国际竞争优势的来源

4-,*,国际竞争优势的来源,几种传统解释,比较优势论,国家产业政策优势论,管理文化优势论,劳工组织优势论,帝王过渡扩张论,1,Theory of national competitive advantage,The theory attempts to analyze the reasons for a nations success in a particular industry,Porter studied 100 industries in 10 nations,postulated determinants of competitive advantage of a nation were based on four major attributes,Factor endowments,Demand conditions,Related and supporting industries,Firm strategy, structure and rivalry,2,Porters diamond,Success occurs where these attributes exist.,More/greater the attribute, the higher chance of success,The diamond is mutually reinforcing,Fig 4.6,3,Factor endowments,Factor endowments:- A nations position in factors of production such as skilled labor or infrastructure necessary to compete in a given industry,Basic factor endowments,Advanced factor endowments,4,Basic factor endowments,Basic factors: Factors present in a country,Natural resources,Climate,Geographic location,Demographics,While basic factors can provide an initial advantage they must be supported by advanced factors to maintain success,5,Advanced factor endowments,Advanced factors: Are the result of investment by people, companies, government,and are more likely to lead to competitive advantage,If a country has no basic factors,it must invest in,advanced factors,6,Advanced factor endowments,communications,skilled labor,research,Technology,education,7,通用要素,专用要素,要素创造,8,选择性的要素劣势与竞争优势,9,Demand conditions,Demand:,creates capabilities,creates sophisticated and demanding consumers,Demand impacts quality and innovation,10,高级需求与挑剔顾客,预测买方需求,本土需求的规模,本土需求的国际化及其对国外需求的影响,11,Related and supporting industries,Creates clusters of supporting industries that are internationally competitive,Must also meet requirements of other parts of the Diamond,12,13,14,15,16,Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry,Long term corporate vision is a determinant of success,Management ideology and structure of the firm can either help or hurt you,Presence of domestic rivalry improves a companys competitiveness,17,18,Determinants of Competitive Advantage in nations,Government,Company Strategy,Structure,and Rivalry,Demand,Conditions,Related,and Supporting,Industries,Factor,Conditions,Chance,Two external factors that influence the four determinants.,Fig 4.8,19,Porters Theory-predictions,Porters theory should predict the pattern of international trade that we observe in the real world,Countries should be exporting products from those industries where all four components of the diamond are favorable, while importing in those areas where the components are not favorable,20,Implications for business,Location implications,:,Disperse production activities to countries where they can be performed most efficiently,First-mover implications:,Invest substantial financial resources in building a first-mover, or early-mover advantage,Policy implications:,Promoting free trade is in the best interests of the home-country, not always in the best interests of the firm, even though, many firms promote open markets,21,集群理论,一、集群作为一种历史现象,1,、英国,棉纺、毛纺、手套工业等纺织工业大都呈现区域集群状态,2,、美国,1900,年，美国,15,个地理集群,22,集群理论,二、当代的集群现象,1,、美国硅谷,2,、意大利中小企业集群,23,24,集群理论,三、集群的多样性与普遍性,地理区域,发达国家、发展中国家,产业领域,农业、制造业、服务业、高科技,创意产业,25,26,27,28,29,集群理论,三、集群理论模型,1,、工业区理论,马歇尔,经济学原理,2,、柔性专业化理论,Piore and Sabel(1984),3,、新竞争,Best(1990),30,集群理论,集群理论模型（续）,4,、竞争优势,钻石模型,Porter(1990),5,、集体效率模型,Schmitz(1995),6,、集体学习模型,31,集群理论,集群理论模型（续）,7,、当地（区域）创新系统模型,8,、栖息地模型,李钟文、米勒主编,硅谷优势,9,、社会文化环境模型,Saxenian,：,地区优势：硅谷与,128,公路地区的文化与竞争,32,集群理论,集群理论模型（续）,10,、集群知识理论,11,、集群认知理论,12,、集群复杂性理论,13,、集群信息理论,14,、集群供应链管理理论,15,、集群生命周期模型,33,集群理论,四、新兴的交叉学科,集群学,1,、集群的基本理论问题,集群的性质是什么？,集群是一种新型企业制度？,2,、集群研究的交叉学科特性,经济学,社会学,地理学,管理学,34,集群理论,3,、集群政策与管理,集群能否创造？政府起作用的机制与渠道？,如何进行集群的升级改造？,集群成长高潮与低谷，集群的转型、外部竞争威胁与如何获取持续竞争优势？,35,