轮胎结构设计技术过程课件

Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,-,74,轮胎结构设计技术过程,2003. 8.,研究值群,1. PCR TIRE,结构设计、开发,2. LTB/ TBR TIRE,结构设计、开发,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,目 录,. PC,结构设计技术,1. PCR Tire,结构,2. Tire,各部位功能及特性,3.,开发,FLOW(PCR OE),1,）,新产品开发,PROCEDURE,2,）,新产品开发组织图,(C.F.T),3,）,设计目标设定,4,）,开发过程,5,）,轮胎实车性能改善,6,）,耐久品质验证,7),PCR,结构设计检讨事项,4.,最近性能项目,. LTM/TBR,结构设计技术,1. LTM/TBR Tire,结构,2. RADIAL,和,BIAS Tire,的比较,3. LTM/TBR,轮胎的技术资料,4. LTM/TBR,轮胎的,PATTERN,体系,5.,用途及车种别规格,&,花纹适用现况,6.,轮胎文字表示内容,7.,轮胎规格表示内容,8.,大宽轮胎的优点,9.,Radial,轮胎规格互换表,I-2,I-4,I-14,I-17,I-19,I-20,I-29,I-30,I-31,I-36,-40,-61,-67,-69,-70,II-72,II-73,II-74,II-75,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,. PC,结构设计技术,1. PCR Tire,结构,1),胎面,(Tread),:,胎面是和路面接触的部分，要有制动、驱动必要的摩擦力且要耐磨损性良好且要能承受外部冲击且要发热量少。,2),帘布层,(Body Ply),:,是,Tire,内部的,Cord,层，承受负荷及耐冲击，对于运行中屈伸运动耐疲劳性药强。,3),带束曾,(Belt),:,位置在胎面和,car cass,之间，由,Steel Wire,构成，缓和外部冲击，当然使,Tread,接地面维持在一定宽度，以致运行稳定性良好,。,4),胎侧,(SideWall),:,指的是胎肩下部分到胎圈之间的橡胶，起保护内部,car cass,的作用。,5),胎圈,(BEAD),:,用在,Steel Wire,覆上橡胶的四角或六角形态的,Wire,Bundle,把,TIRE,安装及固定在,RIM,的作用。,6),气密层,(Inner Liner),:,代替内胎位置在轮胎里部，防止漏气,。,7),冠带层,(CAP PLY),:,位置在一部分轿车,radial,轮胎的,BELT,的特殊,CORD,，最小化带束层活动。,8),三角胶,(APEX),: :,最小化,BEAD,的分散且缓和外部冲击，保护,BEAD,，成型时为了防止,AIR,进入使用的三角形态的橡胶填充物。,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,Bead Filler,Flipper,Chaffer (Gum),Carcass,Tread,Belt,Inner Liner,Side Wall,Rim Chafer,Bead Wire,Nylon Cap ply,Belt Cushion,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,1,）,Tread,Tread,Tire Type,别,Tread,必要条件,-,High Performance tire,High Grip & Wet,性能及内发热性终止,- All Season Tire,耐磨损性及,NVH,性能重视,- Winter Tire,低温下,Softness,维持及结冰路,Grip,力极大化,Tread,的功能,作为和地面接触的部分，起汽车驱/制动力传达给路面的功能。,Tread,的主要要求特性,-,耐磨损性,-,耐,Cutting,性,-,耐,Crack,性,-,低燃料费性,-,耐发热性,2. Tire,各部位功能及特性,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,2,）,Tread Pattern,Main Groove,Sipe,Lateral Groove,Pitch,Tread Pattern,的功能,随形象及,Groove,深度的变化，显示出制,驱动性能及,R&H, NVH,性能差异,*,Tire,外观也重要,Tread Pattern,设计要素,- Main Groove,个数,宽,深度,位置,接地率,排水性, Wandering,- Lateral Groove,形象,个数,深度,方向性,接地率,排水性, Pulling, NVH, R&H, Grip,磨损,- Sipe,形象,个数,深度,位置,Ride, NVH,磨损, Grip,- Pitch,个数,大小,排列,NVH,磨损,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,Tread Pattern,的分类,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,3,）,Steel Belt,Steel Belt,#2 Belt,#1 Belt,Angle,Direction,Wire,Wire,根数,/ inch,Wire,缠结,Type,Steel Belt,的功能,对,Tire Pattern,及,Compound,影响最大的,Part,，是路面,Grip,力,Handling, Ride,等性能,Tuning,的主要要素。,Steel Belt,主要要求特性,-,Wire,强力及耐腐蚀性,- Wire,缠结程度及密度维持,- Coating,橡胶粘结力,- Coating,橡胶耐热性,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,Steel Belt,主要,Factor,特性,-,Wire,材质,- Wire Diameter,缠结方法,- Wire,密度,- Coating Compound,种类,- Coating Compound Ga.,- Angle & Direction,- Width,-,运行耐久性,-,磨损,-,轻量化,-,实车,Feeling,-,实车,Feeling,- Pulling,-,运行耐久性,-,轻量化,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,4,）,补强,Capply & Belt Cushion,补强,Capply,Belt Cushion,Belt Cushion,的功能,减少,Belt Edge,层间剪切应力，为了防止,Separation,插入耐热,Rubber Sheet,。,Sheet Compound,的物性及,Volume,恰当使用。,补强,Capply,的功能,防止因告诉运行时圆心力及,Belt,变形引起的,Belt,层间,Separation,，为了提高告诉耐久性采用,Nylon,补强,Cord,。,补强,Belt,Capply Type,随,Tire,Speed Grade,及规格多样化使用数量及,Type,。,1,Edge, 2 Edge, 1 Full Cap,1Full + 1 Edge, 2 Full Cap, Cord,强度,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,5,）,Carcass,Carcass,Carcass,按规格及用途,-,选择,Cord,材质,- Cord,径,密度,- Coating Compound,等使用,Carcass,的功能,起构筑,Tire,的骨架作用，和,Inner Liner,一起维持空气压，支持从外部附加的负荷,。,*,在,PCR Tire,，,Cord,主要以,Radial,方向构成,Carcass,主要要求特性,-,冲击吸收性,冲击抵抗性,-,尺寸稳定性,- Flat Spotting Resistance,主要,Carcass Cord,材质,- Rayon,- Polyester,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,6,）,Bead,Bead Filler,Bead Wire,Height,Bead Wire,的功能,固定,Tire,和,Rim,且支持负荷，驱动,/,制动、,Torque,等传达给轮面的作用,Bead Wire,主要要求特性,-,柔软性,-,屈服强度,-,拉伸应力,Bead Wire,特性因素,- Wire,根数, Wire,径,安装性, Bead,耐久,- Bead,内经,安装性, Bead Slip,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,APEX,Height,APEX,的功能,决定,Side,部位的强性，舒适感和操纵稳定性的决定性作用,APEX,的特性因素,- Height & Volume,- Compound,硬度,实车,Feeling,(R&H, NVH),Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,7,）,Sidewall,Sidewall,Sidewall,的功能,从外部冲击保护,Carcass,通过,Bead,部，,把,Steering Wheel,传达给,Input Tread,的中间位置,*,Tire,的基本情报,(,规格,负荷,空气压等等,),用文字刻印的部位,Sidewall,的特性因素,- Compound,硬度及,Volume, Damping,物性,实车,Feeling(R&H, NVH),Sidewall,主要要求特性,-,耐疲劳性,-,拉伸强度,延伸率,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,-,. Inner Liner,Inner Liner,Inner Liner,的功能,Tire,的空气压维持,Inner Liner,主要要求特性,-,使用耐空气渗透性良好的,Butyle Rubber,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,1,）,新产品开发,Procedure,3.,开发,FLOW(PCR OE),Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,2,）,新产品开发组织图,(C.F.T),Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,OE vs. RE TIRE,比较,OE TIRE,RE TIRE(,例示,),性能,开发,方式,给适当轮胎提供最高的 性能, Car Maker,和共同性能,Tunning,Tire,概念,装配给特定轮胎的专用轮胎,给所有车辆提供普遍性能, Tire,业体,Concept,设定开发,给轮胎单品赋予特别的商品性,(,例,舒适感最高,高品格, UHP,等,),可装配多种车辆的代替,Tire,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,3,）,设计目标设定,规格检讨,外径,断面宽,静负荷半径,动负荷半径,benchmarking,轮胎入手及当社,花纹技术检讨,对于车辆销售地区、磨损性能、噪音性能、,WET,性能、耐久力、,SNOW,性能、,GROOVE WANDER,、,PRAT,等技术检讨,车辆输出地区检讨,各国认证检讨,( UTQGS, ECE, CCIB, I009, GULF,基本结构设定,( CARCASS, CAPPLY),负荷率检讨,考虑,TRA, ETRTO,输出地区，使用条件检讨,了解车辆悬浮情报,D-FMEA,运用,例,),既存,EF,车辆开发时发生车辆倾斜倾向，因此开发,F/L,车辆,NEW EF,车辆用轮胎开发时，反应设计新花纹开发适用,。,设计目标设定,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,4,）,开发过程,（,1),初期开发检讨,车辆,Concept,规格确定,净增车辆调查,新花纹开发,与否检讨,benmarking,(,选定,/,检讨,),自体技术检讨,(FMEA),新花纹开发,保留花纹适用,花纹确定,口型设计,口型制作,初始品验证,(,自体,),结构分析,初始品制造,R&H, NVH,制动距离, PULL,计测试验,耐久,磨损,: Dedicated,: Paint Wear Test,Groove Wander,UTQGS,初始品提出,性能确保,TIRE,规格,/Type,花纹特定,模拟,-,KUPAS,- ESCOT,本,chmarking,轮胎入手,Compound,分析,R&H, NVH,试验,适用设计案,树立,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,（,2),轮胎开发过程,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,（,3),benchmarking,FLOW,benchmarking,轮胎,选定,试验项目,选定,试验数据,分析,产品设计,反应,实车性能,花纹、结构,Compound,分析,INDOOR,性能,RIDE,HANDLING,花纹噪音,路面噪音,旋回噪音,磨损性能,NG%,胎面宽,GROOVE WANDER,花纹形象,GROOVE,深度,基本结构,重量,compound,材料,DIMENSION,SPRING RATE,接地压力分布,PAINTWEAR,静室噪音测量,HARSHNESS,固有频率, PRAT,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,（,4),车辆别适用设计,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,（,5),试制品制造管理体系,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,（,6),simulation,验证,轮胎解析,Tool,性能,操纵性,解析,Tool,-. Vehicle/Tire,动力学解析,(ADAMS),-., Force & Moment,解析,(ABAQUS),舒适感,-.,操纵性极大化形象最佳化技术,(ESCOT),-.,Carcass Ply,均匀成长形象最佳化技术,(ESCOT),-.,轮胎,Impact,解析,(ABAQUS),-.,舒适感极大化形象最佳化技术,(ESCOT),耐久力,-.,轮胎,2,次元,/3,次元,Static,解析,(ABAQUS),-.,轮胎,Modal Frequency,解析,(ABAQUS),-. Groove Wander,预测,Tool (Inhouse),噪音,-.,轮胎结构噪音解析,(SYSNOISE),-.,花纹开发相关,Simulation (Inhouse),磨损,-.,轮胎,Modal Frequency,解析,(ABAQUS),-.,轮胎,Hydroplaning,解析,(DATRAN),-.,轮胎磨损解析,(ABAQUS),-.,均匀磨损形象最佳化技术,(ESCOT),滚动阻力,-.,轮胎滚动阻力,/,温度解析,(ABAQUS),Hydro-,planing,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,（,7),轮胎实车性能开发试验,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,参照,),轮胎实车开发试验,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,8,）,轮胎实车性能改善,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,参照,),设计,VS,性能,DATA,比较检讨,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,9,）,耐久品质验证,1.,Bead Unseating,试验项目,备注,2.,Plunger,3.,ECE-R30,Hi-Speed,4.,D0T 109,Hi-Speed,5.,DOT 109,Endurace,6.,实车磨损,7.,Autocross,8.,ADR 20,FMVSS110,室内,2,000 lbs,2,100 lbs,对外规定,区分,开发时,社内规定,室内,2,600,in-lbs,3,120,in-lbs,室内,60 min,80 min,室内,3 : 30,5 : 30,室内,34 hrs,58 hrs,实车,-,基准以上,实车,-,基准以上,实车,-,没有脱离,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,10,）,PCR,结构设计检讨事项,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,10,-1,) PCR,速度指数别设计特征,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,Maximum Loaded Vehicle Wt - ,=,Curb Wt + Accessory Wt + Capacity Wt + Option Wt,Curb Weight,= standard vehicle + fuel + oil + coolant + Aircon ,Accessory Weight,= power steer , power seat, radio, heater, auto-transmission ,Product Option Weight,= Regular,部品对比,2.3kg,以上,over,的部品,例示,),固用量,battery, Roof rack, special trim.,Vehicle maximum load on the Tire,=,在,状态下最大轴负荷除,2,的值,要比,轮胎胎侧,marking,的,Max Load Rating (Load Index),小,Vehicle Normal Load on the Tire,=,在,(Curb Wt + Accessory Wt +,一定,Capacity Wt),最大轴,负荷除,2,的值,要比,Load Index,负荷的,88%(TRA) , 85%(ETRTO),小,10,-2,),车辆负荷和轮胎负荷率,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,参照,),车辆区分,乘用车,: 10,的,乘车以下,面包车,: 11,的,乘车以上,在多目的型轿车、面包车安装,PCR,轮胎时,轮胎负荷率要考虑刻薄度，,增加,车辆负荷的,10%,计算。,Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle =,多目的型轿车,: designed to carry 10 persons or less which is constructed,either on a truck chassis or with special features for,occasional off-road operation.,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,参照,),加载空气压和,LOAD INDEX,使用空气压及负荷标记遵守,FMVSS-109,: Cold inflation pressure may be increased above those applicable to,the tire loads up to the maximum marked on the tire,with no increase,in load,.,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,PLY,张数,=,f ( Cord angle, EPI, tension, elongation,负荷,空气压, OD, ID, speed, Peri., etc,),x,SF,BEAD,线,X,回,=,f ( ply angle, speed,负荷,空气压, OD, ID, SW,Wt, Rim,径, etc,),x,SF,参照,) PLY, BEAD,选定,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,Pull,J-Turn,制动距离,(Dry/Wet),Rolling,Boom,Wet,燃料费,CO2,减少,PRAT, CONICITY,诸元,管理,-,新花纹开发,(KH16, KH15),Understeer,诱导,-,适合车辆的,Sidewall Stiffness,Tread, Apex Height,变更,-,自动因子,影响度归明,Tread,压出物均匀度提高,Silica Tread,适用,轻量化,Silica Tread,适用,项目,主要点检方向,备注,单价提高,单价提高,4.,最近性能,ISSUE,项目,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,. LTM / TBR,结构设计技术,1. LTM/TBR TIRE,结构,4BELT,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,LTM/TBR,结构及名称,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,1,）,INNER LINER,气密层,(Inner Liner),代替内胎位置在轮胎内,部，防止空气漏出,空气压维持,防止湿气渗透,由俩,薄层,(,气密层,2-Turn),构成,柔软的内皮有抵抗性,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,2,）,BACK-UP LINER, Back-up Liner,支持,CARCASS (BODY PLY),coating,橡胶。,BODY PLY CORDS,之间防止,INNER LINER,的渗透。,和,BODY PLY,coating,橡胶类似的悟性,要求对疲劳的弹力性,对,WIRE,的粘结力,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,3,）,BODY PLY (CARCASS) - STEEL,帘布层,(BODY PLY), - CARCASS,轮胎内部的,cord,层，要能支持负荷，耐冲击，对屈伸运动耐疲劳性强。,TIRE CASE,的骨架,高强度和疲劳抵抗性,BODY PLY,coating,对,STEEL CORD,的粘结力,对别的橡胶的粘结力,对疲劳的抵抗性要强。,未来,对长时间强度维持性能改善,改善的橡胶渗透性,长时间反复的,WIRE CORD,疲劳度减少,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,4,）,STEEL CHAFER, STEEL CHAFER,防止轮辋和帘布层（,car cass,）的直接接触，为了保护,car cass,，补强胎圈部位强度。,SIDEWALL,下端和胎圈部位的强化,减少,RIM FLANGE,部位轮胎的损伤和变形,提高胎圈部位耐久力,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,5,）,BEAD BUNDLE,BEAD BUNDLE,以钢线覆上胶的圆形,wire,把轮胎固定在轮辋固定的作用。,轮胎的,“,基础,”,对于,RIM FLANGE,的轮胎固定装置,支持因,BODY PLY,空气压引起的高的拉伸负荷,支持圆心力和不断变化的负荷,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,6,）,BEAD WRAP,BEAD WRAP,防止胎圈分散，保护运行中,car cass,（帘布层）的作用。,防止,BODY PLY WIRE,腐蚀及最小化,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,7,）,APEX(HARD/SOFT),三角胶,(APEX),最小化,BEAD,的分散，缓和外部的冲击，保护,BEAD,，成型时，为了防止,AIR,进入使用的三角形态的橡胶填充物。,HARD APEX:,在,BEAD,提供特殊的支持力,SOFT APEX:,防止,BODY PLY END,部位的应力集中,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,-,. CHAFER CUSION,(PLY END OVERLAY), CHAFER CUSHION,插入,帘布层和,steel chafer,之间的橡胶，是为了提高胎圈部耐久性,。,为了防止集中的坚硬且强性橡胶,强化耐久力,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,8,）,CHAFER PLY INSULATION,(OUTSIDE APEX), CHAFER PLY INSULATION,吸收,帘布层,(,car cass,),端部集中的应力,，提高胎圈部位耐久力。,SOFT APEX,和类似的橡胶使用,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,9,）,RIM FLANGE,(GUM CHAFER), RIM FLANGE,和轮辋接触的橡胶要有耐疲劳性,。,对,RIM,密封空气,安装时，接触,RIM FLANGE,的坚硬且强性橡胶,。,安装时，对于发生的损伤和磨损及,RIM,滑移抵抗性变小。,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,10,）,BASE STRIP,(SHOULDER WEDGE),BASE STRIP,分散带束层和帘布层应力的作用,。,在,SHOULDER,部位决定,BODY PLY,形态,FOOTPRINT,形态和胎面磨损有影响,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,SIDEWALL,作为,i,轮胎侧面的橡胶保护帘布层，屈伸运动，使舒适感良好且外观要好。,11,）,SIDEWALL,对于,CURB DAMAGE,OZONE / WEATHER CRACKING,的保护,要有因长期的疲劳龟裂抵抗,要有添加特别老化抵抗性的混合,NR / BR,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,11,）,BELT PACKAGE (# 1, 2, 3, 4 BELT), Belts,支持胎面主要负荷的作用,抵抗高的空气压,在空气压下维持,CROWN,部位的形态,胎面强化和收缩的最小化,磨损的改善,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,12,）,BELT CUSHION (BELT EDGE WEDGE), BELT CUSHION,减少主要活动,belt,(#2,3,belt,),之间的剪切变形，提高耐久力,和,WIRE,coating,橡胶类似的橡胶,良好的,WIRE,粘结,强度,疲劳抵抗性,一般使用,100% NR,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,13,）,BELT OVERLAY,(BELT EDGE OVERLAY), BELT OVERLAY,减小,belt,端部的应力集中提高耐久力,和,WIRE,coating,橡胶类似的橡胶,良好的,WIRE,粘结,强度,疲劳抵抗性,一般使用,100%,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,14,）,CAP TREAD, CAP TREAD,作为和路面接触的部分，耐磨损性、耐剪切性良好,，要能够承受外部冲击，发热少。,未来,:,改善的磨损,牵引力, RR,提高,(SILICA,橡胶,),Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,15,）,UNDER TREAD,(TREAD BASE), UNDER TREAD,减少,运行温度和,ROLLING RESISTANCE,的作用,要能改善耐久力和再生成,对于,NR,或,NR/BR,的混合, LOW C.B., LOW OIL,老化的抵抗力,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,16,）,WING STRIP,(TREAD SKIRT), WING STRIP,curve,路运行时，防止,Torque Crack,作用,和,SIDEWALL,橡胶类似,对,CURB DAMAGE, OZONE / WEATHER CRACKING,的抵抗,对长时间的,FATIGUE CRACKING,抵抗,使用添加特殊老化抵抗力的混合,NR / BR,对,SIDEWALL,要有粘性和粘着性,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,17,）,TBR TIRE,结构的未来倾向,更低的,ASPECT RATIO,45, 50, 60 SERIES,的开发,19.5,”,的成长,“,ALL POSITION,”,TIRES,空气压,MONITORS (STEER POSITIONS),更大更宽的,WHEEL DIAMETER,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,2. RADIAL,和,BIAS TIRE,的,比较,BIAS TIRE,BODY PLY (CARCASS) CORD,维持以,TIRE,运行方向,3045,度角度,斜胶胎一般以尼龙材质的多层,蜡,yered,构成,car cass,RADIAL TIRE,BODY PLY CORD,维持以,TIRE,运行方向,8890,度角度,RADIAL TIRE,由,STEEL BODY PLY,构成，因此,胎侧屈伸力好,胎面由,34,个的,steel cord,层补强,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,1,）,RADIAL TIRE,的优点,（,1) TIRE,寿命延长,以,steel,层和,radial,结构最小化胎面部位的流动，因此可提高轮胎寿命。,（,2),牵引力及制动力优秀,最佳化的,Footprint,形态和全胎面的均匀接地压形成均匀接地，提高,traction,和制动力,。,湿地,test,结果，,radial,轮胎对比,bias,轮胎提高制动力,21%,，路线变更时反应快,10%,，热发生优秀,27%,。,RADIAL TIRE,BIAS TIRE,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,（,3),运行稳定性良好及舒适感优秀,Curve,路运行时，胎侧柔软，胎面持续接地，因此稳定且宝藏,Steering,特性。,Conering Force,RADIAL TIRE,BIAS TIRE,Heel,（,4),耐久力优秀,BODY,PLY,由一张,STEEL,构成，因此运行中热发生少，耐久力好。,.,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,（,5),非铺装道路运行时,puncture,强,RADIAL TIRE,的,SIDE,由一个,steel car cass,形成，因此屈伸力好，胎面部位由,34,张的,steel,构成，因此在非铺装道路运行时，提高耐冲击性，最小化轮胎损伤。,RADIAL TIRE,BIAS TIRE,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,（,6),没有,Flat Spot,问题,Flat Spot?,充入空气且静止状态下长时间受负荷时（例：输出用车辆用），接地部变平的现象。这种,Flat Spot,发生车辆在运行时，同伴,Ride/Handling,性能地下和,Noise,。,该现象主要发生在热敏感的尼龙,cord,轿车或,bias,轮胎，运行数英里内部温度上升后恢复到正常,。,radial,轮胎因使用,steel,不发生,flat spot,。,FLAT SPOT,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,2,）,RADIAL TIRE,按有无内胎的分类,有内胎轮胎,内部装有内胎和,hurep,的轮胎,。,无内胎轮胎,轮胎内部附着了空气渗透性小的特殊橡胶气密层,INNER-LINER,。,1),比无内胎类型空气保全性好,(,特别是,puncture,时,),2),轮胎内部的空气压直接作用在轮辋，因此运行中发热量少。,3),Puncture,修理时比较容易，修理时间短,。,4),滚动阻力减小以致燃料费减少,。,5),运行稳定性高。,.,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,3. LTM/TBR,轮胎技术资料,1,）,虽空气的变化的,mileage,比较,未达到规定空气压时，轮胎平均寿命急剧下降。,对比标准空气压少,20%,时，轮胎寿命下降,16%,。,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,2,）虽搭载负荷变化的,mileage,比较,超重搭载车辆不仅对车辆的部件而且对轮胎增加限制以上的疲劳，成为轮胎寿命下降的原因。,超重搭载是轮胎损伤和燃料费增加的主要原因。,超重搭载又在加速轮胎的磨损。,20%,超重搭载,加速,30%,程度轮胎磨损,。,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,4. LTM/TBR,轮胎的,PATTERN,体系,R (KRA01),中长距离,铺装路用,(,kargotruck,.,市外,bus,),M( KMD01),铺装,.,非铺装兼用,(,dump truck,),F,非铺装,工作场地用,L (KLS01),长距离,高速运行用,(,高速,bus,),C (KCA01),短距离中低速用,(,市内,.,市外,bus,),胎面深度,胎面,形态,Rib,用,Block,型,变深,S :,前轮用,D :,后轮用,A :,前,.,后轮用,T :,trailer,用,C : City, L : Long-haul,R : Regional,M : Mixed, F : Off road,W : Winter,变低,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,5.,用途及车中别规格,&,花纹适用现况,1,）,LTM,用途及车中别规格,&,花纹适用现况,车种,适用规格,前轮,代替计划,2.5 TON,7.00R16,205/75R17.5,975A,975,3.5 TON,7.50R16,215/75R17.5,972,963,-,KRS03/KRD02,后轮,975A,937,972,937,5 TON,8.25R16,9.5R17.5,245/70R19.5,KRA01,KRA01,963,KRA01/,KRA01/ KRD02,KRA01 / KRD02,25,人乘,(,county,combi,）,7.00R16,205/75R17.5,975A,975,975A,937,937,937,937,35,人乘,(,aerogel town,cosmos,),8.25R16,9.5R17.5,245/70R19.5,KRA01,KRA01,963,KRA01/,KRA01/ KRD02,KRA01/ KRD02,937,937,937,SNOW,花纹,9.5R17.5,8.25R16,205/75R17.5,215/75R17.5,245/70R19.5,KWA01,KWA01,-,KRA01/KRD02,KRA01/ KRD02,KWA01,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,2,）,TBR,用途及车中别规格,&,花纹适用现况,车种,适用规格,前轮,代替计划,高速,bus,12R22.5,295/80R22.5,956, 959,964,KRA02(KRA03)/,KRS03/KRD02,市外,bus,11R22.5,10.00R20,956, 959,975,KRA02(KRA03)/,KRA01/KRD01,后轮,943A/948P,943, 943A,948P,市内,bus,11R22.5,10.00R20,953P,KCA01,Cargo truck,12R22.5,11.00R20,975,.,KRA01/KRD02,937, (938),.,15,吨,Dump truck,12R22.5,11.00R20,973,.,KMA01,921, 934,KMD01,21.5,吨以上,dump truck,385/65R22.5,12R22.5,983,943W,.,921, 934,KMD01,SNOW,花纹,11R/12R22.5,10.00R20,11.00R20,KWA01,KRS04(ON),KMA02(ON&OFF),KWA01,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,6.,轮胎文字表示内容,(SIDEWALL,文字,),Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,7.,轮胎规格表示内容,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,8.,超宽轮胎优点,Copyright 2002 by Kumho Tire,All Rights reserved,9.,radial,轮胎规格互换表,LTM/TBR,轮胎设计标准,2003.8,研究值群,MOLD,内型设计标准,-,详细望参照,MOLD,内型设计标准, DIMENSION,设计方法,1,）,O.D,S.W :,根据诸般规定,(TRA, ETRTO, JATMA,GCC,等,),MEET,设计。,*,MOLD O.D = TIRE O.D(,目标,) Factor,(Where, Factor : LTM1.003, TBR 1.005),* MOLD S.W = TIRE S.W(,目标,) + (0.4*R.W,增加部分,),2,）,T.A.W :,为了确保竞争力，分析它社产品，设计成和他社产,品同等水准。,*,MOLD T.A.W = TIRE T.A.W(,目标,) * 1.01,3,）,T.R : TIRE,在主要使用负荷，使,FOOT-PRINT SHAPE,为矩,形。,4,）,A.S.D :,为了确保竞争力，分析它社产品，设计成和他社产,品同等水准。,*,MOLD ASD = TIRE ASD(,目标,) * F(=1.04),5,）,R.W :,grene cass,硫化时，为了橡胶流动性，对比普通标准,RIM,宽增加,1”,。,*,MOLD R.W = Std. R.W + MAX 1” LTM/TBR,一般用,= Std. R.W + MAX 2” WIDE BASE TBR,6,）,MOLD CAVITY & CARCASS LINE,利用,“,NIP”,或,“,ECCL”,设计。,-. UPPER SECTION,设计,-. LOWER SECTION,设计,-. TOE-RING PROFILE,设计,-. FEM SIMULATION,设计,2.,轮胎花纹设计标准,1,）,GROOVE,设计,对,R&H,调整稳定性, FUEL ECONOMY,排水性, GRIP,性,耐磨损性有影响，因此方向、宽、长度、倾斜角要设计的合适。,2,）,STONE EJECTOR BAR,设计,设计为高度,: 36mm,宽,: 24 mm,。,3,）,KERF(SIPE),设计,这是为了优化磨损性能及,WET AND SNOW ROAD,的投入,action,性能，优化轮胎外观设计,。,4,）,T.W.I,设计,5,）,SLIP SIGN,设计,3.,产品图设计标准,-,详细内容望参照产品图设计标准,4.,开发,FLOW CHART,