资源描述
Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second Level,Third Level,Fourth Level,Fifth Level,*,Power Point slides from Dr. Quiming Zhou at Hong Kong Baptist University,Site,Modified by instructor, JimWyles,History of Cartography,“the short version”,1,Development of Cartography influenced by,:,Human understanding,Philosophical views of earth & cosmos,Religious beliefs,Travel,Society,Economic circumstances,Political decision-making,Technological Advances,Scientific understanding of the earth,Geometry,Measurements,Mapping Techniques,Manual,Magnetic,Mechanical,Optical,Photo-chemical,Electronic,Information,Development,Access,GIS,2,Selected Highlights of “Chapters” or “Episodes” in Cartographic Development,:,Prehistoric- Prior to 3000 BC,Ancient- 3000 BC to 400 AD,“Church maps” 400AD to 1450 AD,Encompassed Dark Ages & Medieval Times,Age of Discovery- 1450 AD to 1800s,Information Age- 1900s to Present,3,History of Cartography,Sequence of Development,Evolution - the ladder concept.,“Missing links” - gaps in development.,Revolution - the tree concept.,Each revolution leads to a new map type.,Map types develop in evolutionary fashion, until the next revolutionary change occurs.,5,Cartographic Development,OriginA,OriginB,Present,Present,Ladder Concept,Tree Concept,6,Cartographic Revolution and Evolution,30,000 B.C.,0 A.D.,200 A.D.,500 A.D.,1200 A.D.,1700 A.D.,1800 A.D.,1900 A.D.,2000 A.D.,The diverse map types we know today emerged through a long process of cartographic revolution and evolution.,(From Robinson,et al,., 1995),7,Nobody knows when the first map was made.,Figurative maps- carvings on rock, skin, bone & cave painting. Humans lived close to nature. Maps used to show location of resources, hunting game, or paths.,Figurative Maps-,Pictographs,rock carving with map,elements,Prehistoric- Prior to 3000 BC,8,Figurative Maps,Abstract stick charts helped Polynesians navigate between remote South Sea Islands by somehow representing essential characteristics of prevailing winds and currents.,(From Robinson,et al,., 1995),9,Babylonians,Principles of cartography were understood as early as 2300 BC when drew maps on clay tablets as well as Egyptian drawings.,Use- immediate are not whole earth - engineering & cadastral.,Greeks,Pursued development of geographical knowledge 600 BC,Early view of earth as round disk surrounded by ocean,By 4,th,Century BC scholars accepted the earth was a,sphere,- proven by,Aristotles six arguments,Excelled in mathematical calculations & theoretical earth issues,Developed reference line system or orientation lines for maps,Ptolemy- 8 volume book on Guide to Geography,Map projections, 8000 place names with lat/long values, map making directions, map of whole known world (did under estimate earth size),Romans,Focused on military & administrative needs,Disk shape of world was simple & easy to use,Chinese (develop independently),Astronomical knowledge,Topographic maps for military,First compass (453-221 BC),First Paper making (105 AD),Ancient- 3000 BC to 400 AD,10,Ancient-,Early Mesopotamian Map of the World,The earliest extant world map is a Babylonian clay tablet from the sixth century B.C., on which Earth is shown as a flat circular disc surrounded by ocean and several mythical islands.,(From Wilford, 2000),11,Ancient-,A Map From Ancient Egypt,An map made in Ancient Egypt showing the trace of gold workings in Egypt. The map, now in Turin, depicts gold workings around the time of King Seti I (1350-1205 B.C.).,(From,GEOEurope, January 2000),12,Ancient-,Cartography in China,Astronomical knowledge existed in Shang (,商,) Dynasty, 11th century B.C.,Three maps made in Han (,漢,) Dynasty (2nd century B.C.) were discovered.,In a tomb (,長沙馬王堆漢墓,).,made in silk.,one topographic map focused on military matters: streams, roads, mountain ranges, names, scale and orthogonal view point.,For more details please check web page,13,Ancient-,An Over 2000 Year Old Map,Ancient Chinese topographical map (200 B.C.): A silk map in the ancient tombs.,Their great significance lies in the fact that they are in part surprisingly,accurate and detailed,and show that the art of cartography was well advanced at this time., Bulling, 1978 (cited in Wilford, 2000),14,Ancient-,Cartography in China,(Cont.),The first compass was invented in China.,司南,(,戰國, 453-221 B.C.).,was not widely used until North Song Dynasty (,北宋, 960-1126 A.D.) when the artificial magnetisation was invented.,introduced to Europe in 12th century.,Paper-making was invented in 105 A.D., East Han Dynasty (,東漢, 25-220 A.D.,).,15,Ancient-,The Ancient Compass,Up: The earliest magnetic compass,Si-nan,(司南) made in West Han Dynasty (西漢, 206 B.C. 8 A.D.). Right: the clay figure made in South Song Dynasty (南宋, 1127-1279 A.D.) showing the rather modern look compass held in the mans hand.,(The National Museum of Chinese History),16,Ancient-,How does a Compass work,Compass: the primary device for direction finding on the surface of the earth.,How a compass works:,A piece of lodestone, naturally occurring magnetic ore, tends to align itself to point in the direction with the magnetic orientation of the earth.,Iron or steel that touches lodestone tends to align itself in the north-south direction.,At first a compass bowl was used and later employed a compass needle as shown in the modern compass to the right.,Not only are the North & south directions shown on the compass, but 30 other principle directions were shown.,Caveat- The direction of the Earths magnetic field is not quite parallel to the north-south axis of the globe but close enough for a good guide.,This variation is known as declination and varies from point to point upon the earth. So, today we can define very accurate directions.,“modern day” compass,17,Ancient-Earliest Paper Map 105 AD,The earliest paper map made in the West Han Dynasty, almost at the same time when the paper itself was invented by Chinese. The paper map was discovered in an ancient tomb in Gansu Province (甘肅天水放馬灘5號漢墓), western China.,(The Provincial Museum of Gansu),18,Ancient-,Cartography in Europe,Aristotle (384-322 B.C.): Earth is a sphere.,Ptolemy (90-160 A.D.):,Geographia,.,8 volume set: (highlights),Instructions of how to construct maps,Advocated map making using geographic coordinate systems,27 maps of places in Europe, Asia, & Africa,Created “portolan charts”,Why important:,Huge influence on many- ie.,- cartographers Ptolemy had written well for cartographic basics,- exploration- Columbus used his maps to strengthen his view that Asia could be reached travelling westward. (OOPS! Ptolemy had Asia extending much farther east! Also, Ptolemy calculated the earth about of its actual size and his equator was too far north!,- navigators- used his portolan charts,19,Ancient Greece,Map of Hecataeus (about 500 B.C.): by an empirical approach, relying on exploration and travel instead of pure geometry alone.,(From Dorling and Fairbairn, 1997),20,Encompassed Dark Ages and Medieval Times of Europe,General regression in thought & culture,World maps represented as a circular disks (at best),Religious beliefs dominated,Religion & maps were melded as one,World maps became figurative as in prehistoric times,Development in medieval period (the “dark age”) was limited,except the sudden appearance in 13th century of “portolan charts”.,Chinese (develop independently),First printed map 1155 AD,300 years before Europe,Church Maps:400 AD to 1450,21,Church Maps:,The Roman Empire,The world-view of the Roman Empire (400 A.D.): A circular earth disc, set in a surrounding ocean, became the dominant interpretation of the Middle Ages cartographer.,(From Dorling and Fairbairn, 1997),22,Church Maps,Typology of,mappae mundi,A S I A,EUROPE,Mediterranean,AFRICA,Ocean,River,Don,Nile,E,N,W,S,A S I A,EUROPE,Mediterranean,AFRICA,Ocean River,ANTIPODES,Ocean,River,Don,Nile,E,N,W,S,Ocean River,TORRID,ZONE,TEMPERATEZONE,TEMPERATEZONE,FRIDID ZONE,FRIDID ZONE,Tripartite,Zonal,Quadripartite,Transitional,(From Harley and Woodward, 1987, cited in Dorling and Fairbairn, 1997),Main Purpose: Not to show location,What are the Antipodes?,23,Church Maps,More on,mappae mundi,The monstrous races in Antipodes:,Abarimon:,backwards turned feet,Amazons:,warlike women who live without men and sear off their right breast in order to draw bow (matriarchal African societies),Amyctyrae:,protruding lower lip, live on raw meat (Ubangi in N. Africa),Androgini:,characteristics of both males and females,Anthropophagi:,cannibals who eat their parents when they get old,Antipodes:,can walk upside down,Artibatirae:,walk on all fours,Astomi:,survive on smells alone; cannot eat nor drink; will die if they smell a bad odor,Blemmyae:,faces on their chests; no head or neck,Bragmanni:,naked wise men who live in caves (Brahman Hindu holy men from India),Cyclopes:,one eyed giants (Watusi in N. Africa),Cynocephali:,dog-headed race; communicate by barking,Donestre:,speak the language of any traveler they meet; claim to know his relatives; then kill the traveler and mourn his death,Ethiopians:,race of burnt (black) men who live in the mountains in Africa (North Africans),Gorgades:,hairy women who live in Africa (Gorillas),Himantopodes:,race with long, strap-like feet,Hippopodes:,race with horses feet (genetic mutation among some Africans which results in feet w/ two toes),Maritimi:,keen-eyed (four eyed) race,Panotii:,race whos ears reach their feet and serve as blankets; shy; use ears as wings and fly away when approached,Pygmies:,race of short people (Pygmies of S. Africa),Sciopods:,one legged but fleet-footed; spend days lying on backs protecting their heads from the sun with their single great foot,Sciritae:,noseless, flat-faced race,Speechless:,race who communicate with gestures,Troglodytes:,race of hole-creepers who live in caves (N. African groups who live in underground houses - like in first Star Wars movie),Wife-Givers:,amiable race; give their wives to any traveler who stops among them,Who lives in the Antipodes?:,24,Church Maps,The EbstorfMap,The Ebstorf map showing,Christs head, hands and feet at the extents of the world,(1235 A.D.).,(From Dorling and Fairbairn, 1997),25,Church Maps,Portolan Chart,A fragment of a ,portolano, a medieval navigational map, presumably the eastern central portion of the map covering the Mediterranean region. The fragment shows most of Greece and the islands, and the southern part of the Italian peninsula. Drawn in sepia and shaded in red, the principal place names written in a,small Gothic script, and interlocking,rhumblines,in red and brown.,26,Renaissance,Rediscovery of Ptolemys works,Geradus Mercator develops map of Europe (1554) based on cylindrical projection. Allowed straight line bearings. Map projection still in use today- especially for navigation. Guess the projection name?,Elaborate nature of maps- compass roses, cartouche (ornate & ornamental frame),Beginning of printing in Europe (1450),Thematic maps,The introduction of metric system (1795- How is Napoleon connected?),1 metre = 1/10,000,000 part of the arc distance from the equator to the pole,Globalism,Increased map accuracy due to more exploration by fortune hunters, colonists, missionaries, & traders,Mapping the discoveries revitalizes map making as an art & science,Mapping was in the highest demand in history,Age of Discovery- 1450 to 1800s,27,Age of Discovery,The Map Based on Ptolemys Descriptions,The map constructed in the 15,th,century from Ptolemys written directions and descriptions, and reflects geographical knowledge of the known world in the 2,nd,century A.D.,(From Robinson,et al,., 1995),28,Age of Discovery,Europe,Mercator Projected maps-,are useful in navigation. If you draw a line between you and your destination on a Mercator map and then calculate the angle relative to north, youll get the compass bearing needed to get you where youre going,29,Age of Discovery,Europe,Compass Rose to orient the map directions,30,Age of Discovery,Europe,Cartouche ornate & ornamental frames were common surrounding the map body,31,Age of Discovery,Europe,North did not dominate as being placed at the top of the paper map until 1550 to 1600 1150-1500 1500-1550 1550-1600 37% oriented North 57% oriented North,94,% oriented North 13% to East 5% to East 2% to East23% to West 5% to West 2% to West 26% to South 31% to South 2% to South,32,Earliest Printed Map,in China- 1155 ADin Europe- 1450 AD,The earliest printed map (1555) made in the South Song Dynasty showing east part of,China,in the modern history.,(Beijing Library),33,Age of Discovery,Europe,Thematic Maps (1800s) Example:,Poverty in London, 1898- 1999,Map created by Charles Booth,34,Age of Discovery,Early Survey in France,The perceived shape of France before and after the,1693,survey by Picard and La Hire (revised coastline in bold).,(from Dorling and Fairbairn, 1997),35,Technology/ Information Age-1900s to the Present,Changing Ideas,Scientific understanding of the earth,Geometry,Measurements,Technology,Technology Mapping Techniques,Manual,Magnetic,Mechanical,Optical,Photo-chemical,Electronic,Information Age,Developing methods to collect and use data,Access through computers,Geographic Information Systems (GIS),36,Technology/ Information Age-,Impact of Changing Ideas,Concept of representation,Early maps: more figurative than literal,Geometry,Shape and size of the earth,Locational reference system,Reconciling conflicting information,Church maps,In the 1900s to present, we understand:,37,Technology/ Information Age-,Impact of Changing Ideas,(Cont.),Science and measurement,the concept of order: cause-effect relations,chance (or probability) as basic investigation tool,Enlightenment - positional accuracy,Concept of distribution,place - general reference maps,space - the spatial extent and variation of features - the idea of distribution,thematic maps,38,Technology/ Information Age-,Impact of Changing Ideas,(Cont.),Systems/ecological thinking,ecological model,: view the environment as a system of interrelated processes (ie. species survival or environmental contamination),systems approach:,reintegrate what had been separated,cartographic modelling,: environmental phenomena are selected, weighted by importance, and linked together to form a numerical index,39,Technology/ Information Age-,Impact of Changing Technology,Manual:,mappae mundi,and portolan charts - hand drawing,Magnetic: compass and magnetic media,Mechanical: machine process and printing,Optical: telescopic sighting instruments and projection, optical media,Photo-chemical: photogrammetry,Electronic: computer process,40,Technology/ Information Age-,Impact of Changing Technology,1100,1200,1300,1400,1500,1600,1700,1800,1900,2000,Manual,Magnetic,Mechanical,Optical,Photo-chemical,Electronic,41,Technology/ Information Age-,Manual Technology,A,formschneider,(one who carves woodcuts) at work in front of a window. In those days there was no satisfactory substitute for daylight.,Manual mapping procedures were dominant during the longest period in the recorded history of cartography., Robinson,et al,., 1995,42,Technology/ Information Age-,Magnetic Technology,The magnetic compass was brought from China in the 12,th,century.,The devise contains a free floating magnetized needle that aligns with the earths magnetic field.,This provides a baseline that angles can be measured.,The compass is the perfect tool for navigators as well as surveyors to determine accurate bearings (directions).,Cartographers could produce more accurate positional maps., Robinson,et al,., 1995,43,Technology/ Information Age-,Mechanical Technology,Printing from a copperplate engraving with the rolling press was a hard work.,The engraving machines could produce closely spaced parallel lines. No longer did every map- original and copies- need to be drawn by hand.,Machine power augmented and magnified human muscle power. The result was a major,increase,in the,speed,and,efficiency,of the mapping process, with a commensurate,reduction,in mapping,cost,., Robinson,et al,., 1995,44,Technology/ Information Age-,Optical Technology,Telescoping sighting instruments instruments have extended human sight. (eg. Telescopes & magnifying glasses),“Laser technology such as laser optical surveying & CD-ROMs are examples of recent breakthroughs in the technology. Massive data storage & retrieval possible in the form of CD- ROMs.”,Recent advances in light projection improved accuracy of image transfer with photo-chemical processes., Robinson,et al,., 1995,Laser optical surveying tools,45,Technology/ Information Age-,Photo-Chemical Technology,Photography enabled cartographers to acquire an image base map form.,Image reduction or enlargement could be completed with photographic technology.,Photographs from the air were taken. Photo images could be transformed to,orthophotos, from which planimetric data can be derived.,46,Technology/ Information Age-,Electronic Technology,Computers & software,Digital files- binary code to store spatial attributes & data tables.,Digitizers,Ink jet printers,Laser printers,What next?,47,Technology/ Information Age-,Information Age Mapping,Information- to inventory & manage the earth.,Information systems- Database & DBMS.,Geographical information systems (GIS).,Maps play a key role in GIS.,GIS are crucial in modern mapping.,48,Technology/ Information Age-,Mapping With GIS,Datacollection,EditingStructuringUpdating,DataBase,Map,StatisticalTools,GraphicalTools,DataManipulation,49,THE END,If this is the short version,what is the long version!,History of Cartography,“the short version”,50,t*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWoZr$u(x+A2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%v(y+B3E6H9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRjVmYp!t&w)z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZr$u*x+A2D5H8KcNfQiUlXo#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSjVnYq$t*w-A1D4G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B3E6H9LcOfRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRjVmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F7IaLdPgSjVnYq$t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZv)y0B3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F7IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2E6H9KcOfRiUmXp!s&v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWoZr$u(x+A2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%v(y+B3E6H9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*
展开阅读全文