传统费用管理系统

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second Level,Third Level,Fourth Level,Fifth Level,4 -,69, 2001,Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Management Accounting, 3rd ed., Atkinson, Banker, Kaplan, and Young,Traditional Cost Management Systems,Chapter 4,Learning Objective 1,Understand job order costing systems.,Job Order Costing System,A job order costing system estimates the costs of manufacturing products for different jobs required for specific customer orders.,Each individual job is treated as a single unit of output.,What is an example?,custom frames,Process Costing System,A process costing system is applicable when all units produced during a specified time frame are treated as one unit of output.,Usually every unit made during the time period is identical.,What is an example?,fiberglass,Traditional Job Order Costing,In a traditional job order costing system, detailed records are kept of the flow of costs for each job.,Raw,Materials,Work In,Process,Finished,Goods,Labor &,Support Resources,Learning Objective 2,Understand how using job bid sheets is effective for estimation product costs in a job order costing system.,Job Bid Sheet,A job bid sheet is a format used for estimating job costs.,A bid sheet has five distinct panels.,Job Bid Sheet,Panel 1,identifies the customer. the product, and the number of units required.,Bid Number:,J4369,Date:,July 6, 2000,Customer:,Michigan Motors,Product:,Automobile engine valves (Valve #L181),Engineering Design Number:,JDR-103,Number of Units:,1,500,Job Bid Sheet,Panel 2,lists all the materials required to complete the job.,Materials,Quantity,Price,Amount,Bar steel stock 3”3,600 lbs$11.30$40,680,Subassembly1,500 39.00,58,500,Total direct materials$99,180,Job Bid Sheet,Panel 3,lists the amount of direct labor required for the job.,Labor,Hours,Rate,Amount,Lathe operators 480$26.00$12,480,Assembly workers 900 18.00,16,200,Total direct labor1,380$26,680,Job Bid Sheet,Panel 4,contains estimated for cost driver costs.,Support Costs,Amount,600 machine-hours $40/hour$24,000,1,380 direct labor hours $36/hour,49,680,Total support costs$73,680,Job Bid Sheet,Panel 5,shows the total costs estimated for the job.,Direct material$ 99,180,Direct labor 28,680,Support costs,73,680,Total costs$201,540,Job Costs and Markup,Assuming that the markup rate is 25%, what is the bid price per unit?,Total costs$201,540,Add 25% markup,50,385,Bid price$251,925,Unit cost$134.36,Unit price$167.95,Learning Objective 3,Use cost driver rates to apply support activity costs to products.,Determination of Cost Driver Rates,What is a cost driver rate?,It is the rate at which support activity costs are applied to individual jobs.,Activity Cost Driver Rate =,Normal Cost of Support Activity,Normal Level of Cost Driver,Determination of Cost Driver Rates,What are normal activity costs?,Normal activity costs are the costs of the resources committed to the particular activity.,What is the normal level of the cost driver?,The normal level of the cost driver is the long-term capacity made available by the amount of resources committed to the activity.,Determination of Cost Driver Rates,Determining realistic cost drivers rates have become increasingly important in recent years.,Why?,Because support costs now comprise a large portion of the total costs.,Determination of CostDriver Rates,Support activity costs are caused by the level of capacity of each activity that is made available.,Activity cost driver rates should be calculated based on the normal cost per unit of the activity level committed.,Learning Objective 4,Discuss why cost systems with multiple cost driver rates give different cost estimates than cost systems with a single rate.,Number of Cost Pools,How many cost pools should there be?,A separate cost pool should be used if the cost or productivity of resources is different and if the pattern of demand varies across resources.,The optimal number of cost pools will change over time as an organization changes.,Learning Objective 5,Evaluate a cost system to understand whether it is likely to distort product costs and explain the importance of recording actual costs and comparing them with estimated costs.,Recording Actual Job Costs,In addition to preparing bids, job order cost accounting systems also record costs actually incurred on individual jobs.,This process allows comparison of actual costs with the estimated costs to determine whether unexpected variations occurred in the quantity of prices of the resources used.,Recording Actual Job Costs,When the company receives the customers order, it prepares the materials requisition.,Materials Requisition Date:,August 2, 2000,Note Number:,M47624,From:,Machining Department,Approved by:,Mike Machina,(Machining Supervisor),Steve Stuart,(Stores Supervisor),Job Number:,J4369,Engineering Design:,JDR-103,Recording Actual Job Costs,A materials requisition note lists the materials required to begin production.,Identification,Description,Quantity,Rate,Amount,Number,24203 Bar steel 720 lbs $11.50 $8,280.00,stock 3”,Recording Actual Job Costs,What is a time card?,A time card is a form used to record the hours spent by each worker, each day or week, on different jobs.,What is a job cost sheet?,It is a form for recording actual costs of a job.,Job Cost Sheet,Job Number:,J4369,Date:,August 12, 2000,Customer:,Michigan Motors,Product:,Automobile engine valves,Engineering Design Number:,JDR-103,Number of units ordered:,1,500,Panel 1,Job Cost Sheet,Panel 2,Material,Requisition,Number,Description,Quantity,Rate,Amount,47624 Bar steel 720 lbs $11.50$ 8,280.00,stock 3”,A35161 Subassemblies 290 units 38.00$11,020.00,Total direct materials cost$19,300.00,Job Cost Sheet,Dates,Number,Hours,Rate,Amount,8/2, 8/3, 8/4, 8/5 M16 24 $28.00$ 672.00,8/2, 8/3, 8/4, 8/5 M18, M19, M20 64 26.00 1,664.00,8/6, 8/7, 8/8, 8/9, 8/10 A25, A26, A27 120 18.00 2,160.00 8/6, 8/7, 8/8, 8/9, 8/10 A32, A34, A35 60 17.00 1,020.00,Total direct labor cost 268$5,516.00,Panel 3,Job Cost Sheet,Panel 4,Support Costs Amount 117 Machine hours $40 per hour$ 4,680.00 268 Direct labor hours 36 per hour,9,648.00,Total overhead cost$14.328.00,Total cost$39,144.00,Number of units produced 290,Cost per unit$ 134.98,Projected unit cost$ 134.36,Job Cost Sheet,Panel 5,Learning Objective 6,Appreciate the importance of conversion costs and the measurement of costs in multistage continuous-processing industries.,Multistage Process Costing Systems,What is continuous processing?,It is a process in which production of relatively homogenous products flows from one stage to the next.,At each successive process stage, there is further progress toward converting the raw materials into the finished product.,Multistage Process Costing Systems,What is multistage process costing?,It is a system for determining product costs in multistage processing industries.,What are some examples of multistage processing industries?,chemicals,basic metals,pharmaceuticals,Multistage Process Costing Systems,In continuous processing, it is necessary first to determine costs for each stage of the process and then to assign their costs to individual products.,The costs of the material input required at various stages are identified.,Multistage Process Costing Systems,What are conversion costs?,They are the costs of production labor and support activities to convert the materials or product at each process stage.,Conversion costs are applied to products as they pass through successive process stages.,Learning Objective 7,Understand the significance of differences between job order costing and multistage-process costing systems.,Job Order and Multistage Process Costing,Multistage process costing systems have the same objectives as job order costing systems.,Both types of systems assign material, labor, and manufacturing support activity costs to products.,There are also important differences between job order and multistage process costing.,Job Order and Multistage Process Costing,What are the differences?,Differences can be grouped into four major points.,Production,Production requirements,Cost,Variances,Job Order and Multistage Process Costing,In job order costing,production,is carried out in different jobs.,In multistage process costing,production,is carried out continuously, semi- continuously, or in large batches.,Job Order and Multistage Process Costing,In job order costing,production,requirements,are different for the different jobs.,In multistage process costing,production,requirements,are homogeneous across products or jobs.,Job Order and Multistage Process Costing,In job order costing,costs,are measured for individual jobs.,In multistage process costing,costs,are measured for individual process stages.,Job Order and Multistage Process Costing,In job order costing,variances,between actual and estimated direct material and direct labor costs are determined for each individual jobs.,In multistage process costing,variances,between actual and estimated costs are determined for individual process stages.,Learning Objective 8,Understand the two-stage allocation process and service department allocation methods.,Two-Stage Cost Allocation,Traditional cost accounting systems assign operating expenses to products with a two-stage procedure.,What is this procedure?,In the,first,stage,expenses are assigned to production departments.,In the,second,stage,expenses are assigned to the products.,Two-Stage Cost Allocation,What are production departments?,They are departments that have direct responsibility for converting raw materials into finished products.,What are service departments?,They are departments performing activities that support production.,Two-Stage Cost Allocation,Total Indirect Costs,$1,550,$50,$100,$200,$300,$400,$500,Service Departments,Production Departments,Two-Stage Cost Allocation,Service department costs are allocated to production departments.,Service Departments,Production Departments,$50,$100,$200,$425,$550,$575,Two-Stage Cost Allocation,Production Departments,Production department costs are allocated to jobs and products.,Job 1,Job 2,Job 3,$425,$550,$575,End of Chapter 4,Appendix,Stage 1 Allocation,Direct allocation method,: Allocates service department costs directly to production departments only.,Sequential method,: Allocates service department costs to one service department at a time in sequential order.,Reciprocal method,: Uses simultaneous equations.,Stage 1 Allocation,The following information pertains to “The Bicycle Shop”.,The shop has two production departments, Assembly and Machining, and two service departments, Scheduling and Administration.,Stage 1 Allocation,Total number of hours = 48,000,Total number of employees = 24,Scheduling is allocated using number of machine hours.,Administration is allocated using number of employees.,Stage 1 Allocation,Scheduling,Administration,Department costs$60,000 $49,200,Hours 3,000 1,000,No. of employees 4 2,Stage 1 Allocation,Assembly,Machining,Department costs$260,000 $180,000,Hours 22,000 22,000,No. of employees 12 16,Direct Method,How much is allocated to each production department?,The allocation of Scheduling to,Assembly,is: 22,000 44,000,$60,000 = $30,000,The allocation of Scheduling to,Machining,is: 22,000 44,000,$60,000 = $30,000,Direct Method,The allocation of Administration to,Assembly,is: 12 18,$49,200 = $32,800,The allocation of Administration to,Machining,is: 6 18,$49,200 = $16,400,Assembly,Machining,Department costs$260,000$180,000,Scheduling,($60,000) 30,000 30,000,Administration,($49,200),32,800,16,400,Total$322,800$226,400,Direct Method,Sequential Method,The allocation of Administration to,Scheduling,is 4 22 or 18%,$49,200 = $8,856.,The allocation of Administration to,Assembly,is 12 22 or 55%,$49,200 = $27,060.,The allocation of Administration to,Machining,is 6 22 or 27%,$49,200 = $13,284.,Sequential Method,Department Allocated,costs,costs,Administration$49,200($49,200),Scheduling 60,000 8,856,Assembly260,000 27,060,Machining180,000 13,284,Scheduling costs to be allocated become $60,000 + $8,856 = $68,856,Sequential Method,The allocation of Scheduling to,Assembly,is 22 44 or 50%,$ 68,856 = $34,428.,The allocation of Scheduling to,Machining,is 22 44 or 50%,$68,856 = $34,428.,Assembly,Machining,Department costs$260,000$180,000,Administration ($49,200) 27,060 13,284,Scheduling ($68,856),34,428,34,428,Total$321.488$227,712,Sequential Method,Reciprocal Method,S,Ad,A,M,Scheduling 2% 49% 49% Administration 18% 55% 27%,Scheduling cost = $60,000 + .18Ad,Administration cost = $49,200 + .02S,Reciprocal Method,Scheduling cost (S) = $60,000 + .18($49,200 + .02S),S = $60,000 + $8,856 + .0036S,.9964S = $68,856,S = $69,105,Reciprocal Method,Ad = $49,200 + .02($69,105),Ad = $49,200 + $1,382,Ad = $50,582,Reciprocal Method,S,Ad,A,M,Before,allocation:$60,000$49,200$260,000$180,000,Allocation: (69,105) 1,382 33,86133,861,Allocation: 9,105(50,582),27,820,13,657,Total$321,681$227,518,Stage 2 Allocation,This stage require the identification of appropriate cost drivers for each production department.,It assigns production department costs to jobs and products while they are worked on in the departments.,Stage 2 Allocation,Dividing the costs accumulated in each production department by the total number of units of the corresponding cost driver gives the cost driver rates for each department.,Appendix End,