美国选举制度(TheAmericanPresidentCandidate)

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,The Election of American President,B,y: Ma Qiao,1,Presidential Election,2,The eighteenth National Congress of the CPC had just ended.And today we introduced the United States election.,3,America is a presidential government country. The presidential election is held every four years. The system of presidential government is complicated and the process is endless.,Differences,Voter base,Economic policies,Social policies,4,It includes primary election, the determination of presidential candidate,the competition of candidate,the popular vote, the electoral college vote and inauguration.,5,Economic policies,Emphasize the role of free markets and individual achievement as the primary factors behind economic prosperity,Oppose to increase in the minimum wage,Oppose a government-run single-payer,单一支付,health-care system and in favor of a personal or employer-based system of insurance,Support giving government grants to faith-based and other private charitable,慈善的,organizations to supplant welfare spending,6,Economic policies,Favor a higher minimum wage, and more regular increases,Oppose tax cuts and incentives,刺激,to oil companies, favor a policy of developing domestic renewable energy,国内可再生资源,Support more government spending on social services while spending less on the military,Call for affordable and quality health care, and many advocate an expansion of government intervention,干预,in this area.,7,Social policies,Oppose government recognition of same-sex unions such as with same-sex marriage.,Pro-life,（反堕胎）,and oppose elective abortion,（流产）,Support school choice through charter schools and school vouchers for,凭证,private schools,8,Social policies,Support for same-sex marriage and LGBT,(Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender),Believe that all women should have access to birth control and call for abortion to be safe, legal and rare ,Support equal opportunity for all Americans regardless of sex, age, race, sexual orientation,性取向, gender,性别,identity, religion, creed,信条, or national origin,原始国籍,9,The Procedure,June,January,Primary election,July,August,National Representatives Conference,November,Election,Running,Inaugural address,就职演说,January,10,National Representatives Conference,After National Representatives Conference, someone is elected as partys official candidate,They began to,introduce,their own partys political claims,their own political programmes,voters,give promises,Serve the people,voters,get more support,11,Formal presidental election,Formal presidental election start on the first Monday of september,make campaign speeches across the country,interview voters,debate in public with their rivals,12,N,o,w,Barack Hussein Obama II,13,队歌,Never Say Never 永不言败,.,See I never thought that I could walk through fire 我以前从没想过我可以穿过熊熊烈火,I never thought that I could take the burn 我以前从没想过我也可以像火一样燃烧起来,I never had the strength to take it higher 我以前从没想过我可以更强大,Until I reached the point of no return 直到我到了绝境,And theres just no turning back 我知道我已无法回头,When your hearts under attack 当你的心受到攻击时,Gonna give everything I have 我会付出我的所有,Its my destiny 这是我的命运,I will never say never! (I will fight) 我永不言败！（我会战斗）,I will fight till forever! (make it right) 我会一直战斗！（战胜他）,Whenever you knock me down 不管何时你打败我,I will not stay on the ground 我都绝不会一蹶不振,Pick it up 继续战斗,Pick it up 继续战斗,Pick it up 继续战斗,Pick it up up up 继续战斗,And never say never 我永不言败,I never thought I could feel this power 我以前从来没有想过我可以这么强大,I never thought that I could feel this free 我以前从来没有想过我可以自由,Im strong enough to climb the highest tower 我已经很强大可以继续向上攀登,And Im fast enough to run across the sea 我可以快跑穿过海洋,And theres just no turning back 我知道我已无法回头,When your hearts under attack 当你的心受到攻击时,Gonna give everything I have 我会付出我的所有,Its my destiny 这是我的命运,I will never say never! (I will fight) 我永不言败！（我会战斗）,Pick it up up up 继续战斗,And never say never 我永不言败,x,张,LW,14,Thank You!,Never Say Never,15,16,美国宪法（1787年）第二条第一款规定，总统候选人必须是:,A .,生来就是美国公民,B .,年龄在35岁以上,C.,在美国境内居住超过14年,（一）候选人资格,一、美国总统选举制度中的有关原则与规定,17,Henry Alfred Kissinger,（,1923,）,Arnold Schwarzenegger,（,1947,）,Madeleine Korbel Albright,（,1937,）,18,（二）选举人和选举人团制,美国宪法第二条第一款规定：,每州应依照该议会所定方式选派选举人若干人，其数目同该州在国会应有的参议员和众议员总人数相等,，但参议员或众议员，或在合众国属下担任有责任或有薪金职务的人，不得被选派为选举人。由各州选派的选举人组成选举人团。,由选举人团投票,如得票数超过选举人总数的一半，即当选为总统，这就是选举人团制。,19,民主党候选人甲,纽约州,600,万选民,300,万 选举人票共有31张,共和党候选人乙,它是指获得简单多数选民票的总统候选人即可获得该州的全部选举人票。（缅因州和内布拉斯加州按照普选票得票比例分配）,胜者通吃,the-winner-take-all,的游戏规则,这就意味着可能会出现非民主的现象:即获得选民票多数的候选人没有当选为美国总统,因为他没有赢得选举人票的多数。,20,08,年美国选举人分布,21,美国历史上（获得选民票多数的候选人没有当选为美国总统）的情况,出现过三次:,民主党萨缪尔提尔登, 选民票约,50.9%,选举人票184,1876,共和党拉瑟福特海斯,(,Rutherford B. Hayes,),选民票47.9% ，选举人票185,海斯以一票优势当选第19任总统,22,民主党候选人格罗夫克里夫兰，选举人票168张,1888,共和党候选人本杰明哈里森(,Benjamin Harrison,)选民票48%，,选举人票233张 第23任总统,23,民主党候选人戈尔，选民票比布什多50万张(总得票率比小布什,多2%)选举人票,267,。,2000,共和党候选人小布什,George W. Bush，,选举人票,271,第43任总统。,24,（三）选民资格,选民的年龄限制,1971,the 26th Amendment,降低了年龄限制,将投票权扩大到年轻人, 规定:年满十八岁和十八岁以上的合众国公民的选举权,不得因年龄而被合众国或任何一州加以拒绝或限制。,最初,有投票权的人只限于有产者、白人男性、自由人(包括在独立战争中获得自由的黑人男性)；,1870,the 15th Amendment,规定:合众国的公民的选举权,不得因种族、肤色或以前是奴隶而被合众国或任何一州加以拒绝或限制。这一条从法律意义上使黑人公民也有投票权。但实际上直到1965民权运动,黑人才最终获得投票权；,妇女的投票权,1920,the 19th Amendment,规定:合众国的选举权,不得因性别而被合众国或任何一州加以拒绝或限制。,25,选 民,核心选民,忠诚党员（两党的政治基础）,非核心选民,有着一定的流动性。,不同时代每个政党的选民构成不同，核心选民有时也会发生变化。如,内战后,南方白人一直是民主党的核心选民，但,民权运动之后,，南方白人因为不满于民主党的民权政策越来越倾向于共和党，,20,世纪,90,年代更是倾向于共和党。,26,27,28,两党核心选民分布,民主党的核心选民主要由黑人,(Africa-American),、犹太人,(Jew),、拉美裔,美国人,(Latin America-American),、工会会,员,(member of labor union),、天主教徒,(Catholic),、自由派知识分子,(liberal,intellectuals),等构成。,共和党的核心选民主要由“圣经带”,Bible Belt,（美国南部、中部和中西部福,音基督教派比较流行的地区）白人,(white,men),、企业家,(entrepreneurs),、保守派知,识分子,(conservative intellectuals),等构成。,29,非核心选民的分布,女性选民多支持民主党，而男性选民多支持共和党；,中高收入阶层的选民多投共和党的票，而中低收入阶层的选民多投,民主党的票；,东西两岸,(New York, California),的选民多支持民主党，而内陆地区,(Kansas, Indiana),的选民多支持共和党；,自由派的选民支持民主党的多，而保守派的选民支持共和党的多。,30,（四） 总统选举程序,提名程序(,nomination process),总统候选人竞选,正式选举(,general election),预选,党的全国代表大会,大选年选举程序,2,月,6,月,7,月,8,月,9,月,11,月,12,月,次年,1,月,6,日,选举人投票(,electoral voting) 12,月份第二个星期三后的第一个星期一,大选日选民投票(,voting on Election Day) 11,月份第一个星期一后的第一个星期二,国会两院联席会议上计票(,electoral votes counting),、宣布大选结果,declare election results,1,月,20,日宣誓就职,总统提名,（,1,）,1790-1824,年的国会党团会议提名制,（,2,）,1831-1968,年的全国代表大会提名制,（,3,）,1968,年至今的预选提名制,31,奥巴马小时候与青年时代,32,33,34,时间段：全国代表大会,大选日,（一）民主党代表大会,正式提名奥巴马,一、两党代表大会的主题,35,奥巴马的夫人米歇尔与两个女儿,36,爱德华,肯尼迪,37,克林顿 希拉里,38,T,hank you for your listening!,39,