第二章英汉思维对比-课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,中英思维方式对比,语言,思维方式,体现,反作用,中英思维方式对比 语言思维方式,1,思维方式：中,VS,英,中国思维,形象思维,本体思维,顺向思维,重整体 偏综合性思维,重直觉“悟性”,曲线思维,重伦理,英美思维,逻辑思维,客体思维,逆向思维,重个体 偏分析性思维,重实证,直线思维,重认知,思维方式：中VS英 中国思维英美思维,2,中国：,Figurative thinking,尚像,偏重形象,起源：象形文字,英美：,Logical thinking,尚思,偏重抽象,起源：腓尼基字母,胸有成竹：,To have a bamboo in ones chest,To have a well thought-out plan,水深火热的生活：,Lead a life in deep water and hot fire,Lead a life for extreme hardship,1.,形象思维,VS,逻辑思维,中国：英美：胸有成竹：1.形象思维VS逻辑思维,3,腓尼基字母,现在的希伯来字母、阿拉伯字母、希腊字母、拉丁字母等，都可追溯至腓尼基字母。腓尼基字母像希伯来字母和阿拉伯字母一样，都是辅音字母(abjad)，没有代表元音的字母或符号，字的读音须由上下文推断。,现在的希伯来字母、阿拉伯字母、希腊字母、拉丁字母等，都可追溯至腓尼基字母。腓尼基字母像希伯来字母和阿拉伯字母一样，都是辅音字母,(abjad),，没有代表元音的字母或符号，,字的读音须由上下文推断。,腓尼基字母现在的希伯来字母、阿拉伯字母、希腊字母、拉丁字母,4,小伙子年轻年轻漂亮，脑子里却,是一张白纸,。,A nice enough young fellow,you understand,nothing upstairs.,我军,势如破竹,，打得敌军,落花流水,。,Our army,won a smooth and overwhelming victory,.,三个人,品字式,坐下，随便谈了几句。,The three men sat down,facing each other,and began casually chatting.,聪明人,防患于未然，,愚蠢者,临渴掘井。,Wisdom prepares the worst,but folly leaves the worst for the day it comes.,形象思维：,具体形象的词,抽象事物,借物言志,抽象思维：,抽象名词,具体事物,指称意义,实 明 直 显 象,虚 暗 泛 隐 曲,小伙子年轻年轻漂亮，脑子里却是一张白纸。形象思维：实,5,秋思,马致远,枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家,古道西风瘦马,Oer old tree wreathed,ri:d,with rotten fly evening crows;,Neath tiny bridge beside a clear stream flows;,On ancient road in western breeze a lean horse goes;,-,许渊冲 译,秋思马致远枯藤老树昏鸦,6,英语词语虚化手段。,1.,名词化,in every step of his swift,mechanical,march,and in every pause of his resolute,observation,there is one and the same,expression,of perfect egotism,perfect,independence,and self-confidence,and,conviction,of the worlds having been made for flies.,每当它敏捷而机械地,迈出,一步，或者果断地,驻足观察,，总是,流露出,一付,自命不凡,，不,求,他人，十分自信的神情，俨然,认为,世界就是为苍蝇而,创造,的。,英语词语虚化手段。1.名词化,7,2.,词义虚化,1.,虚化词缀构词：,前缀：,pan-,泛,inter-,相互,micro-,微,pro-,先,trans-,跨,contra-,相反,intra-,内,multi-,多,ultra-,超,后缀：,-ness,、,-ity,表性质、状态、程度,-tion,表动作状态、结果,-ism,表主义、学说、信仰,2.词义虚化,8,3.,用介词表达较虚泛的意义。,If any mischief was going forward,Peter was sure to be,in at,it.,只要有什么恶作剧，总少不了彼得的份。,I understand hes,in for,a job in the company.,我知道他在申请公司的一个职位。,If theres any profit to be got out of the deal.Im going to be,in on,it.,如果这次买卖可以赚到钱，我打算凑一份。,Bob,has it in for,George because George told the teacher that Bob cheated in the exam.,因为乔治向老师报告鲍勃考试作弊，鲍勃就对乔治怀恨在心。,3.用介词表达较虚泛的意义。,9,汉语词语具体化的手段,英译汉中，汉语采用如下手段来表达英语的抽象词义。,1.,动词取代抽象名词。,He had surfaced with less,visibility,in the policy decisions.,在决策过程中，他已经不那么,抛头露面,了。,These problems defy easy,classification,.,这些问题难以,归类,。,汉语词语具体化的手段英译汉中，汉语采用如下手段来表达英语的抽,10,2.,范畴词,He was described as impressed by Dengs,flexibility.,据说他对邓的,灵活态度,印象很深。,He discussed greatness and excellence.,他探讨了伟大和杰出,的涵义。,The sight of his native place called back his,childhood.,见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年,的情景,。,3.,具体词语,The stars twinkled in,transparent clarity,.,星星在清澈的,晴空,中闪烁。,In America,Wang computers have become a,fixture,in offices throughout the country.,在美国，王安公司的电子计算机已成为各地办公室的,必备之物,。,2.范畴词,11,请翻译下面这段文字,To help myself live without fault.I made a list of what I considered the 13 virtues.The virtues are 1.Temperance 2.Self-control 3.Silence 4.Order 5.Firmness of mind 6.Savings 7.Industry 8.Honesty 9.Justice 10.Cleanliness 11.Calmness 12.Morality 13.Humbleness,(Benjamin Franklin),为了使自己在生活中不犯错误，特列出我认为应该身体力行的,13,条守则。这些守则是：,1.,节制饮食,2.,自我克制,3.,沉默寡言,4.,有条不紊,5.,坚定信念,6.,勤俭节约,7.,工作勤奋,8.,忠诚老实,9.,办事公正,10.,衣履整洁,11.,平心静气,12.,品行高尚,13.,谦虚恭顺,请翻译下面这段文字To help myself live w,12,试比较以下句子的翻译,1.No one is satisfied with his,favoritism,in his work.,译文,1,没有人对他在工作中的偏爱感到满意。,译文,2,对他在工作中表现出来的,徇私作风,谁都感到不满意。,增加范畴词语,试比较以下句子的翻译1.No one is satisfie,13,2.Any,discourtesy,shown to Chinese persons by any official of the Government will be cause for immediate dismissal.,译文,1,任何政府官员对华人的不敬都将构成直接被开除的原因。,译文,2,任何政府官员，如果对中国人有任何,粗暴行为,，必须立即予以开除。,运用具体词汇,2.Any discourtesy shown to Ch,14,课内练习,现在请大家翻译以下句子。,1.,A son,a job and housekeeping,forced romance out.,有了儿子，又要工作，又要做家务，就不能卿卿我我了。,2.But there had been too much,publicity,about my case.,但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨、人人皆知了。,3.The,complexity,of the human situation and the injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some,politicians,are willing to admit in their speeches.,和有些政客们在演讲中愿意公开承认的事实相比，人类,生存状态,和社会,不公正现象,目前已经非常复杂，这种复杂性要求社会结构进行根本性改革。,4.With the credit card it is unnecessary to carry large amounts of cash and are always useful in emergencies.,有了这种信用卡，就无需随身携带大量现金，而且在,急需用钱,时非常有用。,课内练习现在请大家翻译以下句子。1.A son,a,15,中国：本体型思维,以,人,为中心来观察、分析、推理和研究事物的思维方式,汉语常以有生命的名词作主语,英美：客体型思维,把,客观自然界,作为观察、分析、推理和研究的中心,英语多用无生命的名词作主语,3.2,本体思维,VS,客体思维,中国：本体型思维3.2 本体思维VS 客体思维,16,3.2,本体,VS,客体思维,She,has been a widow only six months.,译,1,：她只当了,6,个月的寡妇。,译,2,：,她的丈夫,死了至今不过半年,。,The thick,carpet,killed the sound of my footsteps.,我,走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。,3.2 本体VS客体思维She has been a wid,17,3.2,本体,VS,客体思维,我,想到了：这是只熟鸟，也许自幼养在笼中。,It,occurs to me that it must be a tame bird.,他,赢钱赢得那么多，无怪乎眼红的人，赌输的人，有时说起这件事情便发牢骚。,His successes,were so repeated that no wonder the envious and the vanquished spoke sometimes with bitterness regarding them.,3.2 本体VS客体思维我想到了：这是只熟鸟，也许自幼养在笼,18,课内练习,根据上述解释，试翻译以下几个句子，尽量符合汉语的表达习惯。,1.What has happened to you?,你怎么了？,2.An idea suddenly struck me.,我突然想到了一个主意。,3.American English owes a great deal to Noah Webster,an American lexicographer and writer.,美国词典编纂家及作家诺阿,韦伯斯特对美国英语,做出了巨大的贡献。（具体词语）,4.Her good work and obedience have pleased her teacher.,她学业优良、性情温顺，深得老师喜欢,。（具体词语）,5.,Bitterness,fed on the man who had made the world laugh.,这位曾使全世界人发笑的人自己却,饱受辛酸,。,课内练习根据上述解释，试翻译以下几个句子，尽量符合汉语的表,19,3.3,顺向思维,VS,逆向思维,中国,：,面向着,过去,来区分时间先后,“前”,过去的时间,“后”,-,未来的时间,英美：,面向着,未来,来区分时间先后,过去：,Back,after,past,将来：,Forward,before,future,The mother is not there,she took off a few years,back,.,-The Loons,3.3顺向思维VS逆向思维中国：英美：The mother,20,登幽州台歌,前,不见古人，,后,不见来者，,念天地之悠悠，,独怆然而泪下,On climbing the Tower at Youzhou,Where the sages of the,past,And those of,future,years,Sky and earth forever last,Lonely,I shed sad tears.,登幽州台歌前不见古人，On climbing t,21,3.3,顺向,VS,逆向思维,您先请,九五折,自学,东北 西南,钢铁工业,水火不容,不管晴雨,After you!,A five percent discount,Self-taught,Northeast southwest,Iron and steel industry,As incompatible as fire and water,Rain or shine,3.3 顺向VS逆向思维您先请After you!,22,中国,：,重整体,偏重综合性,（从多到一）,对称与和谐,语法的隐含性,句法的意合性,词义的笼统与模糊性,英美,：,重个体,偏重分析性思维,（由一到多）,语法的外显性,句法的形合性,词义的具体性,中国：英美：,23,3.4,重整体,VS,重个体,中国人的传统思维方式总是习惯于整体把握对象，因而汉语具有较高的,整体概括性,英语思维注重细节分析，在对自然社会的思考中往往把整体加以,局部性、具体性分解,3.4 重整体VS重个体中国人的传统思维方式总是习惯于整体把,24,3.4,重整体,VS,重个体,起源,造字法,中国：形声造字法,英美：”原子主义“,=,原子核,+,核外电子,”木”旁,：松 柏 桃 李 树 林,Pine,，,cypress,，,peach,，,plum,，,tree,，,forest,“,水“旁,：江 河 湖 泊 海 洋 深 浅,river,，,lake,，,sea,，,ocean,，,deep,，,shallow,3.4 重整体VS重个体 起源造字法中国：形声造字,25,3.5,综合性,VS,分析性,春花,含苞待放,绿叶,缓缓舒展,溪水,潺潺流淌,欢乐的,春天,涌动着无限的追求和希望,这一切难以用语言倾诉表达。,Spring,has so much more than speech in its unfolding,flowers,and,leaves,and the coursing of its,streams,and in its,sweet restless seeking!,(John Galesworthy,The Apple Tree,),3.5 综合性VS分析性春花含苞待放,绿叶缓缓舒展,溪水潺潺,26,课内练习,请翻译以下的句子。,1.He had a sound feeling that idiom was the backbone of a language and he was all for the racy phrases.,他感到习语是语言的主要支柱，因此特别主张用生动的短语，他的想法是非常正确的。,2.Somebody lied,if he said my life is a happy little tale,or he told you Im just an ordinary guy in the world.,如果有人说我的一生是一个喜剧，或者说我只是个普通人，他们都在撒谎。,3.The theory is of great important that the hotter the body is,the more energy it radiate.,物体的温度越高，放射的能量越多，这一理论非常重要。,课内练习请翻译以下的句子。1.He had a soun,27,3.6,对称与和谐,生存在功利社会，,奔波劳顿，勾心斗角,，若想做到从心所欲，难哉兮！,In a business society,where people run about in pursuit of personal gains at the expense of others,it is really difficult to do as you please.,3.6 对称与和谐生存在功利社会，奔波劳顿，勾心斗角，若想做,28,3.6,对称与和谐,善欲人见，不是真善；恶恐人知，便是大恶。,A good deed is no good deed,if,it is done for show.An evil is all the worse,if,it is covered up,3.6 对称与和谐善欲人见，不是真善；恶恐人知，便是大恶。,29,时,(tense),体,(aspect),语态,(voice),语气,(mood),我完全被吸引住了，死死地盯着看，一个同伴问我是不是认识这肖像。我就在想，除了几个我认识的人外，我肯定是唯一知道的人了。,I,was,totally,arrested,and as I,stood,gazing on it,my companion asked me if I,knew,the who it was.I,was thinking,that,beyond a few whom,could,name,I,must be,almost the only person who could know.,3.6,语法的隐形,VS,显性,时(tense)体(aspect)3.,30,3.7,词义的朦胧,VS,具体,汉语词义较笼统，英语语义较具体,“,车,来了”,Here comes the”,车,bus,minibus,lorry,taxi,bike,motorcycle,“,借我一支,笔,”,笔,pen,ball pen,pencil,a piece of chalk,color pen,3.7 词义的朦胧VS具体汉语词义较笼统，英语语义较具体,31,3.8,直觉,VS,实证,中国：,重直觉，”悟性“，”天人合一“,英美：,重实证，理性知识，”天人相分,1,）热得我满身大汗。,The heat made me sweat.,I was sweating all over.,2,）不坚持，就会失败。,One will fail unless one preserves,.,3.8直觉VS实证中国：,32,3.9,直线思维,VS,曲线思维,It is a truth,universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.,(J.Austen,Pride and prejudice,),凡是有钱的单身汉,总想娶个太太,这是,一条举世公认的,真理。,3.9直线思维VS曲线思维It is a truth uni,33,3.9,直线思维,VS,曲线思维,Soccer is a very difficult sport,.(1),A p layer must be able to run steadily without rest.,(2),Sometimes a player must hit the ball with his or her head.,(3),Players must be willing to bang into and be banged into by others.,(4),They must put up with aching feet and sore muscles.,3.9直线思维VS曲线思维Soccer is a very,34,3.10,重伦理,VS,认知,中国：,重伦理，集体主义，”大,小“，,顺其自然，听天由命,英美：,重认知，个人主义，”小,大“探求自然,In,June 1990,he graduated from the,English Department,Peking University,.,他于,1990,年,6,月,毕业于,北京大学英语系,。,3.10 重伦理VS认知中国：,35,申奥演讲看中英思维差异,集体主义和个人主义,对比两篇演讲中的人称代词出现的频率：,政府，我国，我们,我,李岚清,14,3,布莱尔,9,13,申奥演讲看中英思维差异集体主义和个人主义政府，我国，我们我李,36,李岚清申奥演讲稿,Mr.President,IOC members,Ladies and gentlemen,On behalf of the Chinese government,I wish to reaffirm that our Government stands firmly behind Beijing in its bid for the 2008 Olympic Games.The Chinese Government respects and appreciates the conclusion reached by the IOC Evaluation Commission.We have worked out a plan accordingly to ensure an excellent Games in Beijing.The Chinese Government will honor each and every commitment it has made in Beijings Candidature File and will do whatever it can to assist Beijing to fulfill its promises.China embraces the Olympic spirit and has always been a staunch supporter behind the IOC initiatives,李岚清申奥演讲稿Mr.President,IOC mem,37,布莱尔在清华演讲,布莱尔在清华演讲,38,翻译练习,Of Studies,Reading maketh a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.And therefore,if a man write little,he had need have a great memory;if he confer little,he had need have a present wit:and if he read little,he had need have much cunning,to seem to know,that he doth not.,Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.,Abeunt studia in mores,.Nay,there is no stand or impediment in the wit,but may be wrought out by fit studies;like as diseases of the body,may have appropriate exercises.,1.,汉语重整体性，难免会重复某些词。,2.,汉语重直觉，汉语表述手段相对模糊化。,比如,词性模糊化；句法成分的模糊化；语言单位的模糊,翻译练习Of Studies Reading ma,39,译文,读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。,读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，论理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辨：凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之,译文 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常,40,