a dictionary in her hand.,（伴随状语）,In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.,（目的状语）,He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.,（结果状语）,She works very hard though she is old.,（让步状语）,I am taller than he is.,（比较状语）,09,同位语,当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语（,appositive,）。这两个句子成分多由名词（代词）担任，同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词（代词）之后。 同位语也可以由从句来担任（同位语从句）。,如：,We,students,should study hard.,Carol ,an American teacher, will come to our school.,We must face the fact,that there are a lot of difficulties and troubles on the way to success.,10,独立成分,有时句子中会有一些与句子,没有语法联系,的成分，称为句子独立成分（,Independent Elements,）。,感叹词,：,oh, hello, aha, ah,等。,肯定词,yes,否定词,no,称呼语,：,mum, dad,。,插入语,：一些句中插入的,I think , I believe,等。 如,: The story, I think, has never come to the end,情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语,:perhaps,也许, maybe,大概, actually,实际上, certainly,当然，等。,11,简单句的五种基本句型,基本句型，又叫核心句（,Kernel Sentence），,是千变万化的句子结构的雏形。人们在交际中使用的句子是千差万别的，但是那千差万别、变幻莫测的句子可以最后分析成为少数几个最基本的结构原形，正是这些有限的结构原形及其转换形式能够生成无限的实际使用的句子。,1主语+不及物动词：,( S V),My head aches.,2,主语+及物动词+宾语,(SVO,）,Henry bought a dictionary.,3,主语+系动词+表语,(SVC),系动词,be,动词类：,am,、,is,、,are,、,was,、,were,表示变化类：,become,、,get,、,turn,、,grow,、,go,感官动词类,:,look sound smell taste feel appear, seem,表示延续性的动词：,remain,、,stay,、,keep,His face turned red,The apple tastes sweet,4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）,(SVIOO)(SVOiO),My father bought me a car.,-My father bought a car for me,He gave me three yuan.,-He gave three yuan to me,5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）,(SVOC),Tom made the baby laugh.,We made him our monitor.,I cant make myself understood.,We want to have the desk repaired.,练习：试指出划线部分所充当的句子成分。,1.Money is not everything. Theres,Mastercard & Visa,.,钞票不是万能的，有时还需要信用卡。,2.There should be a better way to start a day,than waking up every morning,.,应该有更好的方式开始新一天，而不是千篇一律的在每个上午都醒来。,3.To the world,you may be one person, but to one person you may be the world.,对于世界而言，你是一个人；但是对于某个人，你是他的整个世界。,4.Inner sunshine warms not only the heart of the owner, but,of all that come in contact with it.,内心的欢乐不仅温暖了欢乐者自己的心，也温暖了所有与之接触者的心。,5. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city,that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus,，,which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.,许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。,6.,Although many people claim that,，,along with the rapidly economic development,，,the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.,尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。,