工程制图组合体习题课

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,工程制图组合体习题课,教科版二年级科学下册教学计划,教科版二年级科学下册教学计划,PAGE / NUMPAGES,教科版二年级科学下册教学计划,2019-2020学年度第二学期二年级科学下册教学计划,李昌林,一、教材解读,二年级下册教科书由“磁铁”和“我们自己”两个单元组成,其中“磁铁”单元7课,“我们自己”单元6课,还有一个“科学阅读”内容,两个单元合计13课,原则上每课需1课时来完成教学.,1.“磁铁”单元，本单元的7课课题分别是:1.磁铁能吸引什么，2.磁铁怎样吸引物体，3.磁铁的两极,4.磁铁与方向,5.做一个指南针,6.磁铁极间的相互作用,7.磁铁和我们的生活。其中,1-2课研究的是磁铁能吸引怎样的物体以及怎样吸引,3-6课研究的是磁铁两极的特点以及指南针的制作,第7课是本单元的总结课本单元的学习线索有两条,分别是“磁铁与周围物体之间的作用”和“磁铁极的特性”,这两亲学习线索贯穿整个单元。学生在趣味化的探究中观察与交流磁铁的特性,了解磁力能使两个不接触的物体产生相互作用,认识指南针的结构、功能和原理,利用磁铁的性质创造性地制作指南针以及磁铁玩具,从而获得丰富的感性认识。在教学中,教师应努力做到以下三点:(1)让学生多“体验体验磁铁实验带来的意外和惊奇;(2)让学生多“观察”,仔细观察磁铁实3的各种现象;(3)让学生多“论证”,利用磁铁实验中收集到的证据展开讨论特别说明的是,“磁铁”单元的学习不是小学生认识磁现象的终点,教科书依照课程标准,在高学段设置“能量”单元,从能量角度来探究磁和电的相互转化,从而体现“学习进阶”思想。,2.“我们自己”单元，本单元的6课课题分别是:1.观察我们的身体2通过感官来发现观察与比较,4.测试反应快慢现生长6.身体的“时间胶囊”其中,1-4课从身体的结构人手,逐步发展到对感觉器官的认识,5-6课为学生提供了一次关注自身健康成长的机会。本单元从认识人体的外部结构引入,设计用感官(眼、耳、鼻、舌、皮肤)感知各种环境刺激的活动,并引导学生感受自己的成长发育过程,以此促进他们理解人的生命特征,并为他们在小学中、高学段学习人体系统打下基在这个单元中,学生将有机会观察讨论人体的基本结构,将眼、耳、鼻、舌和皮肤作为帮助我们认识世界的感觉器官来认识,尝试回顾自己的生长以及期盼自己身体的生长变化。,学生主要完成两个任务:一是通过用感觉器官进行观察,了解自己感觉器官的基本功能。在观察中,发现感觉器官所接收的信息和已有的经验,能够帮助学生对周围的事物在识别的基础上进行比较、分析和判断。二是要发展自己的健康意识,通过回顾之前的生长变化,学生将对自己身体健康生长的意识与对未来几年身体生长变化的期盼相结合,形成初步的健康意识上述两个单元的教学中,教师要引导学生:仔细观察、如实记录,并能在观察和记录的基础上进行猜想和推理;当发现事实与自己原有的想法不同时,能尊重事实,养成用事实说话的意识。,二、教学目标,1、引导学生通过观察,了解磁铁的不冋形状,知道磁铁能够吸引铁和镍,能够隔空隔物吸铁,知道磁力可以传递。,2、指导学生通过动手实践明白磁极的吸力最大,知道磁铁能够指示南北,有冋极相斥,异极相吸的特性。,3、引导学生通过做一个指南针的活动,进一步了解指南针的有关知识,体会磁铁的磁化现象及磁铁指示南北的特性。,4、引导学生了解磁铁在生产、生活中的广泛应用,进一步体会科技给人们生活带来的便利和快捷,从而引导学生进一步探索科学、运用科学的兴趣。,5、引导学生能够从外部观察头、颈、躯干和四肢组成的身体的基本结构,能够用摸、听等方法探知自己身体内部的情况。,6、知道通过感觉器官能够获取事物的相同与不同特征,用比较的方法识别不同的事物,认识到感觉器官能让我们观察到具体的事物,并以此区分事实与想象。,7、了解感觉器官的综合运用,能够更加全面的认识事物和作出反应。,8、通过比较测量,引导学生知道自己身体在生长变化,从而能够关注自己未来身体的生长,认同健康生活。,三、教学措施：,1、培养学生良好的学习习惯,绐课堂教学创设良好的环境。学生学习常规的培养和训练是保证教学质量的前提。在本学期的教学中,要注重学生良好学习习惯的培养,并将培养学生良好的学习习惯贯穿在教学的全过程中。,2、在教学中,重视学生的生活经验和体验,在教学活动的每一个环节都要注意从学生的生活经验出发,让学生认识到科学是真正来源于生活并运用于生活,从而激发学生学科学、用科学、爱科学的兴趣和习惯。,3、通过学生适宜接受的生动活泼的游戏活动形式,通过学生直接参与探究实验的方式,将科学探究转化为学生自觉的将科学知识应用于生活的思维,培养学生敢于打破常规,敢于创新的能力。,4、构建合理科学的奖励机制,让学生正确认识自己,并在奖励机制上采取多元化的评价方式,鼓励学生,让每个学生都有获得成功的机会,感受成功的喜悦。,四、教学进度安排：,周次课题课时11、磁铁能吸引什么122、磁铁怎样吸引物体133、磁铁的两极144、磁极与方向155、做一个指南针166、磁极间的相互作用177、磁铁和我们的生活18单元复习19机动一周1101、观察我们的身体1112、通过感官来发现1123、观察与比较1134、测试反应快慢1145、发现生长1156、身体的“时间胶囊”116单元复习117综合复习118期末考试1,二年级科学下册教学进度表,周次月,份时间授课内容备注1三月19-27制定计划230-31、磁铁能吸引什么3四月5-102、磁铁怎样吸引物体清明4-6413-173、磁铁的两极520-244、磁极与方向627-15、做一个指南针7五月4-86、磁极间的相互作用五一1-5811-157、磁铁和我们的生活918-22单元复习1025-29机动一周11六月1-51、观察我们的身体128-122、通过感官来发现1315-193、观察与比较1422-264、测试反应快慢端午25-2715七月29-35、发现生长166-106、身体的“时间胶囊”1713-17单元复习1820-24复习1927-31考试,百分数应用(一)教案和反思,百分数应用(一)教案和反思,百分数应用(一)教案和反思,百分数应用（一）教学设计,【教学目标】,1、在具体情景中理解“增加百分之几”或“减少百分之几”的意义，加深对百分数意义的理解。,2、能解决有关“增加百分之几”或“减少百分之几”的实际问题，提高运用数学解决实际问题的能力，体会百分数与现实生活的密切联系。,【教学重点】,理解“增加百分之几”或“减少百分之几”的意义，能解决有关“增加百分之几”或“减少百分之几”的实际问题。,【教具准备】 多媒体课件。,【教学设计】,一、 准备,线段图是把握数量关系的重要方法之一,你能用线段图表示下面的数量关系吗？,在学校开展的第二课堂活动中，参加围棋班的有32人，参加航模班的人数比参加围棋班的多25%,1.学生独立完成线段图,2.展示学生成果,3、教师对学生的作品进行评价,二、百分数的应用,1、出示教科书P23上面的问题,2、思考：“增产百分之几”是什么意思？,杂交水稻比普通水稻增加的产量是普通水稻产量的百分之几,3、学生独立解答问题,4、班内交流,方法一：75.6=1.4（吨） 1.45.6=0.25=25%,方法二：75.6=1.25=125% 125%100%=25%,三、试一试,1、出示教科书P23下面的问题,2、“几成”是什么意思？,3、学生独立解决问题,（2.612.25）2.25=0.362.25=0.16=16%,四、练一练,1.教科书P87练一练第1题第2题第3题,五、课堂总结,通过今天的学习你有什么收获？,教学反思,本节教学是百分数的应用第一课时，学习重点是理解“多百分之几”或“少百分之几”的意义，并能解决 “多百分之几”或“少百分之几”的实际问题这同时也是学习的难点，下面把自己教学后的几点感悟与大家分享。,1、复习引入，降低难度,为了很好地完成这节课的教学，根据我班学生的实际情况，我没有采取直奔主题的方法，而是采用了衔接方法，由前面所学分数应用题“多几分之几”或“少几分之几”的实际问题引入百分数的应用中，相当于让学生穿前面分数的旧鞋走百分数的新路，降低了学习难度。,2、由生活情境引入，体会数学与生活的联系,数学源于现实，寓于现实，并用于现实。数学知识的形成来源于实际的需要和数学内部的需要。因此，我在导入新课时利用“低年级班数”和“高年级班数”的例子引入教学，这样从生活实际引入新知识不仅有助于学生主动从数学的角度去分析现实问题、解决现实问题。而且使学生在学习的过程中切实感受到数学就在自己身边，从而对数学产生亲切感，增强了学生树立数学的应用意识的信念。,3、借助线段图，寻求、理解解题思路,怎样理解“多百分之几？”或“少百分之几？”的问题学生容易想到的是书的第一种方法，先求出多或少的量，再去除以单位“”的量。对于第二种方法学生，一是很难想到，二是对“100%”的理解，就是要把谁看作去减，这一点对分数意义理解不深入的学生理解起来可能会一知半解。要想很好理解第二种方法，关键还是要借助的线段图，结合图想到原来的量是单位“”，就是100%，继而用减求出问题来。从课堂的实际过程看，线段图直观的体现，很大的帮助了学生理解解答的方法。,倡导“自主、合作、探究”是新课程的应有之义，是新课程的核心理念。这节课在新知的获得过程中，学生通过思考探索能理解掌握的教师不讲，只作适当的引导，充分让学生动手画、动脑想、动口说，去探究新知，注重知识的形成过程，让学生获得较准确的知识。,?,?,英语并列连词专项练习题,英语并列连词专项练习题,PAGE / NUMPAGES,英语并列连词专项练习题,英语并列连词专项练习题,( ) 1 My aunt asks whether I like a woolen sweater _ a cotton one.A. but B. or C. and D. not ( ) 2 Either Mary _ Lucy told him to come to see us.A. or B. and C. with D. nor ( ) 3 Hurry up, _ well be late for the film.A. and B. but C. so D. or ( ) 4 Be quick, _ well be late.A. and B. or C. but D. so ( ) 5 We ran to the trees, _ we couldnt see any more monkeys.A. but B. so C. and D. for2( ) 1 _ Li Ping _ Wu Fang _ League members. A. Neither; nor; are B. Either; nor; is C. Both; and; are D. Neither; or; is( ) 2 You can _ stay at home _ go out to play. A. either; or B. so; that C. neither; and D. both; and( ) 3 _ Wei Hua _. Ann_ very busy.A. Both; and; is B. So; and; is C. Either; or; is D. So; that; are( ) 4 _ Monday_ Tuesday is QK, I will be free then.A. Either; or B. Neither; norC. So; that D. Both; and ( ) 5 _ my brother_ sister are doctors.A. Not; but B. Neither; nor C. Both; and D. Either; or3( ) 1 The teacher, as well as his students_football.A. like B. likes C. enjoy D. play ( ) 2 The doctor, along with these nurses_ sent to the country.A. are B. were C. have D. was ( ) 3 My sister, together with her classmates_ interested in the new book.A. are B. were C. is D. have4( ) 1 _ she _ I know his telephone number, because it has beenchanged.A. Both; and B. Either; or C. Not only; but also D. Neither; nor ( ) 2 _ Jack _ Tom watched TV yesterday evening because they werebusy with their lessons.A. Both; and B. Not only; but also C. Not; but D. Neither; nor ( ) 3 You may sit_ this end_ that end of the boat.A. neither; nor B. both; and C. either; or D. between; and( ) 4 None of the shoes are the right size.They are _ too big _ too small.A. or; or B. either; or C. neither; or D. both; and ( ) 5 When Lily was three, she could_ read_ write.,A. not; but B. not; andC. neither; nor D. either; or( ) 6 We should learn_from books._ from workers and farmers.A. both; and B. either; or C. neither; nor D. as; as5( ) 1 We went_ to the cinema, _ to the park.A. did not; / B. not; but C. either; or D. both; and ( ) 2 Last week we saw _ Li Ming _ Mary. A. neither; or B. either; nor C. all; and D. not; but( ) 3 My mother bought not apples_ two interesting books for me.A. or B. but C. and D. so6( ) 1 Mr Zhang felt a little tired, _ he still went on working.A. but B. and C. so D. or ( ) 2 Our teacher is very busy, _ he often help us with our lessons.A. or B. but C. and D. though ( ) 3 Tom got ill, _ he still attended the important meeting.A. so B. because C. but D. nor?并列连词答案,1 . 1-5 B A D B A 4. 1-6 D D C B C A 2. 1-5 C A C A C 5. 1-3 B D B 3. 1-3 B D C 6. 1-3 A B C,实现目标的五要素,实现目标的五要素,PAGE / NUMPAGES,实现目标的五要素,实现目标的五要素,实现目标的五要素,by Charlie Gilkey on July 19, 2010 18 comments,查理 吉尔奇著 2011年7月19日,First we make our habits, then our habits make us. Charles C. Noble,首先我们养成习惯，然后是习惯造就我们Charles C. Noble,One of the most effective ways to actualize your own potential and goals is to form habits and routines that make the actualization (almost) automatic. We see reflections of this observation in the works of Aristotle and Lao Tzu from millennia ago on through the works of contemporary thinkers such as Stephen Covey and the Dalai Lama. At a certain point, habits allow you to reach the optimal state of achieving without trying to achieve.,The lead quote sums up things nicely, though, in that habit-building can be an active process, too. Much like choosing to be around people who help us flourish, choosing and habituating the actions that help us flourish is largely within our control.,有一种能挖掘我们潜能，实现目标的最有效的方法之一就是形成良好的习惯和常规，这些习惯和常规就能够自动化的帮我们实现目标。我们可以从千年以前亚里士多德和老子的著作到当代的史蒂芬柯维和达赖喇嘛的著作中观察到。在一定程度上，习惯使你在没有很吃力的情况下达到最佳的状态。,这些重要的引用精辟的总结了许多事情，然而，养成习惯的过程可以是一个灵活的过程。就像我们选择与那些促使我们进步的人在一起，选择和习惯性地某些能够在我们掌握的范围内促使我们进步的行为一样。,Since we can choose, do, track, and evaluate the habits and routines that help us actualize ourselves and our goals, theres a process with discrete but related steps. Here are the 5As of Actualization:,一旦我们可以选择，行动，追踪和评估扎这些帮助我们实现目标的习惯和常规的话，就需要一系列零散但连续的步骤过程。以下就是我们实现目标的五个要素：,Aim,1,目标,Awareness,2.意识,Action,3,行动,Accountability,4.有责任的,Assessment,5.评定,Lets take a look at these a little more in depth.,让我们再更深入的讨论下这五个要素,Aim,目标,The saying “if you dont know where youre going, any path will take you there” fits in nicely here. Before you can start building supportive habits and routines, you have to know what types of actualization youre wanting to support.,有一句话“如果你不知道你的方向，记住：条条大路通罗马”很适合文章里所说的情况。在你开始养成支撑性的习惯和常规之前，你必须知道你要实现什么类型的目标。,Our bodies and minds are automatic habit-building systems whether or not you actively try to build habits or not, you will. For instance, you might not intentionally train yourself to remember the path to your kitchen, but every time you walk to the kitchen, youre reinforcing a neurophysical pathway thats been formed. Habits are nothing but reinforced neurophysical pathways.,我们的身体和思想都是自动化习惯生成系统的一部分不管你是否有意的去养成某些习惯。例如，你并不是有意的记住了到达厨房的路径，但每次你走向厨房的时候，你都巩固了已经形成的神经回路。习惯并不是什么特别的东西，它就是神经回路的巩固而已。,As you can probably tell, a pathway isnt inherently good or bad. A good deal of your unconscious habits are probably not supporting your growth, though, because were wired to remain safe and secure rather than to be continually growing and changing. Once your system finds something that works, it encodes that pattern as something to keep regardless of whether your desires change. This is how we get canoes.,你可能会说，回路没有本质上的好与坏。你潜意识的一些习惯有可能对你的成长没有什么帮助，因为我们都趋向于可靠和安全的环境而不是不断地发展和变化。但是一旦你的系统发现了可用的东西，它立马就把这些东西编入了保存模式不管你是否要去改变。这就是我们获得图片的方法。,This step in the process, then, makes your routine-building an intentional activity that supports your goals. Furthermore, most new routines have to displace an already-formed one, so the initial parts of the process will be harder than later parts. The more youre able to keep fixed on the end in mind, the easier itll be to notice counterproductive habits and routines that youre having to work through or fit against. Which brings us to,要素里的这个步骤有助于使你有意的形成常规习惯去支撑你的目标。而且，许多新的常规习惯会代替一些已经形成了的习惯，所以这个步骤的起始部分会比后面部分要难得多。我们把这些东西放到越后面来记忆，越容易产生适合或需要进行调整的起反作用的习惯，这时候就形成了.,Awareness,意识,Have you ever set a goal one day and forgot it the next day? Maybe you typed it into that spiffy new productivity app only to have it buried in other screens. As I just mentioned, if youre going to make a go of habit-changing, you need to be aware of the fact that youre doing it or old habits will win.,你有没有曾经在今天设立了目标而明天就忘记了呢？也许你把目标嵌入到更新更整洁的应用程序上只是为了把它淹没在其他的屏幕里。就像我刚才提到的，如果你准备改变习惯，你需要意识到你时候已经行动了，否则，还是旧习惯胜出。,For instance, a lot of us buy gym memberships with good intentions, but we dont do the small things thatll help them scaffold that new routine. A small thing could be as simple as putting workout clothes in front of the coffeepot so that theyre seen the first thing in the morning. Sure, maybe theres not enough time to workout today, but at least theres a chance that that small act will open up the awareness and idea that working out is important.,例如，我们很多人都怀着好的目标去办健身会员的，但是我们并没有去做一些能够支撑新习惯形成的生活细节。生活细节可以是简单到将运动服准备好放在咖啡壶旁边，这样你能够在早上醒来就看到它们。当然，今天可能没有足够的时间进行锻炼，但至少这个细小的动作有机会激活你的潜意识和思维让你意识到锻炼的重要性。,Or maybe you want to start reading more rather than watching TV. Rather than keeping your books in another room, why not stand the book up in front of the TV so that, to watch the TV, you have to remove the book? That small action disrupts the old routine while bringing the intention to your awareness. It additionally makes the action concrete, making it more likely that youll complete it.,或者你想要读更多的书而不是看更多的电视节目。与其把书放在其他的房间里，不如将书立在电视机的前面，这样，看电视的时候，你就需要拿开那本书了，不是吗?这些小细节打破旧的习惯，将目的性植入你的意识里。意识能够不断的雕琢这些细节，让你能更快的完成它。,A very similar technique that you can do is place lists of goals in the places you cant miss them. Ive often recommended that clients place a list on their bathroom mirrors, near their computers, and on their refrigerators. Theres a sneaky thing going on here, because its not just that you see those goals more often, but you often see them when youre primed for encoding things. If youre brushing your teeth before bed and see your (hopefully small) list of goals, then youll be more likely to process and integrate those goals while youre sleeping. Likewise, if youre seeing those goals first thing in the morning as youre getting water or preparing coffee, youre more likely to integrate those goals into your day.,还有一个类似的技巧就是你可以在一个你能经常看到的地方写下你所有的目标。我会经常建议我的客户把它们贴在浴室的镜子里，电脑旁边，或是冰箱上。这样有个看不见的好处，就是你不但更经常的看到这些目标，而且你经常在看的时候就准备将它们植入到脑海里了。如果睡前刷牙的时候，看到你的目标清单（希望是小纸条），你就更有可能在睡觉的时候对这些目标进行编译和整合了。就像，当你早上准备水或咖啡的时候，第一时间就看到你的目标，这样就更有可能在一天中整合你的这些目标。,While I dont have a lot of hard field data on it, I think the tangibility of lists and trigger items like shoes and books are better awareness items than digital lists. I also think handwriting your goals encodes them better than typing given the deliberateness of handwriting conjoined with the fact that youre less likely to write a lot by hand. (This is why I focus most of my RD on planner designs whose primary focus is printing and writing as opposed to web apps or fillable forms.),我不会在我的目标清单上使用过多的生僻数据，我觉得清晰的列表和事件就像鞋子和书一样比数字的列表更容易意识到。同样手写目标列表比起电脑录入更容易使你的目标整合起来，因为深思熟虑的目标列表，通过手写你不会写太多（这就是为什么我更多的关注研究和开发计划设计，这个计划设计主要集中在打印和书写而不是电脑应用或适用表格）,As powerful as Awareness is though, laying those neurophysical pathways requires action.,和意识同样重要的，还有将这些神经回路付诸行动。,Action,行动,In the initial stages of habit-building, doing the new thing is the challenge that keeps people from actualizing their new goal. They want to do that new thing, but something keeps them from doing it.,在养成习惯的初始阶段，去尝试一些新的事物是一个挑战，这个挑战阻止人们实现他们的新目标。他们想去做这些新的事情，但是有些东西在阻挠。,In my experience, what keeps most people from doing the action required is that they overestimate their capabilities in the initial stages and make it too hard for them to get started or sustain what theyve started. The key to the initial stages of habit-building is to make the barrier to entry to any action as low as possible. Returning to the gym example, rather than trying to start out by going 5 times a week for an hour at a time, try to go three times a week for 30 minutes for the first few weeks. Once you get used to the process, increase the frequency and/or duration, but its more important that you keep at it over time than it is that youre consistent in intensity over time.,以我的经验，在形成习惯的初始阶段， 人们高估了他们自身的能力是阻挠人们去实践的最大因素，高估自身能力让他们更难去开始或去坚持他们已经开始了的。养成习惯的初始阶段最重要的就是尽可能地降低我们去行动的标准。回到健身房的那个例子，不要一开始就制定一个星期锻炼5次的标准而是每次进行一个小时锻炼的标准，或在开始的几周一周三次，每次30分钟的标准。等到你已经习惯了之后，再增加次数和强度，但最重要的是保持这个习惯而不是每次都要求保持强度。,The second thing that keeps people from acting is that theyre just not motivated to achieve the goal. What frequently happens is that people make a goal because its an external should rather than an internal desire, and the harder the goal is to achieve, the less likely that that external should will have the motivational force to get you there. Or maybe its one of the other 10 types of demotivation thats keeping them from acting.,阻碍人们行动的第二个因素是他们没有动力去实现目标。最经常发生的就是人们制定目标不是内心的需求而是外在的，目标越难实现，靠外在动力去实现就越不可能。或许还有其他10种降低动机的因素阻挠他们的实践。,Lastly, some of us have trouble converting an intention into an action. We set the goal, we see the goal, but when it comes down to doing, we get lost. Heres where the 5Cs of completion can come in handy, as it helps you convert intentions into completions.,最后，我们中间还有很多人将目标转化成行动的时候有困难。我们设立目标，我们看得到目标，但真正要去实践的时候，我们却迷失了。这里就有简便的实现目标5要素，帮助我们实现我们的目标。,Its true that action isnt everything, but without action, there is no actualization. That said, thinking, reflecting, and meditating can themselves be actions when done intentionally and done in a way to support your own actualization. Obviously, if one of your goals is to meditate, think, and reflect more, then actualizing that goal requires meditating, thinking, and reflecting. The simplicity and obviousness of “we become by doing“ underscores the reality that so many of us behave as if the doing part was optional.,当然，实践并不是全部。但是如果没有行动，就没有目标的实现。有句话说：在我们有目的去做来支撑你的目标的时候，思考，反省，沉思是可以立马启动的。很明显地，如果你的目标之一就是更多沉思，思考，反省，那么实现这些目标就只要求沉思，思考，反省。“我们成就于行动”这句话简单明了的说明了这个现实，即许多人都觉得实践部分是可以选择的。,Accountability,有责任心的,Some of us have trouble with accountability because we associate the word with punishment, scrutiny, and/or not meeting standards or agreements. Perhaps thats fair because the majority of discussions of accountability arise when were not doing what weve said wed do.,好些人都把责任理解错误了，因为我们总是把责任和惩罚，仔细检查或者没有达到标准或不一致性联系在一起。也许这是正确的因为大部分有关责任的讨论都是因我们没有完成我们该做的事情。,Theres a much more positive way to understand accountability, though: we can see accountability as a way to keep up with what were doing. What we need to remember is that were much more likely to discount the things we actually do and place too much weight on the things we dont do. Accountability techniques, then, can be quite supportive because they provide some objectivity to your self-perceptions and at least provide some evidence to buttress against this negativity bias.,这里有更积极的方法去理解责任，例如：我们可以把责任当做是坚持我们正在做事情的一种方式。我们都要清楚的是我们通常都会低估我们实际上 要做的事情而过于关注那些我们没有做的事情。负责任的技巧，可以很有说服力，因为责任在你的自我知觉里设立了客观目标，至少为消极的偏见提供了否定的证据。,The other reason that accountability is so important is that it gives you the structure for the information you need for assessment. Often times, thinking about how youll account for your actions gives you a lot of good ideas about how frequently you need to do those actions. For instance, lets say that youre trying to build a habit of watering your flowers more. When you project into thinking about accountability, you might see that watering your flowers twice a week is what it would take to actualize that goal. Supposing that you keep a monthly calendar on your fridge, you might decide to place a blue W on every Tuesday and Friday. When Tuesday rolls around, you look at the calendar, see the blue W, water the flowers, and then circle or line through the W for that day.,责任之所以重要的另一个原因是它能够为你评估提供信息的结构。许多时候，思考你怎样付诸行动的时候能带来很多新的好想法，这些想法是关于你付诸行动的频率。例如，让我们这么说吧，如果你想养成多浇花的习惯。当你想到责任的时候，你可能会估算一周浇两次才能达到目标。假如你制订了一个月历挂在冰箱上，你可能会在每周二和周五的空白处贴上W字样，当周二的时候，你会浏览下日历，看到了W（浇花），然后你就在W周围画圈或划掉今天的W。,The example here is illustrative of the fact that its often quite easy to embed your accountability system into your awareness system. The blue W makes you aware of the goal, so you can act on it pretty easily. Circling or lining through the W lets you keep things simple simple is good. Awareness reinforces accountability and accountability reinforces awareness.,这个例子说明了一个事实，即要将你的责任系统嵌入到你的意识系统里还是相当容易。蓝色W提醒你你的目标，所以你可以比较轻松的实现它。把W圈起或划起来会让事情变得简单简单即是好。意识不断的加强责任，而责任也在不断的加强我们的意识。,Assessment,评估,This step in the process is where you evaluate what youve been doing. There are really two major questions to ask yourself at this stage: 1) Am I doing the things that are consistent with manifesting my goal? and 2) Are those actions actually progressing me towards actualizing the goal?,这个过程的这一步是你要评估你做的事情。这里有两个主要的问题要问你：一，我做的事情是否都和我目标的实现相一致呢？二，这些行动在实现目标的过程中有没有真正的提升我自己呢。,If you look at your checklist and you see that youre not doing the actions that are consistent with your goal, its a good time to check in with your motivations first, your awareness techniques second, and your time allocations third. The reason