语篇分析-讲义Discourse-Analysis课件

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,Discourse Analysis(1),Course Orientation:,Aims:,This course provides a general introduction of discourse,text,text organization,conversational analysis,among others,which will help students to have a good command of the means with which to look into the use of language.,Discourse Analysis(1)Course O,1,Discourse Analysis(2),Lecture on theoretic points,which is intended to give students some guiding ideas to understand the course;,Discussion on the key points within the group or class activities;,Course project along with the presentation;,Tutorial will be much encouraged between teacher&students and it will be done by taking advantage of internet,Discourse Analysis(2)Lecture,2,Discourse Analysis(3),The assessment&evaluation of the,course will be based on,Class attendance and class performance:(10%),Assignment and other relevant work:(15%),Course papers(Two):(10%for each);,Course examination:(55%),Discourse Analysis(3)The asse,3,Discourse Analysis(4),Definition of,“,language,”,“,Language is a generative system of arbitrary,vocal,visual and conventionalized symbol used universally and mainly by human beings in speech community or culture for communication.,”,key words&expressions:,generative system arbitrary vocal visual conventionalized,Discourse Analysis(4)Definiti,4,Discourse Analysis(5),symbol universally mainly,human beings speech,community/culture,communication,Implications about the definition:,It is the use of language that makes,human beings human;,Language seems to be as old as our species;,Nothing in the animal kingdom even approximates to human language for,flexibility,complexity,precision,productivity and sheer quantity,.,Discourse Analysis(5)symbol,5,Discourse Analysis(6),Conclusion:,Humans have learnt to make infinite use of,finite means.,Language&medium,A language is an abstraction based on the,linguistic behavior of its users.,“Speech is primary”and this statement is,true in many ways:,Discourse Analysis(6)Conclusi,6,Discourse Analysis(7),a),Writing is a relatively recent development in human society;,b)Thousands of speech communities rely solely on speech;,c)All of us speak a great deal more than we write;,d)Although we acquire speech without conscious effort,learning to read and write is usually less spontaneous and less automatic.,Discourse Analysis(7)a)Writi,7,Discourse Analysis(8),The relationship between language and,its medium in the following diagram:,language(abstraction),|,mediums(concrete),/,speech writing,Discourse Analysis(8),8,Discourse Analysis(9),Differences between speech&writing,Speech:Writing:,Composed of sounds;Composed of letters,Makes use of intonation Makes use of punc-,pitch,rhythm,tempo;tuation and other gra-,phological devices,like italics;,Produced effortlessly,Produced with effort-,no tools required;tools required;,Discourse Analysis(9)Differen,9,Discourse Analysis(10),Speech Writing,Transitory;Relatively permanent;,Perceived by the ear;Perceived by the eye;,Addressee present;Addressee absent;,Immediate feedback;Feedback delayed;,Meaning helped by Meaning must be made,context,body move-clear within the,ment,gestures;context;,Spontaneous;Not spontaneous;,Discourse Analysis(10)Speech,10,Discourse Analysis(11),Speech Writing,Associative Logical,The components of language,Language-,phonology(sounds)-,lexis,(words),syntax,(meaningful combinations of words),semantics,(meaning),Discourse Analysis(11)Speech,11,Discourse Analysis(12),Concluding remarks:,When we have examined these levels and the,way they interact,we will have acquired the,necessary tools to study language in general,(linguistics),the variety in language and the,uses to which people put languages(sociolinguistics),the ways in which people teach and learn languages,(applied linguistics)and the value of the study of,language in understanding the human mind,(psycholinguistics).,Discourse Analysis(12)Conclud,12,Discourse Analysis(13),Definition of,“,text,”,Strictly,it refers to a,written text,in the,usual sense.When it is extended by some,linguists to cover a,coherent stretch of,speech,it includes a conversation or,other interchange involving two or more,participants,as well as stretches of writing.,Hence often equivalent to,“,discourse,itself extended from similar motives,.,”,Discourse Analysis(13)Definit,13,Discourse Analysis(14),Definition of,“,text linguistics,”,The linguistic analysis and description of extended,“,texts,either written or spoken.Originally in German(textlinguistik)and involving in particular the concept of text grammar,or generative grammar of texts,analogous to a grammar generating sentences.,Discourse Analysis(14)Definit,14,Discourse Analysis(15),Definition of,“,linguistics,”,“,the science of language,”,or,“,scientific study of language,”,“,the branch of knowledge that deals with language,”,“,the systematic(scientific)study of language,”,The tasks for linguistics:,Discourse Analysis(15)Definit,15,Discourse Analysis(16),Linguistics is entrusted with providing,answers to the following questions:,“What is language?”,“How does language work?”,“What do all languages have in common?”,“What range of variation is found among languages?”,“Why do languages change?”,“To what extent are social class differences reflected in language?”,Discourse Analysis(16)Lingui,16,Discourse Analysis(17),Linguistics vs traditional grammar,Linguistics is descriptive instead of prescriptive;,Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary,not the written form;,Linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.,Discourse Analysis(17)Linguis,17,Discourse Analysis(18),Definition of Discourse,An coherent succession of sentences,spoken or(in most usage)written.Thus,this entry in the dictionary is an example,of discourse;likewise a speech by a,politician or lecture to students;likewise,an interview or any other series of speech,events in which successive sentences or,utterance hand together.(Oxford Concise,Dictionary of Linguistics,1997.:100),Discourse Analysis(18)Definit,18,Discourse Analysis(19),Discourse refers not merely to the,language of neo-liberal thinkers or,politicians,but also to the ideas or,philosophies propagated by them.(Van,Dijk,1997:7),“Discourse analysis”can not and should not be,taken as a means or theory,instead it may refer,to any kind of study whose aim is to conduct,some kind of research into the text.,Discourse Analysis(19)Discou,19,Discourse Analysis(20),Discourse is use of language seen as,form of social practice,and discourse analysis is,analysis of how texts work within socio-cultural,practice.Such analysis requires attention to,textual form,structure and organization at all,levels,phonological,grammatical,lexical,(vocabulary)and higher levels of textual,organization in terms of exchange systems,structures of argumentation and generic,(activity type)structure.(Candlin,1996:8),Discourse Analysis(20)Disco,20,Discourse Analysis(21),Discourse analysis:,The attempt by various linguists to,extend the methods of analysis,developed for the description of words,and sentences to the study of larger,structures in,or involved in the,production of,connected*discourse.(ibid),Discourse Analysis(21)Discour,21,Discourse Analysis(22),The term discourse analysis refers to a,form of language,public speeches or,more generally to spoken language or,ways of speaking.(Van Dijk,1997:8),Discourse analysis is not a level of,analysis,say,phonology or lexico,grammar,but an exploration of how,“texts”at all levels work within socio,cultural practices.”(Candlin,1995:8),Discourse Analysis(22)The t,22,Discourse Analysis(23),“Discourse analysis is analysis of text,structure above the sentence.”(Sinclair&,Coulthard,1975:127),Discourse analysis,:,The attempt by various linguists to extend the,methods of analysis developed for the description of,words and sentences to the study of larger structures,in,or involved in the production of,connected,*discourse.(ibid),Discourse Analysis(23)“Discou,23,Discourse Analysis(24),The term discourse analysis refers to a form of language,public speeches or more generally to spoken language or ways of speaking.(Van Dijk,1997:8),Discourse analysis is not a level of analysis,say,phonology or lexico-grammar,but an exploration of how“texts”at all levels work within socio-cultural practices.”(Candlin,1995:8),Discourse Analysis(24)The ter,24,Discourse Analysis(25),Discourse analysis is analysis of text structure,above the sentence.”(Sinclair&Coulthard,1975:127),Discourse analysis:,The attempt by various linguists to extend the,methods of analysis developed for the,description of words and sentences to the study,of larger structures in,or involved in the,production of,connected*discourse.Term first,Discourse Analysis(25)Discour,25,Discourse Analysis(26),used in the 1950s by Zellig Harris:*text,linguistics is a similar extension many years,later.(Oxford Linguistics),Discourse analysis originally developed,from a variety of disciplines:,sociolinguistics,anthropology,sociology,and,social,psychology,.Thus discourse analysis takes,different theoretical perspectives and,analytic approaches(among others),Discourse Analysis(26)used in,26,Discourse Analysis(27),Functions of language,Five functions(Mary Finocchiaro),Personal function:speakers or writers ability to express his innermost thoughts as well as the gamut of emotionslove,joy,disappointment,distress,anger,sorrowwhich every human being experiences.,Interpersonal function:enables us to establish and mediate desirable social and,Discourse Analysis(27)Functio,27,Discourse Analysis(28),working relationships.This category would,include expressions of sympathy,joy at,anothers success,concern for other peoples,welfare,the making or breaking of,appointments,the appropriate language,needed to indicate agreement or,disagreement which we use in everyday,situations and which helps make living with,others possible and pleasant.,Discourse Analysis(28)working,28,Discourse Analysis(29),Directive function:enables us to make requests or suggestions,to persuade or convince,should also be presented and learned in incremental steps.,Referential function:has been most frequently practiced in language classes in the pastis concerned with talking or writing about the immediate environment and about language itself.(meta-linguistic function),Discourse Analysis(29)Directi,29,Discourse Analysis(30),Imaginative function:refers to the ability,to compose rhymes,poetry,essays,or stories,orally or in writing.This function should be,encouraged if the learner seems to possess,creative talent.,Buhler(Germany psychologist),(Sprachtheorie)(On Language),representational function:describing,various kinds of facts,Discourse Analysis(30)Imagina,30,Discourse Analysis(31),expressive function:showing various kinds of characteristics of the speakers,vocative function:the function to exert some influence on the part of the addressee,In Buhlers point of view,the chief function of the language is to describe the things.,Discourse Analysis(31)express,31,Discourse Analysis(32),Jakobson(1960)(An American linguist),(Linguistics and Poetics),*,referential function:to describe the,current natural entity or to describe the,various kinds of phenomena in the,fictional world.This is also termed as,denotative function or cognitive function,which is the equivalent to Buhlers,representational function.,Discourse Analysis(32)Jakobso,32,Discourse Analysis(33),Emotive function:describing the attitude toward the things that are being talked about on the part of the addresser,which is equal to what Buhler called expressive function;,Conative function:This means that the addresser wishes to exert some kind of effect on the part of the addressee through using the language so as to achieve the effect of the communication,which is equal to Buhlers vocative function;,Discourse Analysis(33)Emotive,33,Discourse Analysis(34),*Phatic function(phatic communion):This,kind of function is not intended to exchange,the essential information or exchange the ideas,instead it is used to establish a kind of rapport,or relationship and maintain this kind of,relationship among the people communicating,with each other.,*Metalingual function:This is referring to the,function in which a person is using a kind of,Discourse Analysis(34)*Phati,34,Discourse Analysis(35),language to explain another kind of,language.For example,a person uses,English to explain the general principles,in the physical engineering.This is also,called,“,glossing function,”,.,Poetic function:The ability to express one,s,information in the form of fiction.To Jakoboson,the representational function is the most,important and therefore it is primary.,Discourse Analysis(35)languag,35,Discourse Analysis(36),Richards(1929):(Practical Criticism),The function to express“sense”,that is to,say,the ability to express“the items/things”,or“the state of affairs”,which is similar to,Buhlers“representational function”and,Jakobosons“referential function”.,Discourse Analysis(36),36,Discourse Analysis(37),The function to express ones emotional feelings:that is to say,the function to express the speakers attitude to various things or state of affairs,which is similar to Buhlers“expressive function”and Jakbosons“emotive function”;,The function to express ones tone:This is to express the attitude and opinion of the,Discourse Analysis(37)The fun,37,Discourse Analysis(38),speaker toward the hearer,which is equal,to Buhlers“vocative function”and,Jakobosons“conative function”;,The function to express the intention:that,is to say,the speaker wants to achieve some,purpose through speaking or language,which,is equal to what Jakoboson describes as part of,the“conative function”;,Discourse Analysis(38)speaker,38,Discourse Analysis(39),The function to express the intention:that is to say,the speaker wants to achieve some purpose through speaking or language,which is equal to what Jakoboson describes as part of the,“,conative function,”,;,Richards believe that the function to express one,s sense as the basic function of the language,which is again similar to those of Buhler,s and Jakoboson,s.,Discourse Analysis(39)The fun,39,Discourse Analysis(40),Lyons(1977)(Semantics),Decsriptive function:the function to describe the factual information or state,which is similar to Buhlers representational function,Jakobsons referential function,and Richards function to express ones intention;,Social function:the function to establish a certain kind of social relationship and maintain it,which is similar to Buhlers“expressive function”,Jakobosons emotive function”and“phatic function”and Richards“the function to express ones emotional feelings”;,Discourse Analysis(40)Lyons(,40,Discourse Analysis(41),*Expressive function:The function to,show the individual characteristic features of the,speaker,which is equal to Buhlers“expressive,function”,Jakobosons“emotive function”,and,Richards“the function to express ones,emotional feelings”.,For Lyons he believes that the“descriptive,function”is the basic and most fundamental,one among all the functions of the language,.,Discourse Analysis(41)*Expr,41,Discourse Analysis(42),There are two common features about the function of the language of these four great linguists:,there is a difference in terms of the function for the language,that is,the difference between,“,strong sense,”,and,“,weak sense,”,;,all of them hold that the most basic function of the language is to describe various kinds of facts or describe the state of affairs.,Discourse Analysis(42)There a,42,Discourse Analysis(43),Functions of the language(Halliday),Instrumental:(I want):satisfying material needs,Regulatory(do as I tell you):controlling the behavior of others,Interactional(me and you):getting along with other people,Personal(here I come)identifying and expressing the self,Heuristic(tell me why):exploring the world around and inside one,Imaginative(let,s pretend):creating a world of one,s own,Informative(I have got something to tell you):communicating new information,Discourse Analysis(43)Functio,43,Discourse Analysis(44),Reference Books:,An Introduction to Functional Grammar M.A.K Halliday,Systemic Linguistics Theory and Applications Christopher S.Butler Batsford Academic and Educational London,Discourse Analysis Gillian Brown&George Yule Cambridge University Press,An Introduction to Discourse Analysis:Theory and Method James Paul Gee Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,Discourse Analysis(44)Referen,44,