21-《庄子》二则课件

新课导入,庄周,曾,梦见自己变成一只蝴蝶,，,轻舞飞扬、飘然快乐,。,于是他全然忘记了自己是庄周。醒来之后,，,庄子对于自己究竟是庄周还是蝴蝶感到惊奇诧异。仔细想想,，,不知是庄周做梦变成蝴蝶了呢,，,还是蝴蝶做梦变成了庄周,？庄子的想法表达了一种人生如梦的人生态度。今天，就让我们一起走近庄子，学习庄子的人生哲学！,21 ,庄子,二则,R,八年级语文下册,学习目标,了解庄子的作品及其思想主张；积累常用文言词语，整体把握课文大意。,（重点）,体味对话中的人物语气，理解课文中两则寓言阐述的道理。,（难点）,学习庄子追求逍遥洒脱的人生态度，无所恃的绝对自由的精神境界。,（难点）,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,作者简介,庄周（约前,369,前,286,），战国时宋国蒙（今河南商丘东北）人。哲学家，道家学派代表人物。曾做过漆园吏。,庄子,是庄周及其后学的著作集，为道家经典之一。,庄子,一书，据,汉书,艺文志,记载有,52,篇，现在仅存,33,篇，分为内篇、外篇、杂篇。,庄子,散文在先秦诸子中独具风格，文章已完全突破了语录形式而发展成为专题论文。,庄子,的散文辛辣、幽默、形象、生动，富有趣味性以及艺术魅力。,作品简介,第一则选自,庄子集释,，自晋人郭象以来，众家莫不把它的篇旨看作是论“逍遥”，并且以“逍遥游”作为庄子人生追求的理想境界，这一点几乎没有异议，但在关于何为“逍遥”，怎样才能“逍遥”的问题上，出现了种种分歧，从而影响到对该篇思想意义及有关问题的正确理解。,第二则，庄子与惠子由于基本观点的差异，在讨论问题时，便经常互相“抬杠”，对惠子的批评，庄子都是站在自己的哲学观点上，而他最大的用意，则在于借惠子来抒发己意。他们两人在现实生活中固然有距离，在学术观念上也很对立，但在情谊上，惠子却是庄子生平唯一的契友。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,字词学习,鲲（ ） 徙（ ） 抟（ ）,南冥（ ） 濠梁（ ）,鲦（ ）,kn,x,tun,mn,ho,tio,北冥有鱼,北冥有鱼，其名为鲲。鲲之大，不知其几千里也；化而为鸟，其名为鹏。鹏之背，不知其几千里也；怒而飞，其翼若垂天之云。,冥：,鲲：,怒：,垂天之云：,同“溟”，海。,大鱼名。,振奋，这里指用力鼓动翅膀。,悬挂在天空的云。,夸张,动作描写,介绍鲲鹏形体,是鸟也，海运则将徙于南冥。南冥者，天池也。,齐谐,者，志怪者也。,谐,之言曰：“鹏之徙于南冥也，水击三千里，抟扶摇而上者九万里，去以六月息者也。”野马也，尘埃也，生物之以息相吹也。,海运：,天池：,志怪：,水击：,抟：,扶摇：,息：,野马：,海水运动。,天然形成的水池。,记载怪异的事物。,击水，拍打水面。,仰视鲲鹏飞南冥,盘旋飞翔。,旋风。,引用：表明这种情形真实可信。,山野中的雾气，奔腾如野马。,气息，这里指风。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,天之苍苍，其正色邪？其远而无所至极邪？其视下也，亦若是则已矣。,苍苍：,正色：,邪：,极：,下：,是：,湛蓝。,同“耶”，疑问语气词。,真正的颜色。,尽。,向下。,想象高空俯视情景,这样。,课文解读,文章标题为“北冥有鱼”，后来怎么又写鸟了？,在庄子的作品中，往往借用寓言故事说理，使文章生动活泼，寓意隽永，感染力强。文章借鲲鹏的寓言说明什么道理？,任何事物的存在都是依附于一定的条件，那么人对事物的认识有没有局限呢？,读课文，思考讨论下列问题。,1.,文章标题为“北冥有鱼”，后来怎么又写鸟了？,鸟是由鱼变化而来的。鲲的体积有几千里，变成鸟后，鸟的背部不知有几千里。说明庄子想象力丰富。,2.,在庄子的作品中，往往借用寓言故事说理，使文章生动活泼，寓意隽永，感染力强。文章借鲲鹏的寓言说明什么道理？,说明任何事物的存在都是依附于一定的条件，它们的活动都是有所凭借。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,3.,任何事物的存在都是依附于一定的条件，那么人对事物的认识有没有局限呢？,“天之苍苍，其正色邪？其远而无所至极邪？”这句话说明人对事物的认识是有局限的。,庄子给出确定的结论，鹏鸟和人们一样，并不能弄清天的本色，鹏鸟的认识也是有局限的啊。,大鹏的形象如何呢？作者又是怎样描写这一形象的呢？,深入探究,鲲鹏形体硕大无比，变化神奇莫测，奋飞时气势壮美。从体大、背大、翼大以及活动范围大（长度：从北海到南海；高度：九万里）四个方面极写鲲鹏形象磅礴壮观。,用夸张的手法描述鲲鹏，“不知其几千里也”言其形，“若垂天之云”言其翼，“北冥”“南冥”“九万里”言其活动天地，极言鲲鹏形体之大、变化之神奇、飞腾时气势之壮观，一开头就向我们展示了一幅雄奇壮丽的画卷。,结构梳理,北冥有鱼,介绍鲲鹏形体,有所待,仰视鲲鹏飞南冥,想象高空俯视情景,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,主旨归纳,这则故事以大鹏南飞作比喻，说明世上的万物无论大小，都受到不同的限制，处在不同的束缚之中，因此，大鹏状似逍遥，其实还没有达到真正的逍遥。,艺术特色,1.,巧借寓言，富有哲理。,庄子运用大鹏南飞凭借风的力量的故事，讲述了大鹏飞翔受到了风的限制，还是有所依赖的，所以大鹏还是有所待，并没有达到真正的逍遥，说理形象，寓意深远。,2.,对比鲜明，道理明确。,那些山野中的游气,(“,野马”,),、飞尘,(“,尘埃”,),，空中的活动之物,(“,生物”,),，皆由风相吹而动。与鲲、鹏相比，它们实在是太渺小了，但它们要能够动起来，依然要有所凭借，即有所“待”。显然，它们也没有达到逍遥。,3.,想象丰富，意境开阔。,“大鹏”“野马”“尘埃”都展现了庄子丰富的想象力，想象雄奇瑰丽，汪洋恣肆，跌宕多姿，用形象、生动的故事来说明一个它们都有所待，没有达到真正的逍遥的道理。,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,ho,濠水上的桥。濠，水名，在今安徽凤阳。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,鲦鱼：,是：,安：,一种白色小鱼。,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上。庄子曰：“鲦鱼出游从容，是鱼之乐也。”惠子曰：“子非鱼，安知鱼之乐？”庄子曰：“子非我，安知我不知鱼之乐？”,这。,疑问代词，怎么，哪里。,反问句：庄子避开正面回答惠子的问题，而采取反问的方法回答，以“非我”者“不知我”，推论“不知我”者不知“我知鱼”，据理力争，足见他的机智。,惠子曰：“我非子，固不知子矣；子固非鱼也，子之不知鱼之乐，全矣！”庄子曰：“请循其本。子曰汝安知鱼乐云者，既已知吾知之而问我，我知之濠上也。”,全：,循其本：,云者：,完全，肯定（是这样）。,追溯话题本原。循，追溯。,助词，用于句末，表停顿，以引出下文。,惠子采用逻辑推理，首先承认不是庄子，故不知道庄子，然后照此推理，庄子不是鱼，因此也不知鱼之乐。,课文解读,【庄子】,鲦,鱼出游从容，是鱼之乐也。,【惠子】,子非鱼，安知鱼之乐？,【庄子】,子非我，安知我不知鱼之乐？,【惠子】,我非子，固不知子矣；子固非鱼也，子之不知鱼之乐,，,全矣！,【庄子】,请循其本。子曰“汝安知鱼乐”云者，既已知吾知之而问我，我知之濠上也。,阅读并思考：,1.,庄子坚持认为“出游从容”的鱼儿很快乐，表现了他怎样的心境？,庄子认为鱼“乐”，其实是他愉悦心境的投射与外化。他认为一切事物都是相对的，人的认识也是如此，他来到濠水之滨，“从容出游”感到快乐，于是见到“出游从容”的鱼也快乐。所以庄子说自己是到了濠水时才感到鱼的快乐，否则哪能见到鱼的快乐呢？,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,2.,指出下面两个疑问句的语气的强弱特点和表达效果,。,（,1,）,“子非鱼，安知鱼之乐？”,（,2,）,“子非我，安知我不知鱼之乐？”,（,1,）句是惠子针对庄子知“鱼之乐”而发起的疑问，,语气较轻,；,（,2,）句是庄子针对惠子的问话的回答，用的是反问的语气，,语气较强,。这句话不从正面回答惠子的问题，而从反面相对，收到很好的表达效果。,3.,在这场辩论中庄子是如何化解惠子的发难的？,庄子把“安知”，解释成“哪知道”或“怎知道”，而惠子本意是“怎么（能）知道”。庄子偷换概念，避重就轻，化解了发难，其机智灵活的形象跃然纸上。,4.,这场“鱼之乐”的辩论体现了庄子和惠子二人各自怎样的思想？,庄子追求“天地与我并生，而万物与我为一”，和万物平等共生，与外界契合无间。短文中的“鱼之乐”，其实也就是他愉悦心境的投射和外化。,惠子偏重于知识性的判断。论辩言语严密，逻辑性强，对事物的认知是持以寻根究底的态度，求实而缺乏美学意义上的欣赏。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,力辩,求真,拘泥,【庄子】,【惠子】,巧辩,尚美,超然,轻松闲适，诗意盎然,1.,关于这场“濠梁之辩”的结果，有人说是庄子赢了，有人说是惠子赢了，你认为是谁赢了？,深入探究,2.,结合两则故事试理解庄子的人生态度。,北冥有鱼,大鹏向南飞行，需要乘着六月的风而去。也就是说，大鹏的飞行是有所“待”的。它虽然能够在天空翱翔，看似自由自在，但其实还要借助风的力量，也就是说，它受到了风的制约。如果没有大风，大鹏是不可能飞翔的。因此，在天空翱翔的大鹏其实并没有达到真正的逍遥。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,中，惠子好辩，重分析。对于事物有一种寻根究底的认知态度，重在知识的探讨。庄子智辩，重观赏，对于外界的认识，带有欣赏的态度，将主观的情意发挥到外物上而产生移情同感的作用。如果说惠子带有逻辑家的个性，那么庄子则具有艺术家的风貌。,庄子心境旷达，视荣华富贵如敝屣，他有着高雅的生活情趣。,秋水,一文所宣扬的是庄子一贯的思想，即人的生死、寿夭、祸福、穷通、贵贱、贫富、得失、成败等等都是完全相对的东西，并且是人力所不能左右的，应一切顺其自然。庄子鄙视功名富贵，追求快乐自由便是这种思想支配下的心灵选择。,庄子思想虽有消极虚无的一面，但其根本目标却在于要使人的生活和精神达到一种不为外物所束缚、所统治的绝对自由独立的境界。多少年来，庄子思想曾给乱世中饱经沧桑的心灵以莫大的安慰，即使在物质文明高度发达的今天也有它独特的作用。,结构梳理,惠子,力辩、求真、拘泥,庄子,巧辩、尚美、超然,万物与我为一,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,主旨归纳,这则故事通过庄子与惠子围绕着“鱼之乐”而展开辩论，表现了庄子的机智与巧妙的辩论风格，也表现了庄子的“万物与我为一”的思想。,艺术特色,1.,精彩的论辩艺术。,通篇采用对话的形式，两人一句接着一句，用“以子之矛，攻子之盾”的方法，把这场辩论深化，显示了精彩的论辩艺术。,2.,笔法轻松，充满机智和幽默。,围绕庄子是否知道“鱼之乐”的辩论，本是深奥的逻辑问题，但文章用轻松、闲适的笔调描述辩论过程，二人语言不乏幽默，令人感受到日常生活中的诗意。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,文言小结,南冥者，,天池,也（ ）,安,知鱼之乐（ ）,子,非我，安知我不知鱼之（ ）,古今异义,古义：天然形成的水池,今义：高山湖泊名,古义：怎么 今义：安全,古义：对人的尊称,今义：孩子，儿子,而,怒,而,飞,其远,而,无所至极邪,（,连词，表修饰,）,（,连词，表承接,）,其,其,正色邪,不知,其,几千里也,（,连词，表示选择,）,（,代词，代鲲,）,一词多义,之,安知鱼,之,乐,既已知吾知,之,而问我,子,之,不知鱼之乐,（,助词，的,）,（,代词，代鱼的快乐,）,（,助词，用于主谓之间，取消句子独立性，无义,）,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,词类活用,其视,下,也,（名词用作状语，往下）,志,怪,者也,（形容词用作名词，怪异的事情）,水,击三千里,（名词用作形容词，在水面上）,南冥者，,天,池也,（名词用作形容词，天然的）,文言句式,判断句：,齐谐,者，志怪者也,（“,者,也”表判断）,是鱼之乐也,（“,也”表判断）,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,倒装句：,去以六月息者也,（介词短语后置句，应为“以六月息者也去”）,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,（状语后置句，应为“庄子与惠子于濠梁之上游”）,省略句：,我知之濠上也,（省略介词“于”，应为“我知之于濠上也”）,拓展延伸,庄子有许多内容已演化为寓言和成语，保留在现代汉语中。下列寓言和成语都出自庄子：,鹏程万里,扶摇直上,越俎代庖,望洋兴叹,朝三暮四,薪火相传,东施效颦,盗亦有道,无中生有,枯鱼之肆,呆若木鸡,无用之用,蜗角之争,每况愈下,涸辙之鲋,邯郸学步,窃钩者诛，窃国者诸侯,成者英雄败者贼,课后习题参考答案,一、背诵,北冥有鱼,，说说文中讲了哪几层意,思，作者笔下的“鹏”是个什么样的形象。,参考答案：,第一层：描述鲲鹏形象（形体硕大无比、变化神奇莫测、奋飞气势壮美）。,第二层：鹏鸟南飞有所待,(,以“野马”“尘埃”作比，表明万物皆有所待,),。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,主旨：任何事物的存在都要依附于一定的条件，它们的活动都是有所凭借的。,鹏的形象,:,作者笔下的“鹏”是一个硕大无比、志向高远但又无法摆脱外力束缚的大鸟形象，它象征着渴望追求崇高的理想却无法挣脱现实束缚的庄子。,文中，作者极尽想象，描写了一个体积庞大、气势惊人的大鹏鸟。当鹏鸟振翅而飞，由北向南壮游南海时，其气势极大：“水击三千里，抟扶摇而上者九万里。”然而，虽然大鹏神奇不凡，也依然要凭借“海运”所带来的大风才可以飞到九万里的高空。它正如当时处于乱世的庄子，想要施展抱负却受到外力束缚，不得自由。,二、熟读,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,，复述这则故事，并回答下列问题。,1.,庄子与惠子的论辩十分巧妙，试说说巧妙在哪里。,2.,庄子为什么说他知道“鱼之乐”？谈谈你的理解。,参考答案：,1.,惠子好辩，重分析，对于事物有一种寻根究底的认知态度，重在知识的探讨。庄子智辩，重观赏，对于外界的认识，带有欣赏的态度，将主观的情意发挥到外物上而产生移情同感的作用。如果说惠子带有逻辑家的个性，那么庄子则具有艺术家的风貌。从故事本身来看，庄子占了上风。结尾处，,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,在惠子巧妙地援引庄子的反驳建立起符合逻辑的推理后，庄子似乎应该无言以对而就此认输了，可是他却又返回争论的起始，借偷换概念而避重就轻地将惠子的发难化解了。所谓偷换概念，指他把惠子说的“安知”，解释成“哪里知道”或“怎样知道”，而惠子的本意却是“怎么（能）知道”。,2.,庄周肯定自己能知道鱼之乐，从认知规律上来说，庄子的逻辑推理纯属诡辩，但这种诡辩并不使人反感，因为庄子完全是以艺术心态去看待世界的，典型的“移情”作用，庄周是把自己的快乐移栽到鱼的情绪上，反过来更衬托出庄子的快乐。,三、解释下列加点的词。,1.,怒而飞，其翼若垂天之云,2.,齐谐者，志怪者也,3.,子非鱼，安知鱼之乐,4.,请循其本,参考答案：,1.,怒：振奋。这里指有力鼓动翅膀。,2.,志：记载。,3.,安：疑问代词。怎么，哪里。,4.,循：追溯。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,四、李白一生常以大鹏自比，下面这首,上李邕,，是他写给当时德高望重的名士、北海太守李邕的。结合注释，并查阅工具书，说说诗人借助大鹏的形象表达了怎样的情感。,大鹏一日同风起，扶摇直上九万里。,假令风歇时下来，犹能簸却沧溟水。,世人见我恒殊调，见余大言皆冷笑。,宣父,犹能畏后生,，丈夫未可轻年少。,宣父：指孔子。唐太宗贞观十一年（,637,）下诏尊称孔子为“宣父”。,畏后生：语出,论语,子罕,：“后生可畏，焉知来者之不如今也？”,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,参考答案：,上李邕,是唐代伟大诗人李白青年时期的作品。此诗通过对大鹏形象的刻画与颂扬，表达了李白的凌云壮志和强烈的入世之心，对李邕瞧不起年轻人的态度非常不满，表现了李白勇于追求而且自信、自负、不畏流俗的精神。年轻的李白敢于向大人物挑战，充满了初生牛犊不怕虎的锐气。,课后作业,1.,搜集有关庄子的小故事；,2.,课下自由阅读,庄子,。,