英汉语言对比放形合与意合课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,Part IIHypotactic vs.Paratactic,Part IIHypotactic vs.Paratact,1,Translate the following sentences:,1,由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。,2,过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。,3 为什么如此众多的美国人不如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。,4,The many colors of a rainbow range from red,on,the outside to,violet on the inside.,Translate the following senten,2,Hypotactic,The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives.,English sentences are made by Hypotactic,Hy,3,For example:,1) I shall despair if you dont come.,.,For example:,4,Paratactic,The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them.,Chinese sentences are made by Paratactic,Para,5,For example:,敌进我退，敌驻我扰，敌疲我打，敌退我追。,For example:,6,形合：主要靠语言本身语法手段；结构紧凑严密；好比一棵参天大树；一串葡萄；一串珍珠；一树荔枝（主谓（干）结构突出，空间搭架，把各句有机结合起来。主干可能很短，上面却结着累累果实,),。,意合：主要靠句子内部逻辑联系。结构简练明快；好比一根竹子；一盘珠子；一江波涛。,形合：主要靠语言本身语法手段；结构紧凑严密；好比一棵参,7,由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。,由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔,8,Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.,Because there is a,9,The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucit,of the information media.,The isolation of the,10,Hypotactic,1.C,onjunction,2.,P,reposition,3.Other cohesive ties,Hypotac,11,1.C,onjunction,1,who, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how,etc.,2,and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, neither-nor, when, while, as since, until, unless, lest,etc.,1.Conjunction,12,过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。,过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的,13,After some time, news came from distant place. Earthquake did happen that day when the little copper ball fell. All this was cleared up.,After some time, news,14,All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.,All was cleared up som,15,为什么如此众多的美国人不如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。,为什么如此众多的美国人不如想象中那样幸福呢？,16,Why so many Americans are not happy as we expect? I think there are two reasons and both of them have deep distinction,Why so many Americans,17,When,I try to understand,what,it is,that,prevents so many Americans from being,as,happy,as,one might expect, it seems to me,that,there are two causes, of,which,one goes much deeper than the other.,When I try to understa,18,2.,P,reposition,英语各类介词共286个。,包括,：,简单,介,词,：with,to,in,of,about,between,through,合成介词：inside,onto,upon,within,without,throughout,成语介词,:,according to;along with,apart from, because of, in front of,on behalf of, with regard to,2.Preposition,19,A preposition may be defined as a connecting word showing the relation of a noun or substitute for a noun to some other word in the sentence.,Prepasitions appear constantly in English speech and writing,Over ninety percent of preposition usage involves these nine prepositions:,with, to, from, at, in, of, by, for,and,on,A preposition may be defin,20,The many colors,of,a rainbow range,from,red,on,the outside,to,violet,on,the inside.,彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。,英汉语言对比放形合与意合课件,21,农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产率很低，这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的困境,。,农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产率很低，这就使得大,22,Inadequate training,for,farmers and the low productivity,of,many farms place the majority,of,country dwellers,in,a disadvantageous position,in,their own countries.,英汉语言对比放形合与意合课件,23,3.Other cohesive ties,。,主要指,形态变化形式，包括,:,词缀变化,;,动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化及其保持前后一致的关系,；,广泛使用代词以保持前后呼应的关系,；,使用“,it,”和“,there,”作替补词起连接作用等。,英语常综合运用上述手段。,3.Other cohesive ties。,24,There,is nothing,more,disappointing to a hostess,who has gone,to a lot of trouble,or,expense,than,to have her guest,so interested in talking,politics,or,business,with,her husband,that,he fails to notice the flavor,of,the coffee, the lightness,of,the cake,or,the attractiveness,of,the house,which,may be her chief interest,and,pride.,There is nothing more d,25,最令女主人失望的是，她花了许多心思或费用来招待客人，可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫谈政治、谈生意，却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡，松软的糕点，或房间内讲究的陈设，而这些却可能是她感到兴趣并引以自豪的主要所在。,最令女主人失望的是，她花了许多心思或费用来,26,Even,in,its blasted condition,with,boards and sackings,in,most,of,the windows,with,its thick dust and its bare room,with,its cracked plaster and its damaged roofs, the hotel had been a new world, a breadth and dignity, full of adventure possibilities.,Even in its blasted co,27,这家旅馆，尽管遭到破坏，窗户大多顶上了木板，并挂着粗麻布，到处是厚厚的尘土，房间空荡荡，墙上的灰泥也破裂了，屋顶也毁坏了，可总是一个宽阔而庄严的新天地，值得去探险。,这家旅馆，尽管遭到破坏，窗户大多顶上了木板，,28,注重显性衔接；注重句子形式；,注重结构完整；注重以形显义,英语是重形式的语法性语言,注重显性衔接；注重句子形式；,29,Paratactic汉语意合手段,1语序,2反复、排比、对偶、对照,3紧缩句,4四字格,Paratactic汉语意,30,1语序,汉语少用或不用关联词语，词义与语序密切相关。,汉语的许多主从复句，虽然不用关联词，形式类似并列复句，但分句含义却有主有次。,1语序,31,据统计，汉语三分之二的因果句不到必要时，不用关联词。先因后果，几乎不用“因为”，属常态；先果后因，大多用“因为“，属变态。,1）（因为）她不老实，我不能信任她。,Because she is no,t,honest, I cant trust her.,我不能信任她，因为她不老实，,I cant trust her, because she is not honest,.,据统计，汉语三分之二的因果句不到必要时，不用关,32,2）人（若）不犯我，我（则）不犯人。,We will not attack unless we are attacked.,3）说是说了，没有结果。,Ive made proposals, but they proved futile.,4）打肿脸充胖子，吃亏是自己。,If you get beyond your depth, you will suffer.,2）人（若）不犯我，我（则）不犯人。,33,2 反复、排比、对偶、对照,他不来，我不去。,If he wont come here, Ill not go there.,种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。,As you sow, so will you reap.,2 反复、排比、对偶、对照,34,吃苦在前，,享,乐在后。,Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts.,不怕慢，只怕站。,Its better to move ahead slowly than just to mark time.,吃苦在前，享乐在后。,35,3紧缩句,这类句式简明紧凑，分句间的语法关系和逻辑联系是隐含的。,“紧”就是紧凑，是取消各分句之间的语音停顿，让它们紧紧地挨在一起。,“缩”就是压缩，略去原来分句的一些词语，让它们简约一些。,3紧缩句,36,有饭大家吃（ = 如果有饭的话，那就让大家吃吧）,Let everybody share the food if there is any.,不到黄河心不死。,Until all is over, ambition never dies.,英汉语言对比放形合与意合课件,37,狼披羊皮还是狼。,A wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheeps clothing.,狐狸再狡猾也斗不过好猎手。,However sly a fox may be, it is no match for a good hunter.,狼披羊皮还是狼。,38,物极必反,Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposite direction is inevitable.,玩火自焚,Whoever plays with fire will perish by fire.,物极必反,39,注重隐性连贯，注重时间和事理顺序,注重功能意义，注重以意役形,汉语是重意会的语意形语言,注重隐性连贯，注重时间和事理顺序,40,王力指出：英语的结构好像连环，虽则环与环都联络起来，毕竟有联络的痕迹；汉语的结构好像天衣无缝，只是一块一块地硬凑，凑起来还不让它有痕迹。,41,英语语法是硬的，没有弹性的；汉语语法是软的，富于弹性的。,英语语法是硬的，没有弹性的；汉语语法是软,42,惟其是硬的，所以英语有许多呆板的要求，如每个从句必须有主语；惟其是软的，所以汉语只以达意为主，不用任何连接词。,惟其是硬的，所以英语有许多呆板的要求，,43,