无机化学术语课件

Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,信息检索与文献阅读,（化学,0701-0702,）,2009,年,10,月,10,日,信息检索与文献阅读2009年10月10日,第一部分 化学专业基础英语阅读,（,20,学时）,第二部分 英文阅读材料,（,12,学时）,第三部分 信息检索,（,16,学时）,第一部分 化学专业基础英语阅读,第一章 作为定量科学和物质科学的化学,第二章 原子、分子和离子,第三章 气态,第四章 热化学,第五章 有机化合物和基团的命名,第六章,无机化学,、有机化学、物理化学、分,析化学化学术语,第一部分 化学专业基础英语阅读（,20,学时）,第一章 作为定量科学和物质科学的化学第一部分 化学专业,第二部分 英文阅读材料（,12,学时）,第一章 松香酸度的标准测试方法,第二章,族半导体制备的新方法：,InP,纳米晶,的超声化学合成,第三章 分子离子材料的计算机模拟,第四章 透射,Laue,法的,X,射线衍射,第五章 销售合同,第六章 专利说明书,第二部分 英文阅读材料（12学时）第一章 松香酸度,第三部分 信息检索（,16,学时）,第一章 信息检索基础,第二章 超星图书馆,第三章 中国期刊网,第四章 维普,第五章 工程索引（,Ei,）,第六章 美国化学文摘（,CA,）,第七章 专利,第三部分 信息检索（16学时）第一章 信息检索基础,教材和参考书：,1,、,魏高原，,化学专业基础英语知识（,I,）（,Introductory Chemistry Speciality English,），,北京大学出版社，,2004,。,2,、,Reading Materials(,自编讲义,),。,3,、,陈英，科技信息检索（第二版），科学出版社，,2005,。,4,、,万锡仁，,Information Retrieval and Related Reading Materials,，（待出版）。,5,、,美,Philip Ball,著，魏高原等注释，,化学专业基础英语（,II,），,北京大学出版社，,2001,。,教材和参考书：,课堂教学内容安排,第一节课,教学要求说明,词汇预习,课文阅读理解,第二节课,课文阅读理解（续）,答疑,布置课后作业,课堂书面练习,课堂教学内容安排第一节课第二节课,Chapter 6,Inorganic chemical,organic chemical,physical chemical,analytical chemical,and biochemical terms,第六章,无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学和生物化学化学术语,1,、无机化学术语（,I,）,Chapter 6第六章 无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分,一、教学要求,掌握：,常用的无机化学的化学术语和,概念；化学专业文献的阅读和,理解。,熟悉：无机化学（中文）,了解：不常用的元素的英文名称,。,一、教学要求,二、词汇（,New Words and Expressions,）,periodic table,元素周期表,electronic structure,电子结构,periodicity,周期性,classical,经典的,wavelength,波长,frequency,频率,wave number,波数,diffraction,衍射,二、词汇（New Words and Expression,obstacle,障碍物,quantum,量子,quantized,量子化,quantum theory,量子理论,photoelectric effect,光电效应,photon,光子,whole-number multiple,整数倍,Einstein,爱因斯坦,obstacle 障碍物,shine on,照到,.,上,device,器件,automatic door opener,自动开门器,radiant energy,辐射能量,quantum mechanics,量子力学,Heisenberg uncertainty principle,海森堡测不准原理,momentum,动量,shine on 照到.上,simultaneously,同时地,directional,方向的,maintain,保持,angular momentum,角动量,ground state,基态,excited state,激发态,quantum number,量子数,radius,（,radii,）半径,simultaneously 同时地,lowest energy orbital,最低能量轨道,multiplier,乘数,atomic orbital,原子轨道,the four quantum number,四个量子数,specific energy,特定能量,Schrdinger,equation,薛定谔方程,spin quantum number,自旋量子数,principal quantum number,主量子数,lowest energy orbital 最低能量轨道,angular momentum quantum number,角量子数,magnetic quantum number,磁量子数,pin down,使,约束,electron configuration,电子组态,Pauli exclusion principle,不相容原理,Hunds principle,洪特,规则,subshell,亚层,angular momentum quantum numbe,paramagnetism,顺,磁性,diamagnetism,反磁性,magnetic field,磁场,unpaired electron,未成对电子,group,族,period,周期,noble gas,惰性气体,paramagnetism 顺磁性,representative element,主族元素,transition element,过渡元素,alkali metal,碱金属,alkaline earth metal,碱土金属,transuranium,超铀的,metal,金属,nonmetal,非金属,semiconducting element,半导体元素,representative element主族元素,三、课文的阅读理解,学生阅读课文,510,分钟，教师指定学生逐段朗读课文，并翻译成中文，教师及时评讲。,三、课文的阅读理解 学生阅读课文510分钟，教,periodic table,electronic structure,（元素周期表，电子结构,）,The periodic table,groups,the elements in order of increasing atomic number in such a way,that elements with similar properties fall near each other,.,As the atomic number increases,the number of electrons in each atom also increases,.,periodic table,electronic str,A full appreciation,正确评价,of electronic structure-,how the electrons are arranged in atoms,-is essential,必要的,for understanding the similarities and periodicities of the elements.Understanding electronic structure,in turn,requires a brief excursion into classical and modern physics.(The word classical is generally used for anything,that was established and important in the past.,),A full appreciation正确评价of el,2.wavelength,frequency,wave number,diffraction,（,波长、频率、波数和衍射,）,Wavelength(,Greek lambda)is the distance between any two similar points on adjacent waves.The frequency(,Greek nu)of light is,the number of complete waves,also known as the number of cycles,passing a given point in a unit of time.,(,Notice that the speed of light is equal to the product,and,i.e.,c=,.),2.wavelength,frequency,w,The wave number is the number of wavelengths per unit of length covered,i.e.,=1/,.,Diffraction is the spreading of waves,as they pass obstacles or openings,，,小孔,comparable in size to their wavelength.,The wave number is the number,3.quantum,quantized,quantum theory,photoelectric effect,photon,（量子、量子化、量子理论、光电效应和光子）,Light can be regarded as made up of particles,each of which,carries a definite amount of energy,referred to as a quantum,.Something(,物理量,),that is quantized,使量子化,is restricted to amounts,that are whole-number multiples of the basic unit,or quantum,for the particular system.,3.quantum,quantized,Quantum theory is a general term for the idea,that energy is quantized,and the consequences of that idea.,Quantum theory is a gen,By assuming that light is quantized,Einstein was able to explain the photoelectric effect,in which electrons are released by certain metals(particularly Cs and the other alkali metals,Li,Na,K,and Rb(Rubidium),when light shines,照耀,on,照到,.,上,them,.(The photoelectric effect is used in practical devices such as automatic door openers(,开门器,).)A quantum of radiant energy is called a photon.,By assuming tha,4.quantum mechanics,Heisenberg uncertainty principle,momentum,（,量子力学，海森堡测不准原理，动量）,Mechanics is the study of motion,and quantum mechanics(is),that refers to the study of the motion of entities,实体,that are small enough and move fast enough to have both observable wavelike and particlelike properties.,4.quantum mechanics,Heisenbe,What is called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle may be stated as follows:,It is impossible to know simultaneously both the exact momentum and the exact position of an electron,.,What is called the Heisenbe,(Momentum is mass times velocity.It expresses not only the tendency of a moving body to keep moving,but also,since velocity is a directional quantity,to maintain the direction of its motion.),(Momentum is mass times veloci,5.angular momentum,ground state,excited states,quantum number,角动量、基态、激发态和量子数,5.angular momentum,ground st,Angular momentum,which is given by mass times velocity times the radius of a bodys motion,is a measure of the tendency of a body,to keep moving on a curved path,.The lowest energy orbital,the one in which the single electron in a hydrogen atom normally resides,is the ground state for that electron.,Angular momentum,which is,The states of energy,higher than the ground state,are excited states,reached by the electron when the atom has absorbed extra energy.,A quantum number is a whole-number multiplier,that specifies an amount of energy.,The states of energy highe,6.atomic orbital,the four quantum numbers(,原子的轨道和四个量子数,),The region,in which an electron with a specific energy will most probably be located,is called an atomic orbital.The designation of the orbital location of an electron requires four quantum numbers.Independent of any experienced evidence,three of them arise from solutions of the,Schrodinger,equation.,6.atomic orbital,the,A fourth quantum number,the spin quantum number ms(=-1/2,+1/2),is needed to complete the designation of each individual electron within an atom(,because the electron can occupy the orbital in two different orientations,).The first quantum number,the principal quantum number n,identifies,确定,the main energy levels(like the balconies).,A fourth quantum numb,The second,the subshell,亚层,quantum number l(=0,1,2,.n-1)(traditionally called either the angular momentum or azimuthal,方位角的,quantum number),identifies sublevels of energy,亚能级,within the main energy level(like the rows in each balcony).,The second,the subshell亚层quan,The third quantum number is the orbital quantum number ml(=-l,.,0,.+l),(traditionally called the magnetic quantum number),-it pins down,（使,约束）,the location of individual electrons in orbitals(like the seats in each row).,The third quantum numbe,7.electron configuration,Pauli exclusion priciple,Hunds principle,（电子组态，,Pauli,不相容原理,Hunds,规则）,The electronic configuration of an atom is the distribution among the subshells of all of the electrons in the atom.,Pauli exclusion principle:,No two electrons can have the same(four)quantum numbers.,Hunds principle,：,Orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by a single electron,before any of them acquires a second electron.,7.electron configuration,Pau,8.paramagnetism,diamagnetism,（,顺,磁性,反磁性）,Paramagnetism,顺磁性,is the property of attraction to a magnetic field,shown by substances containing unpaired electrons,.Diamagnetism,反磁性,is the property of repulsion by a magnetic field and shows the absence of unpaired electrons.,8.paramagnetism,diamagnet,9.group(family),period,noble gas,（族,(,家族的,),，周期,惰性气体）,The elements in a single vertical column in the periodic table are,referred to as,members of a group or family.A horizontal row in the periodic table is called a period.Each period ends with a noble gas-an element,in which all energy sublevels,（亚层）,that are occupied,are completely filled.,9.group(family),period,10.representative elements,transition elements,（主族元素和过渡元素）,The elements,in which the s and p sublevels are filling,are called the representative elements,which include alkali metals(Group I),alkaline earth metals(Group,),chalcogens(Group VI)and halogens(Group VII ),.,The transition elements include all elements,in which the d or f sublevels are filling.,10.representative elements,t,These are referred to as the d-transition elements and the f-transition elements.,(The lanthanides and the actinides are f-transition elements.),Sometimes the f-transition elements are called the inner transition elements.Scandium,yttrium,and all of the sixth-period elements from lanthanum to lutetium are also known as the rare earth elements.Following uranium(Z=92)come the transuranium elements.,These are referred to as,11.metals,nonmetals,semiconducting elements,（,金属、非金属、半导体元素）,Both in position in the periodic table and in properties,the semiconducting elements fall between the metals and the nonmetals.,11.metals,nonmetals,semicon,12.chemical bond,valence electrons,Lewis symbol,In writing a definition of the chemical bond we must distinguish chemical bonding from other,weaker and less long-lasting forces.,12.chemical bond,valence ele,We choose to,define,the chemical bond,as,a force,that acts strongly enough between two atoms or groups of atoms to hold them together in a different species,that has measurable properties.,Valence electrons are the electrons,that are available to take part in chemical bonding.,We choose to define the,(The number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative element equals to the group number of that element.)In a Lewis symbol the outer electrons are indicated by dots(or circles,or x,s,etc.),arranged around the atomic symbol.,The pairing of two electrons,（成对电子）,in the same orbital is represented by two dots on the same side of the symbol.,(The number of valence ele,13.chemical stability,octet rule,chemical reactivity,（化学稳定性,八电子规则,化学反应性）,The noble,惰性的,gases,fall,at the end of each period in the periodic table and as a group,（,they,）,are,the least reactive of all the elements.This resistance to chemical change,or chemical stability,is credited to,把,.,归给,the,completely filled,outer s and p subshells of the noble gases.,13.chemical stability,octet,According to the octet rule,atoms tend to combine by gain,loss,or sharing of electron,so that the outer energy level of each atom holds(,拥有,)or shares four pairs of electrons,.Sodium is a silvery metal,that has high chemical reactivity,that is,a tendency to undergo chemical reactions.,According to the octet rule,a,14.metallic bonding,ionic bonding(,金属键、离子键）,Metallic bonding is the attraction between positive metal ions and surrounding,freely mobile electrons.Ionic bonding is the attraction between positive and negative ions.,14.metallic bonding,ionic bo,四、答疑,一般情况下，争对学生提出的问题进行个别答疑。,四、答疑 一般情况下，争对学生提出的问题进行,1,Translate the technical terms in the text into,Chinese by referring to relevant dictionaries.,2,Translate this text into Chinese.,五、课后作业,1Translate the technical term,复习内容：,1,、复习和整理本课文的专业词汇；,2,、本课文的全文翻译。,预习内容：,第六章,无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学和生物化学化学术语,1,、无机化学术语（,II,）,复习内容：预习内容：,六、课堂练习,六、课堂练习,无机化学术语课件,The acitivity of a catalyst is properly expressed as the rate per unit area(usually per m,2,)of active surface,and comparisons between different catalysts have to be made on this basis.,Even when the inert material is present,measurement of the total surface area is a matter of great importance.,It is normally desirable for the catalyst to have a high surface area,but there is a limit to what can be achieved merely by making the particle size very small,.,The acitivity of a catalyst is,07 Values of molar mass calculated using the ideal gas law are good only to the extent that the gas behaves as an ideal gas.However,all real gases approach ideal gas behavior at very low pressures,so a common technique for obtaining very accurate molar masses is to measure the density of a gas at various low pressures,将下题翻译成中文，并思考有关问题：,07 Values of molar mass calcul,calculate d/p from the data,plot d/p against p,extrapolate the curve to p=0 to find the intercept,and calculate the molar mass,M,using M-(intercept)RT where R=0.0820568 L.atm/(K.mol).Find the molar mass for SO,2,from the following data at 0,:,p in atm 0.1 0.011 0.001 0.0001,(d/p)in g/(L.atm)2.864974 2.858800 2.858183 2.858121,Assume that the temperature and pressure values are exact.,calculate d/p from the data,p,Thank You!,Thank You!,