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,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,*,Dye Sensitized,Nanocrystalline,Photovoltaic Cell,Group 1 Luke, Matt, and Jeff,Theory,Schematic of,Graetzel,Cell,The adsorbed dye molecule absorbs a photon forming an excited state. dye*,The excited state of the dye can be thought of as an electron-hole pair (,exciton,).,The excited dye transfers an electron to the,semiconducting,TiO,2,(electron injection). This separates the electron-hole pair leaving the hole on the dye. dye*,+,The hole is filled by an electron from an iodide ion. 2dye*,+,+ 3I,-, 2dye + I,3,-,Theory,Theory: Charge Separation,Charge must be rapidly separated to prevent back reaction.,Dye sensitized solar cell, the excited dye transfers an electron to the TiO2 and a hole to the electrolyte.,In the PN junction in,Si,solar cell has a built-in electric field that tears apart the electron-hole pair formed when a photon is absorbed in the junction.,Objective,Learn about the photovoltaic effect.,Understand the,Scherrer,formula.,Procedure: TiO2 Suspension,Begin with 6g colloidal,Degussa,P25 TiO,2,Incrementaly,add 1mL nitric or acetic acid solution (pH 3-4) nine times, while grinding in mortar and pestle,Add the 1mL addition of dilute acid solution only after previous mixing creates a uniform, lump-free paste,Process takes about 30min and should be done in ventilated hood,Let equilibrate at room temperature for 15 minutes,Procedure: Deposition of TiO,2,Film,Align two conductive glass plates, placing one upside down while the one to be coated is right side up,Tape 1 mm wide strip along edges of both plates,Tape 4-5 mm strip along top of plate to be coated,Uniformly apply TiO,2,suspension to edge of plate,5,microliters,per square centimeter,Distribute TiO,2,over plate surface with stirring rod,Dry covered plate for 1 minute in covered,petri,dish,Procedure: Deposition of TiO,2,Film,Anneal TiO,2,film on conductive glass,Tube furnace at 450,o,C,30 minutes,Allow conductive glass to cool to room temperature; will take overnight,Store plate for later use,Procedure: Preparing,Anthrocyanin,Dye,Natural dye obtained from green chlorophyll,Red,anthocyanin,dye,Crush 5-6 blackberries, raspberries, etc. in 2,mL deionized,H,2,O and filter (can use paper towel and squeeze filter),Procedure: Staining TiO,2,Film,Soak TiO,2,plate for 10 minutes in,anthocyanin,dye,Insure no white TiO,2,can be seen on either side of glass, if it is, soak in dye for five more min,Wash film in H,2,O then ethanol or,isopropanol,Wipe away any residue with a,kimwipe,Procedure: Carbon Coating the Counter Electrode,Apply light carbon film to second SnO,2,coated glass plate on conductive side,Soft pencil lead, graphite rod, or exposure to candle flame,Procedure: Assembling the Solar Cell,Place two binder clips on longer edges to hold plates together (DO NOT clip too tight),Place 2-3 drops of iodide electrolyte solution at one edge of plates,Alternately open and close each side of solar cell to draw electrolyte solution in and wet TiO,2,film,Ensure all of stained area is contacted by electrolyte,Remove excess electrolyte from exposed areas,Fasten alligator clips to exposed sides of solar cell,Procedure: Measuring the Electrical Output,Attach the black (-) wire to the TiO,2,coated glass,Attach the red (+) wire to the counter electrode,Measure open circuit voltage and short circuit current with the,multimeter,.,For indoor measurements, can use halogen lamp,Make sure light enters from the TiO,2,side,Measure current-voltage using a 1,kohm,potentiometer,The center tap and one lead of the potentiometer are both connected to the positive side of the current,Connect one,multimeter,across the solar cell, and one lead of another meter to the negative side and the other lead to the load,Results,Open circuit voltage: 0.388 V,Analysis: Power,Maximum Power: 21,mW,Active Area: 0.7 in,2, Max. power per unit area: 30,mW,/in,2,Questions,Approximate TiO,2,particle size: assume 25 nm diameter,Number of TiO,2,units per,nanoparticle,:,Volume of one,nanoparticle,= 8.18 * 10-18 cm,3,Density of TiO,2, 4 g/cm,3, Mass of one,nanoparticle,= 3.27 * 10-17 g,Molar mass of TiO,2,= 79.87 g/mol moles of TiO,2,in one,nanoparticle,= 4.10 * 10-19 moles,4.10 * 10-19 moles * 6.022 * 1023 molecules/mole = 2.48 * 105 TiO,2,units per,nanoparticle,Nanoparticle,surface area per gram:,Number of,nanoparticles,per gram = 1/(3.27 * 10-17) = 3.06 * 1016,nanoparticles,Surface area of one,nanoparticle,= 1.96 * 10-15 m,2,Surface area per gram = 3.06 * 1016,nanoparticles,/gram * 1.96 * 10-15 m2/,nanoparticle,= 60.0 m,2,/gram,Questions,Fraction of atoms that reside on the surface:,Surface area of one particle = 1.96 * 10-11 cm,2,Approximate atoms per unit area = 10,15,atoms/cm,2,Atoms on surface = 1.96 * 10-11 cm2 * 1015 atoms/cm2 = 1.96 * 104 atoms,Fraction of atoms on surface = (1.96 * 104)/(2.48 * 105) = 0.079,Way to improve experiment:,Filter raspberry juice using a better filter system,
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