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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Lecture Seven,New England Transcendentalism,Emerson&Thoreau,1,Lecture Seven 1,1.New England Transcendentalism,In 1836,the publication of Emersons,Nature,(his first important philosophical work)pushed American Romanticism into a new age,the phase of New England Transcendentalism.,American Romanticism culminated around the 1840s.,2,1.New England Transcendentali,New England Transcendentalism is,the summit of American Romanticism,;it is regarded as the“,American Renaissance,”(18361855;not only one of the important signs of the independence of American literature but also a significant phase in the history of American culture.,3,New England Transcendentalism,1)The Formation of New England Transcendentalism,What is Transcendentalism?According to Emerson,Transcendentalism is,idealism,;idealism as appears in 1842.,In the 1830s and 1840s,great,religious and ideological changes,were taking place in New England;some sensitive New Englanders formed themselves into an informal club,the Transcendentalist Club,and met there to discuss literature,philosophy and matters of interest to the life of the nation.,4,1)The Formation of New Englan,2)The representative writers of New England Transcendentalism,The club included some thirty men and a couple of women,most of them teachers or clergymen;of these New England Transcendentalists,Emerson(1803-1882),Thoreau(18171862),Bronson Alcott(1799-1888),and Margaret Fuller(1810-1850)were the more famous.,5,2)The representative writers,3)The major features of New England Transcendentalism,Spirit,or the Oversoul,(,超灵,):most important thing in the universe;an all-pervading power for goodness,omnipresent and omnipotent;from which all things come and of which all are a part;exists in nature and man alike;constitutes the chief element of the universe.,6,3)The major features of New E,Its a new way of looking at the world,and a reaction to the 18th century Newtonian concept of the universe which holds that the universe is made up of matter.,7,Its a new way of looking at t,Secondly,the Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.The,individual,was the most important element of society;his,self-culture,(,修养,),self-improvement,and,self-perfection,should become the first concern of his life;the ideal type of man is the,self-reliant individual,;people should depend on themselves for,spiritual perfection,;the individual soul communed with the Oversoul and is therefore divine.,8,Secondly,the Transcendentali,Its a new way of looking at man,and a reaction against the Calvinist concept that man is totally depraved,sinful and remains in sinhood,and can not hope to be saved except through the grace of God.,9,Its a new way of looking at m,Thirdly,the Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as,symbolic of the Spirit or God.,Nature was,to them,not purely matter,but alive and filled with,Gods overwhelming presence;the garment of the Oversoul,;exercises a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind;things in nature tend to become symbolic,and,the physical world is a symbol of the spiritual,.,10,Thirdly,the Transcendentali,Its a new way of looking at nature and added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.,11,Its a new way of looking at n,4)The factors which influenced the ideas of New England Transcendentalism,New England,Transcendentalism is a kind of idealism and the product of a combination of the foreign influences and the American Puritanism.,12,4)The factors which influence,Foreign influences:,German and French idealistic philosophy;,Oriental mysticism;,philosophy of the Chinese Confucius and Mencius.,13,Foreign influences:13,Influence of American Puritanism:,Jonathan Edwardss notion of inward communication of the soul with God and divine symbolism of nature all find adequate expression in Emersonian Transcendentalism;in this Edwards was a forerunner of New England Transcendentalism.,14,Influence of American Puritani,Emerson recaptured the Edwardian vision and stated his ideas in terms of transcendental idealism,and of Oversoul;what Emerson and his fellow Transcendentalists endeavored to do was in fact primarily to reassert the religious idealism of Puritanism.,15,Emerson recaptured the Edwardi,The Transcendentalists emphasis on the individual was directly traceable to the Puritan principle of self-culture and self-improvement as best exemplified by the success story of Benjamin Franklin.,16,The Transcendentalists emph,2.Ralph Waldo Emerson,He is an philosopher,poet and prose writer;the most influential among his contemporaries,and the leading figure and most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism;his,Nature,is called“,the Manifesto,”and“,the Bible”of New England Transcendentalism,.,17,2.Ralph Waldo Emerson17,1)Emersons thought:,All the things in the universe are the embodiments of the Oversoul;the soul of man is part of the Oversoul;man is divine.,18,1)Emersons thought:18,The individual is the most important of all.man can hope to become better and even perfect;he believed“the infinitude of man;men should and could be self-reliant;each man should feel the world as his,and the world exists for him alone;in the main optimistic about human perfectibility.,19,The individual is the most i,Nature is emblematic of God.It mediates between man and God;nature is the symbol of spirit,and the wholesome moral influence on man and his character.,20,Nature is emblematic of God.,2),Emersons position in American literature:,His greatest contribution to American literature and culture lies in the fact that he firmly advocated the establishment of,an independent national literature and culture,.,21,2)Emersons position in Ameri,His“,The American Scholar,”(a speech made in Harvard College in 1837,published in 1838)has been regarded(first by Oliver Wendell Holmes)as“,Americas Declaration of Intellectual Independence,.”,22,His“The American Scholar”(a,He called on,American writers to write about America in a peculiarly American way,.In his view,everything in America was worth writing,;the Americans were great in their own way.He was regarded as,the standard-bearer(,旗手,)of the independence of American culture,.,23,He called on American writers,The American Scholar,Study Questions:,1.In this excerpt from the oration,Emerson speaks gladly of the lucky signs in literature and art.In your own words,what is the first of these signs?,2.Emerson makes numerous references to foreign literary and academic figures.Does that mean he is a blind worshipper of foreign authorities?What is his purpose in doing so?,3.In what sense is this oration Americas“Intellectual Declaration of Indepedence”?,4.List the ideas Emerson is trying to get across to his countrymen in this oration.What is the central idea?,24,The American Scholar24,3.Henry David Thoreau,1)Thoreaus position in American literature,a prose writer and poet,and another renowned New England Transcendentalist;for half a century after his death,he remained in obscurity,but he became one of the three great American authors of the nineteenth century who had no contemporary readers and yet became great in the 20th century(the other two being Herman Melville and Emily Dickinson).,25,3.Henry David Thoreau 25,2)Thoreaus thought,He took,a more than usual interest in the natural world,.Like Emerson,but more than him,he saw nature as a,genuine restorative,healthy influence on mans spiritual well-being,;the best way for man to find truth directly is by sinking himself in the wholesome atmosphere of nature.,26,2)Thoreaus thought26,He has been regarded as a prophet of individualism in American literature.,27,He has been regarded as a pr,He was very,critical of modern civilization,.In his opinion,modern civilization was degrading and enslaving man;,modern life has dehumanized man and placed him in a spiritual quandary,(awkward or difficult situation);by trying to amass material possessions,man is not really living;he is digging his own grave;spiritual wealth is real wealth.,28,He was very critical of mode,He went to live on,Walden Pond,just to experiment with a new way of life for himself,and felt that he came out of it a better man,reborn and reinvigorated.And in 1854,he published his masterpiece,Walden,one of the representative Transcendentalist works.,29,He went to live on Walden Pond,Thoreau was a man with a strong sense of justice,and desired that everyone should be treated with justice.For him,to respect justice is more important than to abide by the law.,30,Thoreau was a man with a str,Thoreau had,utopian political ideas,and held that“that government is best which governs not at all”.,Thoreau was an active,abolitionist,and the spokesman of the Abolitionist Movement.,31,Thoreau had utopian politica,
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