项目管理知识领域课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,PM,PM,项 目 管 理,山东工商学院管理科学与工程学院,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,项目管理知识领域,项目管理知识领域项目管理知识领域Frame of Project Integration ManagementChapter 4 Project Integration ManagementMajor Project DocumentsProject Charter.Formally authorizes the project.,Project Scope Statement.States what work is to be accomplished and what deliverables need to be produced.,Project Management Plan.States how the work will be performed.,在国家数学课程标准中就数学教学的任务做了明确规定。即数学教育应使学生：“获得适应未来社会生活和进一步发展所必需的重要数学知识（包括数学事实、数学活动经验）以及基本的数学思想方法和必要的应用技能”，可见小学数学教学是以培养学生的数学思想，教授学生相应的数学方法，让学生学会一定的数学应用技能，促进学生发展为目标的。而有效教学则是指教师要在制定教学目标，实施相应教学方案，以及满足学生的发展等方面做到全方位成功的教学行为。,一、有效教学的内涵,要了解有效教学的内涵。首先我们要明确两个概念，及何为“有效”？何为“教学”。其中，有效教学的“有效”，主要是指教师在先进的教学理念指导下，制定科学的教学计划，选定相关的教学内容。并在一定阶段的实施后，是学生逐步掌握所学的知识，帮助学生取得进步和获得发展；而有效教学的“教学”，则是教师的主要劳动。是指教师在教学理念的指引下，所实施的引导、维持和促进学生学习的一系列的劳动过程和行为策略。,有效教学就是要取得一定的教学成果，追求高效的教学效果。所有的教育教学工作都要追求高效。同样，小学数学也要取得相应的教学成果，追求最高的教学效果。而小学数学的有效教学就是要求小学数学教师要充分地发挥所有力量、利用一切积极因素，追求并达到一定的数学教学效益，让学生有效地学习和掌握到相应的数学知识，并能有效地运用所学知识。要做到有效教学，教师必须要树立一切以培养学生为中心。一切为了促进学生的发展的教学理念和教育思想。将小学教学活动与学生的生活实际紧密联系起来，积极创设生动有趣的教学情境，通过有效地引导学生开展观察、实践、交流和创造等活动，是学生在学习和生活中学会基本的数学知识，掌握相应的数学理论，并使学生具备初步的数学思维能力以及实际运用能力。,二、实现有效教学的策略,学生的学习效果是评价教师教师教学效果好坏的主要标准，而有效教学的关键就在于要解决什么样的教学是最具效果的这一问题。而这里我们所说的教学有没有效益，并不是指教师有没有完成所要教学的内容或是教的认真与否。而是指学生的学习效果怎样，即学生是否学到知识或学生的学得好不好。因此要实现小学数学的有效教学，我们应该从以下几个方面加以完善：,1、通过营造充满活力的学习氛围来激发学生的学习兴趣。,新课改之后，新的小学数学教材的设计更加注重对教育情境的设置，很多数学知识的引入和数学问题的提出和解决都根据儿童的身心发展特点，选取了一些生动有趣的情境，精心地设计了相应的图案和情境。此外，还要求教师要善于创设相应的情境来引导学生开展学习。真正实现“数学教学生活化”和“学生学习生活化”。这种对情境教学的要求，实际上就是为了能给学生营造一个良好的学习氛围，让学生能在宽松、有趣的课堂氛围中实现对数学知识的理解和吸收。,要营造良好的、充满活力的学习氛围。需要我们的小学数学教师要从课堂氛围把握、课后讨论引导和课余活动开展等几个方面加以完善。让学生在活跃的课堂氛围中学习知识，充分吸引学生的注意力，调动学生的学习积极性：在课后展开自由、活跃的学习讨论，让学生能在讨论中创新思维、激发学习热情；开展丰富的课余活动，让学生在实践中长知识、学知识、巩固知识，并学会运用知识，让学生在良好的学习、实践氛围中真正地做到想要学习、愿意学习和乐于学习。,2、通过建立相关的激励机制来调动学生的学习积极性。,相应的激励机制能有效地调动学生的学习积极性，激发学生的学习热情，为学生提供学习的动力。特别是小学生，他们还处于学习自我控制能力不强的阶段，因此，在开展数学教学活动时，教师更应该要合理地利用鼓励、奖励等手段来激发学生的学习热情和学习积极性。为学生提供学习的助推动力。,而学习积极性作为实现有效教学的关键因素，对有效教学的实现有着重要的作用。因此，对于小学数学教师来说，要实现有效教学，除了让学生有学习兴趣外，还要让学生能主动学习。积极学习。这样才能这真正保障学生能取得良好的学习效果。真正促进学生的发展。这就要求我们的教师要从以下几个方面加强工作：其一，注重对学生的学习结果进行科学评价，做到在表扬中指出学生存在的问题，在批评中学会发现学生的优点；其二，注意多维度观察学生、激励学生，挖掘学生的潜能，为学生提供更多的表现机会；其三，鼓励学生开展自我评价和相互评价，增强学生的自我认识和相互沟通、帮助和协作意识。,3、通过灵活使用教材内容、教学方法来提升学生的学习成效。,有效学习的衡量标准是学生的学习成效的好坏，如果学生不想学或者学习效果不佳。没有任何收获。即使教师教得再辛苦，工作再努力也是无效的。同样，如果学生学习过程很辛苦，且通过学习后并没有取得相应的发展，也是无效或低效教学，也不能算是实现了有效教学，可见学生是否取得进步和发展是衡量教师教学是否有效的惟一指标。因此。要实现小学数学的有效教学，教师应该在活用教材所给材料的基础上，灵活掌握各种内容之间的相互衔接点，并根据不同的教学内容，运用不同的教学资源，采用不同的教学方法和教学手段来将数学知识点有效传授给学生，让学生学得轻松、学有所得，并得到有效发展。,总之，关注学生的发展需要，关心学生的发展情况、实现学生的全面发展是有效教学的核心理念。总的来说，要实现小学数学的有效教学，就是要求我们的教师要在教学中融入更多的人文关怀和情感投入，让学生能在轻松、活跃的氛围中，在教师的关心爱护下，愿意学习、乐于学习、主动学习，并能达到最佳的学习效果，取得身心的健康发展。,一、初入学儿童的心理特点,从一年级入学开始，学生就要摆脱从前在幼儿园所适应的以游戏、活动为主的学习生活，步入他们学龄生涯的正轨。面对新的学习环境，对孩子们来说一切都是陌生的，甚至很多孩子会产生恐惧心理，在这个阶段，心理发展就是要他们主要的生活，教师要在这段时间内帮助他们尽快从心理上消除刚刚入校的恐惧感与不适应感，使他们尽快脱离幼儿园的教学模式，适应新的环境。对体育学习发生兴趣，并逐步喜欢上体育课，就可以有效促进学生心理健康的发展。,为了能够让小学生在初入学这个阶段更好更快的适应体育课程，不单单需要体育教师通过语言组织教学，往往还需要通过一些具体的行为表达出来。如儿童最喜欢做的游戏环节，教师们可以以朋友这种身份与儿童一起，这样不但能够拉近教师与学生之间的关系，还能将体育知识融入游戏当中，让学生们在潜移默化当中掌握体育基础知识，只有这样，教师们才能让初入学的小学生们从内心深处感受到教师们的平易近人，继而逐渐的脱离刚入学时那种陌生感以及恐惧感，让他们以一种轻松、愉快的心理状态投入到体育的学习当中。,二、初入学儿童融入体育教学的途径,（一）以爱为名，构建新型的师生关系,对于初入学的小学生来说，教师们都是陌生的，因此，体育教师们应该为学生们创造一个轻松愉悦的教学环境，让学生们在一个民主、和谐的心理氛围当中健康的成长，转变师生之间陌生的关系，使之变得融洽，究其原因是因为对于初入学的小学生们来说，他们对于教师的那种依赖感有时会超越家长，因此，建立新型的师生关系尤其重要，这亦是推进初入学儿童心理健康的关键。,在实际教学中，体育教师们应该注重培养与小学生们之间的情感，以爱为名，对其倾注更多的爱心。在授课时，体育教师应该尊重每一位小学生，对他们提出的问题与意见要认真回答；在他们感到迷茫时，应该鼓励他们；在他们露出不满的情绪时，要冷静的对待；当他们出现错误时，要耐心引导，及时的传递正能量，时刻的让他们感受到教师的爱心，继而逐渐的放下芥蒂，与体育教师亦师亦友。,（二）引入游戏教学法,目前的小学体育教学还存在大量沿用以往较传统的教学法及内容，比如简单的跑步、基础性的体操学习等，完全没有突破课堂教学的局限。新时代的体育教学应该彻底打破这种教学瓶颈，为小学体育教学注入新鲜的血液，融入更多的趣味性，让体育课真正的走出课堂，与日常生活紧密的结合起来，这样才能灵活教学方式，并有效调动起小学生参与体育活动的主动性。,（三）添加情景教学环节，提高学生参与的积极性,小学体育教学应全面把握学生好奇心重、难以长时间集中注意力的特征，合理设计教学环节与教学内容，为学生营造轻松、欢乐、互动的课堂教学氛围，提高学生参与体育教学的积极性。例如在体操教学中，如果要学生长时间集中到体操学习中，很容易让学生失去学习激情；但是如果当教师将学生进行分组后，只是简单的下达了任务而没有适当的引导也是达不到效果的。由于小学生多动的特征，教师在进行教学时一定要注意营造合作机会，如教师可以播放一些小学生喜欢的音乐作为体操学习的背景音乐，以此增加体操学习的趣味性，集中学生注意力，让学生以更专注的心态、更愉悦的心情参与体育活动。,（四）灵活、综合运用多种教学方式,针对灵活多变的体育教学课堂来说，教学方式变革的重点应以实现从教学方式的单一到多样化的转变，为学生的多样化学习服务，小学体育教师在具体的实践教学中，应?取多样化的教学方式，充分利用和发挥拥有不同教学方式的优势，扬长避短，根据每次实践课堂教学情况的不同变化，灵活运用不同的教学方式，使其学生和师生在和谐的课堂氛围中进行学习。,（五）有效运用合作学习,当小学生们进入一年级后，就意味着他们开始了长期的群体活动。初入学后，他们之前养成的一些恶习很难在短期内改善，同时对于合作更是难以接受，因为他们早已习惯了独处，熟悉了“唯我独尊”的生活方式，因此，这就需要我们体育教师有效的进行合作学习的锻炼，一步一步的分步进行，切勿操之过急。在进行分组训练时，体育教师首先应该注意要培养学生们之间的合作意识，让小学生们慢慢从心理上接受合作意识，同时，也不可忽略小学生们的“自控”能力，究其原因是因为，在群体中，经常会出现意见不统一的情况，而当出现矛盾时，教师就要适时的引导小学生们控制自己的情绪，冷静的解决问题。此外，在实际的合作训练过程中体育教师要学会抓住重点，因为体育教学的内容是繁多的，我们不可能要求学生全部的学会所有的技能，所以必须根据实际的教材和学生自身的特点，有重点的进行训练。,项目管理知识领域项目管理知识领域项目管理知识领域Frame,1,Frame of Project Integration Management,Chapter 4 Project Integration Management,项目管理知识领域,scope,time,cost,quality,Human,resource,communicat,e,risk,procurement,项目生命周期各阶段,success,Integration Management,close,execute,initiate,develop,Frame of Project Integration M,2,Major Project Documents,Project Charter.,Formally authorizes the project.,Project Scope Statement.,States what work is to be accomplished and what deliverables need to be produced.,Project Management Plan.,States how the work will be performed.,Major Project DocumentsProject,3,Integration Management means:,to identify,define,combine,unify,and coordinate the various processes and project management activities within the Project Management Process Groups.,making choices about where to concentrate resources and effort,anticipating potential issues,dealing with these issues before they become critical,coordinating work for the overall project good and making trade-offs among competing objectives and alternatives.,Integration Management means:t,4,The integrative project management processes include:,4.1 Develop Project Charter,4.2 Develop Preliminary Project Scope Statement,4.3 Develop Project Management Plan,4.4 Direct and Manage Project Execution,4.5 Monitor and Control Project Work,4.6 Integrated Change Control,4.7 Close Project,The integrative project manage,5,4.1 Develop Project Charter,The project charter is the document that formally authorizes a project.,A project initiator or sponsor external to the project organization issues the project charter.,Chartering a project links the project to the ongoing work of the organization.,4.1 Develop Project CharterThe,6,项目管理知识领域课件,7,Purpose of project charter:,Developing the project charter is primarily concerned with documenting the business needs,project justification,current understanding of the customers requirements.,The project manager should always be assigned,and the project charter provides the project manager with the authority to apply organizational resources to project activities.,Purpose of project charter:Dev,8,4.1.1 Develop Project Charter:Inputs,.1 Contract(When Applicable),if the project is being done for an external customer.,.2 Project Statement of Work,(SOW),A narrative description of products or services to be supplied by the project.,For internal projects,the project initiator or sponsor provides the statement of work based on business needs,product,or service requirements.,For external projects,the statement of work can be received from the customer as part of,a bid document,.,4.1.1 Develop Project Charter:,9,.3 Enterprise Environmental Factors,Organizational or company culture and structure,Governmental or industry standards,Infrastructure,Existing human resources,Personnel administration,Company work authorization system,Marketplace conditions,Stakeholder risk tolerances,Commercial databases,Project management information systems,.3 Enterprise Environmental Fa,10,Organizations processes and procedures for conducting work;,Organizational corporate knowledge base for storing and retrieving,Information.,Templates(e.g.WBS),Change control procedures,Risk control procedures,Financial controls procedures,Project files,Historical information and lessons learned knowledge base,Financial database,.4 Organizational Process Assets,all of the assets that are used to influence the projects success,they are inputs to continuous improvement.,Organizations processe,11,4.1.2 Develop Project Charter:Tools and Techniques,.1 Project Selection Methods,Project selection methods are used to determine which project the organization will select.,.2 Project Management Methodology,.3 Project Management Information System,PMIS is used to support generation of a project charter,facilitate feedback as the document is refined,control changes to the project charter,and release the approved document.,.4 Expert Judgment,4.1.2 Develop Project Charter:,12,4.1.3 Develop Project Charter:Outputs,.1 Project Charter,The project charter should address the following information:,4.1.3 Develop Project Charter:,13,Requirements that satisfy customer,sponsor,and other stakeholder needs,wants and expectations,Business needs,high-level project description,or product requirements that the project is undertaken to address,Project purpose or justification,Assigned Project Manager and authority level,Summary milestone schedule,Stakeholder influences,Functional organizations and their participation,Organizational,environmental and external assumptions,Organizational,environmental and external constraints,Business case justifying the project,including return on investment,Summary budget.,risk factors,factors that limit performance,contractual provisions,budget,Requirements that satisfy cust,14,Uses outputs from other planning processes to create consistent document to guide project execution and control,Provides a baseline to track progress measurement and project control,4.3 Develop Project Management Plan,Uses outputs from other planni,15,The purpose is to create a consistent or coherent plan.,The function is to,guide project execution,provide a baseline for control,The purpose is to create a con,16,.1 Preliminary Project Scope Statement,Constraints,Assumptions,.2 Project Management Processes,primarily the planning process outputs,.3 Enterprise Environmental Factors,.4 Organizational Process Assets,Historical information,4.3.1 Develop Project Management Plan:Inputs,.1 Preliminary Project Scope S,17,1.Project Management Methodology,2.Project Management Information System,Configuration Management System,Change Control System,3.Expert Judgment,Stakeholder Skills use expertise for reasonableness,4.3.2 Develop Project Management Plan:Tools and Techniques,1.Project Management Methodol,18,The project management plan documents the collection of outputs of the planning processes of the Planning Process Group.,4.3.3 Develop Project Management Plan:Outputs,1.Project Management Plan,The project management plan can be composed of one or more,subsidiary plans,and other components.,The project management pl,19,Major milestones and target dates,Resource calendar,Risk register,Required Staff and responsibility assignments,Risks,constraints and assumptions,Open Issues,Pending Decisions,These other components include:,Schedule baseline,Cost baseline,Quality baseline,Performance measurement baselines,Major milestones and target da,20,Project Plan is a collection that changes over time as more information about the project becomes available,Baseline will change only in response to approved scope change,Project Plan is a collection t,21,to perform multiple actions to execute the project management plan to accomplish the work defined in the project scope statement.,Primary process for carrying out the project plan,4.4 Direct and Manage Project Execution,to perform multiple actions to,22,.1 Project Management Plan,.2 Approved Corrective Actions,.3 Approved Preventive Actions,.4 Approved Change Requests,.5 Approved Defect Repair,.6 Validated Defect Repair,.7 Administrative Closure Procedure,4.4.1 Project Plan Execution:Inputs,P,E,C,.1 Project Management Plan4.4.,23,1.Project Management Methodology,General Management Skills,Product Skills and Knowledge,（,provided by staffing,）,2.Project Management Information System,Work Authorization System,formal procedure for sanctioning work,written or verbal authorization,3.Status review meetings,regular exchanges of information,4.4.2 Project Execution:Tools and Techniques,Procedure,Authority levels,document,1.Project Management Met,24,.1 Deliverables,.2 Requested Changes,.3 Implemented Change Requests,.4 Implemented Corrective Actions,.5 Implemented Preventive Actions,.6 Implemented Defect Repair,.7 Work Performance Information(,Work results,),the outcome of activities performed is fed into the performance reporting process,4.4.3 Direct and Manage Project Execution:Outputs,P,E,C,Close,.1 Deliverables4.4.3 Direct an,25,Monitoring includes collecting,measuring,and disseminating performance information,and assessing measurements and trends to effect process improvements.,Corrective or preventive actions are taken to control the project performance.,4.5 Monitor and Control Project Work,Monitoring includes collecting,26,1.Project Management Plan,2.Work Performance Information,3.Rejected Change Requests,4.5.1 Monitor and Control Project Work:Inputs,1.Project Management Plan4.5.,27,4.5.2 Monitor and Control Project Work:Tools and Techniques,.1 Project Management Methodology,.2 Project Management Information System,.3 Earned Value Technique,.4 Expert Judgment,4.5.2 Monitor and Control Proj,28,Earned Value Technique,measures performance of the project,provides a means to forecast future performance based upon past performance.,BCWP(EV):budgeted cost of work performed,BCWS(PV):budgeted cost of work scheduled,ACWP(AC):actual cost of work performed,Earned Value Techniquemeasures,29,4.5.3 Monitor and Control Project Work:Outputs,.1 Recommended Corrective Actions,.2 Recommended Preventive Actions,.3 Forecasts,.4 Recommended Defect Repair,.5 Requested Changes,4.5.3 Monitor and Control Proj,30,Tasks of Integrated Change Control,Influencing factors that create change to ensure beneficial results;ensure that change is beneficial,Determining that change has occurred,Managing actual changes as they occur,Evaluate impact of change,Meet with team to discuss alternatives,4.6 Integrated Change Control,Tasks of Integrated Change Con,31,Change control requires:,Maintaining integrity of performance measurement baselines,Ensuring changes to scope are accurately recorded,Coordinating changes across knowledge areas(scheduling,risk,cost,quality,etc.),Change control requires:Mainta,32,.1 Project Management Plan,.2 Requested Changes,.3 Work Performance Information,.4 Recommended Preventive Actions,.5 Recommended Corrective Actions,.6 Recommended Defect Repair,.7 Deliverables,4.6.1 Integrated Change Control:Inputs,.1 Project Management Plan4.6.,33,Change Control System,collection of formal procedures,paperwork,tracking systems,approval levels,Configuration Management,4.6.2 Integrated Change Control:Tools and Techniques,Performance Measurement earned value analysis,variance analysis,Change Control System collec,34,Change Control System,may have,Change Control Plan,Change Control Board,decision making,Change Control Procedures,Change forms,Performance Statistics,Change Control System may have,35,Configuration Management,includes identifying,documenting,and controlling changes to the baseline.,Identify and document functional and physical characteristics,Control changes to these characteristics,Record and report change and implementation status,Audit items and system to verify requirements,Configuration Management inclu,36,So configuration management is used to ensure:,The description of product is correct and complete(change included);,The product created conforms to the requirements(with change included),So configuration management is,37,.1 Approved Change Requests,.2 Rejected Change Requests,.3 Project Management Plan(Updates),.4 Project Scope Statement(Updates),.5 Approved Corrective Actions,.6 Approved Preventive Actions,.7 Approved Defect Repair,.8 Validated Defect Repair,.9 Deliverables,4.6.3 Integrated Change Control:Outputs,.1 Approved Change Requests4.6,38,Change control is necessary because projects seldom run exactly according to the project management plan.,those approved changes should be incorporated into a revised baseline.,Change control is necessary be,39,Lessons Learned,Project is not complete until a Lessons Learned is completed,What have we done,and how can we do it better,Technical Aspects of the project,Project Management(WBS,plans,etc.),Overall Management(communications,leadership),Lessons Learned,40,4.7 Close Project,This process includes finalizing all activities completed across all Project Management Process Groups to formally close the project or a project phase,and transfer the completed or cancelled project as appropriate.,4.7 Close ProjectThis process,41,Administrative closure procedure.,Performing the administrative closure,process also includes integrated activities needed to collect project records,analyze project success or failure,gather lessons learned,and archive project,information for future use by the organization.,Administrative closure proced,42,Contract closure procedure.,Includes all activities and interactions needed to settle and close any contract established for the project,This procedure involves both product verification(all work completed correctly and satisfactorily)and administrative closure,Early termination of a contract is a special case of contract closure,Contract closure procedure.Inc,43,Close Project:Outputs,Final Product,Service,or Result,Organizational Process Assets(Updates),Formal Acceptance Documentation.,Project Files.,Project Closure Documents.,Historical Information.,Close Project:OutputsFinal Pr,44,成立项目团队,组成,7,人的项目团队,明确团队的领导,确定团队的名称,设计团队的,LOGO,确定项目,要求,成立项目团队组成7人的项目团队 要求,45,大学生就业问卷调查,3,网上开店,1,家庭装修,2,备选项目,大学生就业问卷调查3网上开店1家庭装修2备选项目,46,56,、书不仅是生活，而且是现在、过去和未来文化生活的源泉。,库法耶夫,57,、生命不可能有两次，但许多人连一次也不善于度过。,吕凯特,58,、问渠哪得清如许，为有源头活水来。,朱熹,59,、我的努力求学没有得到别的好处，只不过是愈来愈发觉自己的无知。,笛卡儿,60,、生活的道路一旦选定，就要勇敢地走到底，决不回头。,左,拉,56、书不仅是生活，而且是现在、过去和未来文化生活的源泉。,47,