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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,跨文化交际 Cross-cultural Communication,这门课的主要目的就是让大家从理性的角度学习一下文化的各个层面，语言，文化，交际三者的关系。通过对中西方文化的比照学习，能够更好地，更顺利的用英语和西方人交流，防止一些由于文化差异所引起的误解与为难场面。通过学习文化来学习语言。,这本教材的总体结构就是一个总-分-总的形式，第一、二单元从总体上论述了语言language、文化culture、交际communication三者之间相互依赖，彼此融合的关系，以及由于不同的文化背景，在交流中可能出现的问题，在3、4、5、6、7单元中侧重文化的不同方面，介绍了名字、角色，非语言交流，习语等在不同文化中的表达。最后一章那么以历史开展的角度，介绍了人们的交流方式，从古到今的一些演变和开展。,从语言点的层面上讲，同学们主要应就相关的vocabulary掌握熟练,有了这些词汇做根底，才能在实际的讨论及写作中运用有关文化的知识，自由地表达自己的想法。,同学们要根据各个单元中列的objectives,主动地去把握所需要掌握的文化知识内容，同时运用在第一学年中稳固起来的技巧把这些东西加以活用，从而进一步深化语言的学习。尤其要注意在实际语言运用中要把学到的文化背景知识运用上，也就是说，在交流中不要违背 cultural rules。,考核方式：本课程的考核采取两种形式：形成性考核和课程终结考试。课程总成绩为百分制，形成性考核占20%，课程终结考试占80%。,1、形成性考核：包括平时作业、参与面授辅导和各项教学活动情况，以及学生对学习过程中的自我监控。,2、课程终结考试：包括口试和笔试两局部，分别占15%和65%分。口试和笔试都由中央电大统一命题，在同一时间全国统考。,3、口试：集中测试考生就与课程相关的制定话题进行简短的口头报考或有准备的整段发言的能力。,4、笔试：笔试分作两局部，第一局部为听力测验，占15分；第二局部为个案分析，占30分；第三局部为词汇测试,占10分；第四局部为翻译，占15分；第五局部为阅读理解，占30分。考试时间总共150分钟，其中听力局部30分钟，第二局部30分钟；第四局部20分钟；第五局部写作50分钟。,评价目标：本考试重点考查学生运用英语进行跨文化交际的能力。学生应能就日常生活中常见的话题进行连贯交谈，语言得体，能够表达自己的思想；能够介绍我国国情和文化，讨论有关交际的问题；并还要能够翻译内容比较熟悉的文字材料。,命题原那么：根据教材所涵盖的日常交际话题、交际功能以及与教材难度相当的阅读写作技能命题，涉及教材内容不少于50%。,Unit 1Language and Culture in Communication,Your Objectives:,By the end of this unit,you should be able to:,-distinguish types of communication,-state the basics of communication,-design a model for cross-cultural communication,-recognise a variety of meanings in communication,-recognise mutual monitoring process in a social situation,-identify different definitions of a social situation,-demonstrate situational schema,-recognise different values in communication,-recognise non-verbal signals in communication,-try to be an effective speaker and listener in communication,Key Pointslife and Communication,Life is communication and communication is life-successful/unsuccessful communication in life,Communication means not only life but also development:information is communicated and information means power and money,Basics of communication,Five types:,l human communication,l animal communication,l human-animal,l Human-machine,machine-to-machine communication,Two ways:,direct communication,indirect communication,Human language:,verbal language,non-verbal language:,non-word sounds,body language(gestures,head movements),Artificial language:,special purpose(Braille),symbolic(logic),machine(computer),Activity2 Four Models of Communication,Information model,mono-cultural language communication,unilaterally cross-cultural language communication,bilaterally cross-cultural language,(language interference),Activity3 Meanings in Communication,Word meaning and interpretation,Utterance meaning,Conventional meaning,Speakers meaning,Hearers meaning,Language interference,Language interference takes places when one speaks,a foreign language,ones,mother tongue,affects the way he or she,uses,it.,The success of cross-cultural,communication depends on the amount of shared knowledge between interlocutors/communicators.The more the communicators understand each others language and culture,the more successful their communication will be.,Diagnosing Problems in Cross-cultural Communication,Utterance meaning:How long is she going to stay?Its utterance meaning is what it normally means.,Speakers meaning:the meaning the speaker has intended to convey by way of utterance meaning.,Hearers meaning:the meaning the hearer has understood on the basis of the utterance meaning.,Home work:,Diagnosing Problems in Cross-cultural Communication,A Chinese student had just arrived at the States.One day,when he was reading in his room,he heard someone shouting outside:Watch out!So he went to the window and stretched out his head and tried to find out what“s going on outside.Just then,his head was right poured by the water from above.,Question:Would you please analyze the saying“Watch outwith the three meanings?,How the speaker highlights浓缩，提炼 his most important message,The point I want to drive home is that communication is a risky and dynamic process and that our awareness of the complexity of the meaning generating process will improve our communication quality.,Activity4 Communication in Social Situations,Definitions of a social situation:,munity definition,Official interpretation of the situation-social situation of meeting,classroom teaching,etc.,b.participants definition,Goals in a social situation:,a.institutionalized goals in public places,b.many potential goals,Task 2 Being aware of different definitions of a social situation,In a Beijing Park:,If Beijing people do not know the true story,they tend to think that a man sitting besides a charming girl means that they are dating or at least on very good terms.,The definition given by the speaker I is different from the official one.That is,one given by Beijing people.The speaker was exhausted and needed a rest.,The girl might have taken it that the speaker was intruding into her territory with ill intentions.Or alternately,she was aware of the official definition,and could not accept it.So she left.,Communication in Social Situations,Goals in a social situation:,a.institutionalized goals in public places,b.many potential goals,Situational Schema,When you join a social gathering,you must be aware of rules and procedures that govern the way things are going to proceed.,There is a technical term for such rules and procedures schema.,Task4 Situational Schema,Giving invitation,Prepare everything before the arrival of guests,Receiving guests:,open the door/express welcome,take their overcoats/introduce guests,offer them drinks/make them comfortable,Serving food:,set the table/soup first/main course,Desert/fruit/cakes/coffee/tea,v Post dinner activities:,chat/play music/offer more drinks,v Seeing guests off:thank them for coming,good night,Task:Would you please speak out your schema of entertaining a guest at home?,Activity5 Effective Cross-cultural Communication,Manage your cross-cultural talk,Manage your cross-cultural listening,A polite expression in Chinese does not mean that is is also polite or suitable in English,and vice versa.,Can you detect the problem now in Anecdote 2?,l The problem is the humble servant.Professor Liang is being polite by belittling himself.This is Chinese not English politeness.Li Yan was not aware of this,and she translated the two polite expressions faithfully into English.Mr.Allright was not aware,either,that the two were polite expressions in Chinese.He took them literally,and pointed out that Professor Liang was not his humble servant.,Thank you!,Unit 2 Culture Shock,Your Objectives:,By the end of this unit,you should be able to:,understand cross-cultural differences in approaches to hospitality,modesty,privacy,and politeness,appreciate how differences in cultural values shape behavior,identify and avoid taboo subjects in Western cultures,avoid pitfalls in cross-cultural communication,adjust more smoothly to a new cultural environment,Task 1 Too Much,Lisa kept finishing all the food on her plate because she wished to be polite.That was a big mistake because she found her plate refilled and many more dishes following.In the west,even if it was a formal dinner,it would be usually just three courses:soup,main dish,and dessert.But in China,an informal dinner would have four dishes and a soup;a formal dinner would have at least eight dishes and a soup.,In Britain,hospitality is not measured by how many dishes are provided as in China.It is shown by giving you freedom to choose whatever you really want.They never press you.They never put food on your plate but just ask you to help yourself.If you,as a guest,are shy or modest,waiting for the food to be put on your plate,you will remain half-starved.,Activity 2 Politeness,Useful words and expressions:,Incidents showing foreigners concern and kindness towardwere,cited(mentioned)with approval.,The idea thatwas echoed(repeated)in the interpretation that,Be associated with,involve,interpret as,viewas,consideras,A breach of behavioural expectation:a break/violation of,Ways of Analyzing Politeness Problems,The incidents reported fall into two major categories violations of Chinese hospitality norms and unnecessary多余的 politeness to strangers.,Norm:(an accepted standard or a way of behaving or doing things that most people agree with/standard of proper behaviour of what is wrong and right),So someone thinks that foreigners impoliteness toward guests appears the reverse of their overpoliteness toward strangers.They are really mirror images of each other.,Mirror image:an image or representation of something in which the right side of the original appears the left side of the right.Or one side appears as the reverse of the other side.,A Generalization of the passage:,Westerners violations违背)of Chinese hospitality norms are interpreted as due to disregard漠视 for proper human relations,rudeness or lack of proper concern for others;or the other way round,the faith in the ability of guests to make their own decisions.Their over-politeness(unnecessary politeness)toward the strangers reflects their self-control,belief in equality(平等),or respect for individual rights.,Activity 3 Privacy,Task 1,Paraphrase in pairs in five minutes the following idioms and expressions as:,Brass Crosby-the Lord Mayor of Lodon in 1770,a courageous man for defending the freedom of the press against the government of the day despite of being imprisoned for doing so.,Brass:(approving)confidence and lack of fear,Ill say this for her-shes got plenty of brass.,(disapproving)How did they have the brass to do it?,Cheekrudeness or lack of respect.,Eg.She has some cheek to take your car without asking.,Avoiding Western Taboos,Talk to each other on the following questions in cross-cultural interactions in ten minutes.,What would you say if you really want to know whether the person is married or not?Why?,Why shouldnt you ask a Westerner about the size of his flat or comment bluntly on his appearance and hairstyle?,If someone appears to you changing a lot with the colour of his or her skin,what is supposed to be a compliment?,Task 6 Analyzing a case,The main difference is American children are nurtured or encouraged to be independent,while in China children are certain to be taken good care of and well protected by their parents.,Activity 6 Acculturation文化适应,Uppity-,disapproving,behave in an unpleasant way because they think they are important than they really are,arrogance;,Pom-pommy,an English person,Quaint-attractive because of being unusual and esp.old-fashioned:a quaint country pub,Retire into-go to,Trauma-severe emotional shock and pain caused by an extremely upsetting experience,Acculturation,Cognitive-oriented,Psychomotor-oriented,Affective-oriented,Unit 3,Whats in a,Name,?,Your Objectives:,recognize the terms used to describe English personal names,distinguish between full and short forms of given names,discuss the origin of Chinese and English names,associate certain personal names with their national background,apply linguistic theory to analyze differences between male and female names,use different strategies to avoid biased language,apply English names,titles and kin terms in an appropriate way,display familiarity with the names of a number of different nationalities,Activity 1 Naming Names,The acronym may accidentally spell an uncomplimentary word/a word which has a negative meaning:,Fiona Alice Tanner Graham Adam Yiend,Nichola Ann Green,Usually in England it is only the first of the given names which is ever used,Shortened forms are common among friends and colleagues,Activity 2 Origins,Sources of names:,Place of identity:Some names indicate where the person came from,e.g.,Norman,Moor,Hall,Chesterfield,and Wood.,Occupation:Cook,Clark,Taylor,Smith,Turner,Butler,Thatcher,Chandler,and Cooper,Family relationships:Surnames were also coined from first names to indicate family relationships,as Robertson,Donaldson,MacDonald,OPatrick,Watkins,Thomas,Ethnic identity:English names:the name plus“son,as Robertson,Donaldson,Watkins,Thomas;Scottish names:“Mac,or“Mc added before the name,as MacDonald;Irish names:“O placed before the name,as OPatrick.,Personal characteristic:Long,Little,Young,Moody,Fox,Brown,Rich,and Newman,Activity 3 Titles,In China,some commonly used titles for addressing people are given below:,Comrade:usually between any male or female,still widely used but diminishing in the recent years,Master师傅:traditionally a title for a skilled worker,now often used to any unknown ordinary person of both sexes,usually middle-aged or older persons especially those who provide services,still quite commonly used,Miss:to some young ladies,married or not,especially those who work in service business,such as a waitress,shop assistant,air hostess,etc.,becoming more and more popular.,Mister/sir:a respectful term of address to known or unknown learned persons,usually males,common in written Chinese,increasingly heard.,Teacher:A respectful term of address to a learned or professional person,who is not necessarily a teacher,used to either male or female,if to a known person,often used with the surname,commonly used,The conventions for using English names and titles:,In less formal settings,it is usual for people meeting for the first time to use first names straight away,regardless of any difference in ages or status.,The most frequently used titles used before surnames are Mr,Mrs(for a married woman),Miss(for an unmarried woman)and Ms(referring to both married and unmarried women).They are not usually used alone,but children often address schoolmistresses simply“Miss without adding their surnames and regardless of whether they are single or married.,The conventions for using English names and titles:Some general terms of address:“Sir and“Madam are polite ways of addressing a man or woman,and are usually used only by someone who is providing a service such as a shop assistant to a customer or policeman to a member of the public.Other general titles which do the work of first names informally such as“Mack,“Buddy(Am),and“mate(Br.&Aus.).In America“guys is the collective informal term for addressing a group of friends:“Come on you guys,lets go!,l A number of terms of endearment:“dear,“darling,“love,honey,“sweetheart,etc.,Case explaining exercise,A British tourist got lost in a small town in China.A Chinese couple volunteered to offer their help.And now they are introducing themselves.,British tourist:It was so nice to meet you both here.Im Susan Williams.Thank you very much.,Chinese couple:Its a pleasure.Im Li Fang,and this is my husband.Welcome to China,Miss Susan.,British tourist:Thank you.Mrs.Li.Would both of you like a cup of coffee?,Chinese couple:No,thanks.,.,Answer for Reference,The British tourist thinks that Li Fangs surname is her husbands surname,since she is unaware of the fact in China women still use their own surnames after marriage.Li thinks that“Miss is a respectful term of address for any female English speaker,but unaware of the fact that in Britain it is not used before someones first name-Susan.She also mistakes the given name for the surname.,Task 4 Lords and Ladies,Words and expressions:,Peer:(in Britain):a person who has a high social position and any of a range of titles including Duke,Earl,Marquis(Marchioness),Baron and Viscount,or a life peer,who is a member of the House of Lords:a hereditary peer,Activity 4 Kin terms,Task 1 Cultural differences in using kin terms,In China kin terms are not only used within ones own family but also to other people.The appropriate use of kin terms may reflect a persons politeness,respectfulness,and friendliness.However,in Britain kin terms are mainly confined to family members,though some families still keep the tradition of having children use kin terms when addressing adults who are close neighbors and family friends.,For example:In Britain Children address their parents brothers and sisters with the title of Uncle or Aunt plus their first names,or simply by their names without adding a title.The kin terms do not distinguish between paternal and maternal relatives,nor between relatives according to birth order.,Whereas in China children address them with the title only and the titles can tell whether they are from their father or mothers side and whether they are older or younger than their father or mother.The way of addressing them by their first names without adding a title couldnt be applied in Chinese families because it would be regarded as impolite and disrespectful.,Task 2 Kin terms,age and politeness,In Chinese the use of kin terms is closely related to age and politeness.The appropriate and extended use of kin terms according to age is taken as reflecting good manners,Whereas English speaker do not use kin terms so extensively.Also they tend to view age as a relatively private thing,especially among females.,Activity 5 His and Hers,Task 1 Difference in male and female names,In Chinese,male names tend to connote firmness,strength,the power and grandeur of nature,moral values,etc.,whereas female names often suggest elegance,manners,virtues,the beauty of nature.,Differences between male and female names:,Number of syllables of first names:female names tend to be longer with more syllables(many to be trisyllabic三音节),e.g.Katherine,Elizabeth,Amanda,Victoria;male names tend to be much more monosyllabic and short,male names are much more likely to be one-syllable ones,e.g.,the pet name for Robert could be either Bob or Bobbie,but Bob is almost certainly a male,Bobbies could be either a male or female,Percentage of names with stress on asyllable other than the first:there is a higher percentage(25%)of female names,e.g.,Patricia,Elizabeth,Amanda,Rebecca,Michelle,there is a lower percentage of male names(5%),e.g.,Jerome.,Sound of the stressed syllables:female names tend to make more use of/i/sound,e.g.,Lisa,Tina,Celia,Maxine,Fifi,but male names make much less common use of/i/sound,though it can be found in names such as Steve,Peter,and Keith,Last sound:female names more likely end in a vowel,e.g.,Linda,Tracy,Patricia,Deborah,and Barbara;or very likely end in a nasal as in Jean,Kathleen,Sharon,Ann;male names much more likely end in a plosive (consonant),e.g.,Bob,David,Dick,Jack,Speed at which fashion change:female names change more quickly,male names change less quickly,Task 5 Language and sex,Using Language That is Not Sexist,Sometimes the use of particular words can support unfair or untrue attitudes to a particular sex,usually women.For example using the pronoun,he,to refer a doctor,when you do not know if they are male or female,might support the belief that it is not normal for women to be doctors.,
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