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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,物称与人称,Impersonal VS Personal,Lecture 6,It has been noted with concern that the stock of the books in the library has been declining alarmingly.,The number of books in the library has been going down.,Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other students.,Please make sure you know the rules for borrowing, and dont forget that the library is for everyones convenience.,Compare:,Impersonal,Personal,English,Chinese,Impersonal,物称,表达,客观事物,如何,作用于人的感知,，让事物以客观的口气呈现出来。,用,无生命的、抽象的事物,或概念做部分动词的主语,。,Personal,人称,从,自我角度,出发来叙述客观事物。或倾向于描述人及其行为或状态，常用人称。,用,有生命的人或动物,做其逻辑动词的主语。,英语中，“什么事发生在什么人身上”,An unknown,fear,possessed her,她,感到莫名的恐惧。,Illness,pursued him until his death .,他,疾病缠身，直至死去。,汉语中，“什么人怎么样了”,No sound,reached her,她,没有听到任何声音,His words,sent a quiver,（寒噤）,through my body,听了他的话，,我,不禁打了个寒噤。,Back,1,、,抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作,主语,使用本来表示人的动作或行为的动词作,谓语,2,、非人称代词,it,作,主语,英语用非人称作主语的句子包括,：,汉语无论从使用的语境或出现的频率来看，都不如英语常用。如“什么风把你吹来了？” “高山低头，河水让路”,The thick carpet killed,the sound of my footsteps.,我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。,The little chaps good-natured honest face won,his way for him.,这小伙子面相老实，性情随和，（因此）到处吃得开。,1.,抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作,主语,使用本来表示人的动作或行为的动词作,谓语,抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作,主语,使用本来表示人的动作或行为的动词作,谓语,Inanimate subject,（无灵主语）,抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等,Animate verb(,有灵动词,),人或社会团体的动作和行为,see, find, bring, give, escape, surround, kill, deprive, seize, send, know, tell, permit, invite, take, drive, prevent.from, ,汉人的思维习惯,-,“,有灵动词,”,+,“,无灵主语,”,通常用作隐喻,/,拟人。,北京目睹过许多伟大的事件。,Beijing has witnessed many great historical events.,1,）表情感和身心状态的名词作主语。,我兴奋得什么也说不出来。,Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.,他焦虑不安。,Anxiety tore him into pieces.,2,）时间和地点名词作主语。,又过了一会儿，他们来到一所村舍门口，主人敲了敲门。,A few moment brought them to a cottage door, at,which the owner knocked.,北京目睹过许多伟大的历史事件。,Beijing has witnessed many great historical events.,3,）具体事物作主语。,我们迎着朝阳来到甲板上。,The morning sun greeted us as we came out on the deck,他收到一份紧急电报，匆匆去了洛杉矶。,An urgent telegraph hurried him to Los Angeles.,4,）具有动词意味的名词作主语。,(,人们,),发现新物种后就可以研制新药。,The discovery of new species will lead to new drugs.,他想起这些,便会增加生活的热情。,The remembrance of these will add zest to his life.,作,先行词,（,preparatory,“,it,”,）代替真正的主语或宾语,It,never occurred to me,that she was so dishonest,.,我从来都没有想到她这么不老实 。,He made,it,clear,that he wouldnt take the job,.,他明确表示不会接受这份工作。,Back,2.,用非人称代词,it,作主语,作,虚义词,（,unspecified “it”,）,难以言明的现象或情形 （自然现象、时间、空间以及惯用语中）,It,has been two years since I began to work here .,我在这工作两年啦。,It,s easy to find a stick to beat a dog .,欲加之罪何患无词。,作,强调词,（,emphatic “it”,），,引导所要强调的成分,.,It,s French that I want to learn ,not Japanese !,我想学法语而不是日语。,It,was the last minute that a patriotic general donated enough,money to finance the trip for the two runners and their coach,.,直到最后一刻，才有一个爱国将领资助了这两个运动员和他们,的教练。,补充,英语中的,there be,句式及用不定代词,one,主语也具有,非人称倾向,。,O,ne,should show respect for others before,one,is respected,by others,汉语中无非人称代词用法，,常用人称，或省略人称，或,采用无主句,以比较具体的人称或事物作主语,要当主人，先当仆人。,One must be a servant before one can be a master,Back,英语的非人称倾向反映了西方人的,客体意识,。西方哲学思维方式,本质上是理性主义的，是以物为主体，以自然为本位的思想，使得英语把观察自然世界作为观察、分析、推理和研究的中心。,汉语的人称倾向反映了中国人的,主体意识,。中国传统哲学是关于,人和如何做人的学说，是关于人的存在，本质，意义和价值的学说，,使得汉语以人文为中心来观察、分析、推理和研究事物。,造成差异的因素,：,汉语人称主语较灵活，有时会有大量无主句，使语言简洁明了,；,汉语的人称表达法更具人性化和感染力，适合,用来写诗歌散文的抒情类文章,英语物称表达法有利于凸显中心意义和实现语篇的衔接与连贯，使语言自然顺畅；,英语物称表达法思维缜密，逻辑性强，以客观,角度审视问题，适合用来写科技类文章；,英语用抽象名词而不用人称做主语的句子，如果运用得当，可以获得很好的修辞和表达效果。这类结构严密紧凑，言简意赅，许多句子从语法分析看属于简单句，但却表达出复合句或并列句的语义和逻辑关系。英译汉时常常要,转换非人称主语为人称主语或其他主语,，采用一些其他技巧。,英译汉,“人称” 代替“物称”,转化成非人称主语，把英语简单句拆成汉语的复合句,:,1,）,A very little encouragement,would set that worldly women to talk volubly, and pour out all within her.,这老于世故的,女人,，,只要,人家稍微助助她的兴，,她便,马上滔滔不绝的一股脑儿倒出来。,2),Landing of a few armoured columns in the occupied areas,would bring mass uprisings.,只要几个装甲纵队在沦陷地区登陆，,就会,引起群众性起义。,2.,转化非人称主语，把英语的简单句和复杂句拆成汉语的并列句或流水句,:,1),His winnings , a total of $4404, put him in 160,th,place on the money list.,他,总共获得,4404,美元，在奖金名单上居第,160,位,。,2),His weariness and the increasing heat,determined him to sit down in the first convening shade.,他,疲惫不堪，天气也越来越热，他决意一遇到个近便的阴凉处，就坐下来休息。,3,.,把非人称代词主语句换成汉语的的无主句或主语泛称句,:,1),The mastery,of a language requires painstaking efforts,.,要掌握一门语言，必须下功夫,。,2,),A little flattery,will fetch him,.,稍一奉承就会把他迷惑住了,。,4 .,把非人称主语转换成汉语的状语或介词短语,:,1),March 1940,found me working in a small construction firm.,1940,年,3,月,，我在一家小型建筑公司工作。,2),My first experience of bottle-feeding a lamb,came towards the end of the season.,我第一次,用奶瓶喂羊羔，是在产羔季节临近结束的时候。,5 .,把非人称主语转换成汉语的外位成分，汉语的这种成分用,”,这,”,来代称这个外位成分,:,His knowledge of applied science,will stand him in good stead.,他懂得应用科学，,这,对他很有利。,汉译英,“物称” 代替“人称”,汉译英,时应遵循的基本原则为转换,人,称主语为,物,称主语，但是在转换,人,称主语时还要采用一些技巧。,1.,把汉语复合句转换成,英语简单句,。,由于天气寒冷刺骨，人人都躲进了室内。,The bitter weather had driven everyone indoors.,我一看见这个女孩，就想起她的父母。,The sight of the girl always reminds me of her,parents.,2.,把汉语流水句转换成英语复合句。,我感到很饿，又发现日影移动，这是我明白：自从我睡着以后，太阳已走了很长的路了。,My hunger and the shadows tell me that the sun has,done much travel since I fell asleep.,谁想要理解拿破仑其人及其对近代欧洲所产生的影响，谁就得稍微注意他的家族特征。,The Characteristics of his family claim some attention,from all who would understand Napoleon and the,influence which he was to wield over modern Europe.,3.,把汉语的介词短语或状语转换成物称主语。,经过调查，我们得出上述结论。,Investigation led us to the foregoing conclusion.,从,1840,至,1880,年这四十年中，近一千万移民移居美国。,The forty years, 184080, brought almost ten,million migrants to America.,4.,把汉语的泛称句或无主句转换成物称主语。,傍晚时分，人们发现这个小女孩在街上哭泣。,Evening found the little girl crying in the street.,估计这需要十万美元。,It is estimated that it will cost $100,000.,5.,汉语的拟人修辞法翻译,成,物称主语。,疾病夺走了他的生命。,Illness deprived him of life.,良好的教养能打开最佳学历打不开的门。,Good manners will open doors that the best,education cannot.,
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