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AdvancedWriting4.24ObjectivesofadvancedwritingvBeabletowriteessaysofexpositioninnolessthan400words.vBeabletowriteessaysofargumentationinnolessthan400words.vBeabletoappreciateandwriteessayswithcertainrhetoricaldevices.v4.Beabletothinkmoresystematicallyandlogically.Todaystaskv1.ReflectontheTEMexamandlookforwardtothefuture.Writeareflection.v2.Understandthedifferentgenresofessays.IntroductiontoEssayDevelopmentvTraditionally,essaywritinghasbeendividedintothefollowingpatternsofdevelopment:vDescriptionvNarrationvExpositionvArgumentationImportantconsiderationsinessaydevelopmentvUnderstandthenatureabdlengthofanassignmentvyourknownsubjectfamiliar,uniquevKnowyourpurposeandaudiencegenresvDetermineyourpointofviewfirstpersonapproachsecond-personapproachthird-personapproach(fromthestance,onmattersofpublicratherthanprivateimportance)1.ReflectionofTEM4vWhatisyourfeelingnowafterthetediouspreparationandtheexaminition?vHowdoyouthinkyoudidontheexam?vIsthereanythingdonearoundtheTEM4preparationaswellasexaminationthatcangiveyoualessonoragoodexperienceforyourfuturelearning?ReflectionofTEM4vAnyexperienceisuniqueandvaluable,soreflectonitandwriteareflectionlater.GenresvWritingisasocialact,differentpurposesanddifferentaudiencewillresultindifferentwritinggenres.vIntheadvancedwritingstage,theunderstandingofdifferentwritinggenresisnecessary.vExcerptsrelatedtoLondonarecollected,anddetailedcomparisonsaretobemade.vWewillfindthatthedescriptionsofthesameobjectvarywithgenres.GenresvHowmuchdoyoukonowaboutLondon?vWheredidyougettheinformation?Excerpt1vLondon,population6,770,000.CapitalcityofEnglandandtheUnitedKingdom,situatedontheRiverThamesinSoutheastEngland.IncludeswithinitsboundariestheCity of London,thesightoftheoriginalmedievalcityandpresent-dayfinancialandbusinesscenter;the City of Westminster,theadministrativecenterwhichcontainsthevHouseofParliament,BuckinghamPalaceAndgovernmentdepartment;andtheWestEnd,themainshoppingandentertainmentcenter,withmanytheatres,museums,galleries,concerthalls,operahouses,churchesandareaaroundOxfordStreet,RegentStreet,PiccadillyCircusandLeicesterSquare.Londonisaleadingculturalcathedrals.vProductsincludefoodanddrink(especiallybrewing),instrumentengineering,electricalandelectronicengineering,clothing,furnitureandprinting.Questions:vHowmanypeoplearethereinLondon?vWhereisLondonsituated?vWhatarethemajorpartsofLondon?vWhyisLondonconsideredasaleadingculturalcenterofEngland?vWhatarethemainproductsofLondon?MoreQuestions;vWhatisthepurposeofwriting?vWhatisthelexicalfeatureofthisexcerpt?vHowisthisexcerptstructured?vForwhomisitwritten?vWhatisitsstylelike?vWhatisthegenreofthisexcerpt?Briefanswerstothequestions:vItiswrittentointroduceLondongenerallyinasystematicway.vMostwordsadoptedarenouns,propernounsandnounphrases,forthepurposeofofferingaccuratefactsandfigures.vThestructureiswell-generated,systematic,coherentandinformative.Itissuitabletodepictallcitiesonearthbyreplacingsomespecificpropernounsandfigures.vItiswrittenforthepublic.vItisamatter-of-factdescription,withanimpersonalnarrativetone,anoverallbodyofinformation,andacoherentandformalstructure.vItisanexcerptfromanencyclopedia.Excerpt2vLondonisasplendidplacetovisit,whetherforseveralweeksorjustaday-trip.Thereareinnumerabledelightstouncover.Simplewanderingthestreetscanbeajoy,discoveringstrangealleyways,stumblingacrossoldmarketsorsuddenlyfindingyourselfintheleafygreennessofoneofthemanyparks.Whentriedofwalkingonecanviewthesightsfromthetopofareddoublevdecker.Trynumber28.ThispassesthroughthebustlingcrowdsshoppinginOxfordStreet,carriesonpastBuckinghamPalace,homeoftheRoyalFamily,tofinishoppositetheHouseofParliament,astonesthrowfromBigBen.FromhereyoucanwalkacrossWestminsterBridgetoenjoythemagnificentviewalongtheriver.v1.Whatisthepurposeofwriting?v2.Whatisthelexicalfeatureofthisexcerpt?v3.Howisthisexcerptstructured?v4.Forwhomisitwritten?v5.Whatisitsstylelike?v6.Whatisthegenreofthisexcerpt?Questions;v1.Itiswritteninafriendlyandpersuasiveway,aimingtodisplaytheenchantmentofLondonasatouristcity.v2.Withexceptionofnounsandverbs,agreatdealofadjectivesareusedforthepurposeofimpressingreadersdeeplyandfavorably.Briefanswers:v3.Thestructureisgeneratedlessformallythanthepreviousone,butstillwell-organized.Itiscomposedoffourparts:asubjectivecomment,atopicsentence,supportingdetailandseveralsuggestions.v4.Itiswrittenforthepublic,especiallyforthepotentialtouristswhomarelikelytobeinterestedinLondon,andwillvisitLondonsomedayorthosewhoarestayinginLondonnow.Briefanswers:v5.Itisanenthusiastic,persuasiveandhelpfuldescriptionofLondon.Thepositiveandvividdictioncreatesafriendlytouristcity,whilethecausalwritingstyleshortensthedistancebetweenthereadersandthecity.(especiallytheuseofthepronoun“you”)v6.Itisanexcerptfromaguidebook.Briefanswers:Excerpt3vItellyou,gettingaroundLondonnowadaysisabsolutemurder.Everywhereyougotherearecrowdsoftouristspushingyouoffthepavementandmakingwalkinganywherearealheadache.Takingthebusisnotmuchbetter.TookmeoveranhouryesterdaytocoverthethreemilesfromOxfordStreetbacktomyplace,thetrafficwassobad.GuessIllhavetogetabikelikeyou.vAnyway,enoughmoaning.Londondoeshaveitscompensations.TonightBobistreatingmetoaneveningouttoseethelatestEmmaThompsonfilmwhichhasjustopenedattheLeicestersquareOdeon.ThenontoPoonsinLisleStreetfordinner.Cantwait!v1.Whatisthepurposeofwriting?v2.Whatisthelexicalfeatureofthisexcerpt?v3.Howisthisexcerptstructured?v4.Forwhomisitwritten?v5.Whatisitsstylelike?v6.Whatisthegenreofthisexcerpt?Questions;vAbsolutemurdervItisanexaggeratedexpressionwhichsimplyindicates“terrible”.vArealheadachevItsuggestswriterscomplaintaboutthecrowdedcity.HeconsiderstravelinginLondonasatoughproblem.HowtointerpretthefollowphrasesQuestions:vWhatisthepurposeofwriting?vitissomethingwrittentoafriendforapurposeofexpressinghisownimpressionofLondon.ItiscertainlyanexaggerateddescriptionofbusyLondon.vWhatisthelexicalfeatureofthisexcerpt?vExaggeratedidiomsandphrases,colloquialdictionandpatternsareusedfrequently.ItisanoverwhelminglystrongexpressionofonessubjectivefeelingsonLondon.vForwhomisitwritten?vItiswrittentothewritersfriendonly.vWhatisitsstylelike?vItiswritteninaninformalway,anemotionalexpression.vWhatisthegenreofthisexcerpt?vItmustbealetter.Excerpt4vAnhourbeforesunriseinthecitythereisanairofcold,solitary(lonely,isolated)desolation(emptiness,loneliness)aboutthenoiselessstreets,whichweareaccustomedtoseethronged(crowded)atothertimesbyabusy,eagercrowd,andoverthequiet,closelyshutbuildingswhichthroughoutthedayareswarmingwithlife.Excerpt5(2)vThedrunken,thedissipated(dispelled),andthecriminalhavedisappeared;themoresober(serious,solemn)andorderlypartofthepopulationhavenotyetawakenedtothelaborsoftheday,andthestillnessofdeathisoverthestreets;itsveryhueseemstobeimpartedtothem,coldandlifelessastheylookinthegrey,sombre(dim)lightofdaybreak.Excerpt5(3)vApartiallyopenedbedroomwindowhereandtherebespeaks(indicates)theheatoftheweatherandtheuneasyslumbers(sleeps)ofitsoccupant,andthedimscanty(insufficient)flicker(flash)ofalightthroughtheblindsofwindowsdenotesthechamber(room)ofwatchingandsickness.vSaveforthatsadlight,thestreetspresentnosignsoflife,northehousesofhabitation.v日出前的一小时，城里一片冷清和孤寂，我们惯于看到的在一日中其他时刻挤满匆忙人群的大街变得空荡荡、静悄悄，整天人来人往，活动频繁的房屋，此刻门户紧闭，寂静无声。醉鬼，放荡者、犯罪分子都不见了，居民中比较循规蹈矩，持重沉着的人们还没有醒来开始他们一天的工作，大街死一般地寂静，似乎也染上了死一般的色彩，在拂晓阴沉、灰暗的光线里显得冷清而毫无生气。到处都有一扇扇半开半掩的卧室窗户，表明天气炎热，屋主人睡眠不宁，那边百叶窗里透露出摇曳的微光，表明那房间里有人卧病或守夜。除了那忧郁的灯光，街上一片死寂，住房里也没有人活动的迹象。Questionsandbriefanswers:(1)vWhoisthewriterofthisexcerpt?vHeisEnglishnovelistCharlesDickens.vHowdoesDickensdescribeLondon?vHedelineatesthestreetsandbuildings,thewindowsandlights,thepeopleandthedaybreakofthecity,buthedoesnotdirectlydenotewhichcityitis.(2)vWhatisthetoneofthedescription?vFromthemajorityoftheadjectivesandotherdescriptivephrasesused,wecanfindthatthetoneismelancholy,sad,despairingandcritical.Questionsandbriefanswers(3)vWhatisthepurposeofwriting?vItisvividpictureofasicklyanddesolatedcity,whichispenetratingandthoughtful.Obviously,itisnotasimpledescriptionofapersonalimpressionofacity,noramatter-of-factintroductionofacity,itisaprofoundinsightintothecitywhichisfullofcrimes,povertyand(4)vevils,andlackssignsoflife.Itgivesinformationaboutthetime,placeandtheatmosphereoftheplace.Itisthesettingofanovel.vWhatisthelexicalfeatureofthisexcerpt?vAlargenumberofformalanddescriptivewordsareusedforapurposeofcreatingacertainatmosphere.(5)vForwhomisitwritten?vItiswrittenforgeneralreaders.vWhatisitsstylelike?vItisformalindictionandsyntax(sentencepattern)withahostofdescriptivewordsandfigurativeexpressions.v(6)vHowisthestructuregenerated?vItiswell-organized,includingthreeparts:generaldescription,illustrativedetails,andconcludingremarks.vWhatisthegenreofthisexcerpt?vItisaparagraphfromanovel.-博兹札记（SketchesbyBoz）ByCharlesDickensWhatarethedifferencesbetweenliterarylanguageandnon-literarylanguage?v1）Non-literarylanguageisusually“denotative”(直指式的）,itaimsataone-to-onecorrespondencebetweensign(符号)andreferent(指称对象).（orbetweensignifier(能指)andsignified(所指).Itaimstomeetapracticalneedofcommunication,orprovideinformationandfindingsaccurately.(2)vWhileliterarylanguageishighly“connotative”(内涵的）.Itisfarfrommerelyreferential.Itisexpressive,conveyingwritersfeelings,attitudesandtonebetweenthelines;itisambiguous(多歧义的）,theinterpretationvarieswithcontextandreaders;itisintertextual(互文性的），写在最后写在最后成功的基成功的基础在于好的学在于好的学习习惯The foundation of success lies in good habits46谢谢大家荣幸这一路，与你同行ItS An Honor To Walk With You All The Way讲师：XXXXXX XX年XX月XX日
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