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Unit 6Text 1Black English Black English 2Black English 1.Phonetic differences As for phone,the most prominent phonetic character is the simplification of consonant clusters.Words Black English Standard English Passed /pa:s/pa:st/Past /pa:s/pa:st/Desk /des/desk/3Black English SE:thing,thank,thigh,thought BE:thing,thank,thigh,thought(no deviation)BE:dis,dat,dem,dese,dose SE:this,that,them,these,those BE:muvah,bruvah,bafroom,burfdaySE:mother,brother,bathroom,birthday 4Black English 2.Lexical differences A.Spelling E.g.There-dere,without-widout,dont know-dunno,zebra-aebray,himself-hisself Words that indicate the possessive:THEY for THEIR SE:The boys put their hats.BE:The boys put they hats.5Black English B.Difference in meaning and usage a.Be:1)as a link verb,no change,meaning a habit e.g.She be late every day.2)as a future tense e.g.I be going home tomorrow.3)e.g.You aret sick,is you?4)been as a past action e.g.He been there before.6Black English b.Done:1)done equals did e.g.I done my homework this morning.2)as a completed action e.g.I done finish my work today.c.Regular verb without ed:1)She look for me last night.d.Disagreement of verb and pronoun e.g.She have many friends.e.Mixed usage of s e.g.Two girl just left.7Black English 3.Grammatical differences sentence structure of Black English Be:1)none-be rule e.g.He gone.She too tall.2)it is or there go replacing there be e.g.Its many children on the playground.3)double subject e.g.My son,he have a new car.4)double negative e.g.David dont know nothing.8Black EnglishBlack English is the language of black Americans.But not all 36 million African Americans choose to speak black English,especially the educated middle and upper income blacks.The variety of English spoken by some black people in the US.9Black EnglishIn the United States,the term Black English usually refers to the everyday spoken varieties of English used by African Americans,especially of the working class in urban neighborhoods or rural communities.Linguists generally prefer the term African American Vernacular English(AAVE),although some use the term Ebonics,which saw widespread use in the late 1990s.10Black EnglishIn fact,the English spoken by African Americans is highly variedas varied as the English spoken by any other racial or ethnic group.Sometimes Black English is used to refer to other varieties of English spoken by Black people outside of the United States,as in the Caribbean and the United Kingdom.11Why language matters?12Language and Dialect Regional dialects geographical areasSocial dialects social groups13Regional dialects1415Regional dialects16Regional dialects17Regional dialects:Varieties of English18Regional dialects:Varieties of English19Social dialectssocial groups:social class(India caste)religion(Baghdad different varieties of Arabic among the Christian,Jewish and Muslim)ethnicity(US-blacks,Italian and Jewish ethnicity)My Fair Lady 窈窕淑女 cockney20Language and powerA language has more power than any of its dialects.A language is the powerful dialect but it has become so because of non-linguistic factors,political,social religious,economic The standard variety of any language is actually only the preferred dialect of that language that has been chosen for some reason to serve either the model or norm for other varieties.It is the empowered variety.An Introduction to Sociolinguistics by Ronald Wardhaugh 21Language and powerStandard Chinese,Putonghua,MandarinCantoneseParisian French Florentine Italian22Language and powerLearning a dialect or a foreign language Cantonese 1990s Russian 1950s 1960s English 1990s 23Language and powerFrench spoken in Britain after 1066 William the Conqueror aristocracyGerman taught in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine Province in 1873 after Napoleon lost to Prussia 24Language and identityA particular group of people finds a sense of identity through using a particular language.Social,political,religious,or ethnic ties may also be important for the group,but the bond provided by a common language may prove to be the strongest tie of all.In the 19th century,a German nation was unified around the German language.In the 18th century,the same with Russian for Russian peopleHebrew unified Jewish people after WWII.“When a people are enslaved,as long as they hold fast to their language it is as if they had the key to their prison.”Monsieur Hamel in The Last Lesson by Alphonse Daudet25 The language we speak defines who we are and where we stand in the society and the world.26Thesis Thesis statement:(P1)actually he is speaking a radically different dialect that is as consistent and elegant as whites consider their Standard English to be.Thesis restatetment:(P7)Black English is using a different set of rules than those of Standard English.27P1Black English?colloquial,incorrect and inferior form of Standard Englisha dialect with its own grammar,vocabulary and sound system28P1Very few white Americans are aware of the extent to which the great majority of black Americans suffer from linguistic schizophrenia.Very few white Americans are aware how confused and bewildered the great majority of black feel because of the language they speak.29P1schizophrenia skitsfrini:a serious mental illness.People who suffer from it are unable to relate their thoughts and feelings to what is happening around them and often withdraw from society 精神分裂症diglossia:bilingual,with two varieties of the same languagecolloquial:spoken,informal,non-literarybe stigmatized:be ashamed e.g.Children in single families must not be stigmatized.consistent:(here)logical30P2Two different views on BElthe racist:physical characteristic(anatomy of race)inferior eradicatedlthe well-intentioned liberals:educational deprivation a dialectBoth views are wrong.Why?History shows that BE has been a different language from the very beginning.It is a different language in its own right.31P2The whole subject of BE is so tied up with both racism and good intention that it rarely is discussed calmly.be tied up:be very closely related to The study of BE involves issues,such as racism and good intention,so it has never been discussed seriously and fairly.32P2racist:a person with a prejudiced belief that one race is superior to others liberal:a person who believes people should have a lot of freedom in deciding how to behave and thinkattribute sth.to sth.:believe sth.is caused by sth.eradicate:get rid of completelydetect:find33P2much of a.:a big （否）一个大的,了不起的e.g.联想在国外可能没有很强的品牌效应，但收购外国公司一事却对其在中国的发展帮助不小。Lenovo might not have much of a brand overseas,but its acquisition of a foreign firm has helped it in China.(The Washington Post)34P2much of a.:a big （否）一个大的,了不起的e.g.联想在国外可能没有很强的品牌效应，但收购外国公司一事却对其在中国的发展帮助不小。Lenovo might not have much of a brand overseas,but its acquisition of a foreign firm has helped it in China.(The Washington Post)35P2departure:difference,deviation,breach,violation 违反,背离e.g.这一举措是对传统习俗惊人的背离。Such a move is a startling departure from tradition.这个做法背离了我们的初衷。This is a departure from our original intention.36P3What should be taken into consideration when describing BE?vocabulary,history,sound system,basic structure not only the vocabulary that has come into Standard EnglishWhat is the wrong impression about BE some white people have got?They think they talk in a genuine black way because they use some words from BE.spirited vocabulary:words with features of the blacks,which are lively and full of vigor talk real soul to sb.:talk to sb.heart to heart 37P3Why are the borrowed words not so important in describing BE?They are like the words in SE.They originated by the same process as slangs,jargons,argot words in SE and have seeped out to become part of the general vocabulary.They are superficial because they change from year to year.give rise to:cause,lead toproperty:quality,characteristic 38P3groovy:very good,very chic Your new dress is groovy.square:old-fashioned,conventional Be there or be square!jive:n.nonsense;v.cheat Dont give me any of that jive!chick:girl chick flickdig:understand Do you dig?rip off:charge too much Its a rip-off.39P4Five major influences on BE:African languagesWest African pidgina Plantation Creole once spoken by slaves in S.US and N.CanadaStandard English Urbanization in the northern ghettoes40P4Pidgin language:simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common.It is most commonly employed in situations such as trade,or where both groups speak languages different from the language of the country in which they reside(but where there is no common language between the groups).41e.g.Chinese+English:洋泾浜英语（白鸽英语）19世纪中外商人使用的混杂语言，只有口头形式，没有统一的书面形式，变体很多。其语法不符合英语习惯，语音受汉语影响。流行于当时的上海洋泾浜周边地区。中式英语的一种。英语英语+上海话上海话(+宁波话宁波话+粤语粤语)concession comprador42 Long time no see.Man mountain man sea,today no see,tomorrow see,tomorrow see,same see.马赛克mosaic 水门汀cement 瓦斯gas 开司米cashmere 派对party卡片card 啤酒beer 酒吧bar 沙丁鱼sardine 车胎tire 士多店store发嗲dear 蹩脚bilge 时髦smart 邋遢litter闹太套not at all 切克闹check it out 杀马特smart 你out了 好cute 没feel 43P4Creole language:a stable natural language that has developed from a pidgin.Creoles differ from pidgins because creoles have been nativized by children as their primary language,with the result that they have features of natural languages that are normally missing from pidgins,which are not anyones first language.English-based French-based Portuguese-based Jamaican Creole,Hawaii Creole Seychelles Creole,Haitian Creolee.g.Hong Kong Cantonese English+Cantonese MacanesePortuguese+Cantonese 协和语（满洲国）Japanese+Chinese 44P4ghetto:get formerly the restricted quarter of many European cities in which Jews were required to live (从前某些欧洲城市中的)犹太人区，“隔都”a poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions (城市中)少数民族聚居区e.g.the black ghettos of New York 纽约黑人聚居区long denied:ignored and unnoticed for a long time45P4compelling:strong,convincing 令人信服的pelling argument compelling film compelling eyes tote:carry a tote bagchigger:miteyam:sweet potatotater:potato46P4Why is Turners study cited here?to support the view that todays BE is a different language based on some Western African languages for the many resemblances in pronunciation,vocabulary,and grammar between them,so BE is not a non-standard departure from English.47P5regardless of:in spite ofHow does pidginization contribute to the formation of BE?The blacks brought from different areas in Africa to N.America as slaves needed a common speech to communicate with each other.That resulted in a kind of English-based pidgin,which in part contribute to the formation of BE.48P6graft:v.addto；transplant 加入；移植,嫁接graft on/onto e.g.graft new elements onto the traditional form graft a bone on the damage kneen.a skin graft 49P7The wonder is that it took people so long to realize that BE is neither a mispronunciation of SE nor an accumulation of random errors made in the grammar of SE.I dont understand why people are reluctant to see that BE is not a language that is phonetically and grammatical inferior to SE.utterance:expression 50P7beside the point:not the most important thing 不是重点，无关紧要e.g.Whether this proposal will truly fulfill the ICBs objectives is almost beside the point.beside the point:离题 =beside the questionto the point:切中要害,切题51P7People may not regard utterances in BE to be“good English”but that is beside the point,because BE is using a different set of rules than those of SE.It is not the most important thing whether people think BE is not“good English”,because it has developed a totally different set of rules from SE.52Types of evidenceexamples(P3,4,5)groovy,square,jive,rap,cool,chick,dig,rip off P3 such as tote,chigger,yam,and tatter P4 For example,He done close the door P5historical facts(P4,5)53ExercisesIII.Translation 11)The musicians integration of modern jazz and classical music in his latest composition marked a departure from his previous style.2)The discussion is purely academic;thus any remark concerning the speakers political background would be entirely beside the point.3)Small as the crack on the pipe is,residents in the neighborhood can still smell the gas that has been seeping out.4)The whole family is stigmatized for having a son in prison for robbery.5)The doctors decided to graft a piece of skin taken from his thigh onto his face,which was severely burnt.6)One of the goal set by the government to improve public hygiene is to eradicate diseases such as malaria and cholera,which have taken heavy tolls in the country.7)For lack of compelling evidence,the suspect has not so far been convicted.8)How a person speaks and behaves is closely tied up with his family and educational background.542.黑人英语这个话题和种族主义及善解人意两者都有紧密的联系，所以哪怕是这个领域的专家对这一话题也很难进行冷静的讨论。一个极端是种族主义者，他们有意无意地把黑人的说话方式归咎于黑人的厚嘴唇和大舌头这些生理特征，他们认定黑人英语 是一种必须要被淘汰的低劣的语言方式。另一极端是那些善解人意、思想开明的人，他们否认发现黑人英语和白人英语有多大区别，在他们看来黑人英语不过就是美国南部的一种方言而已，之所以和白人的英语有差别是因为黑人所受教育不足。55I.Grammar1.Peter does not know for sure what RSVP on the invitation to dinner stands for.2.The writer would rather gaze at a toffee than eat it.3.Children are susceptible to stomach trouble if they fast deliberately in the morning.4.A case of food poisoning had been diagnosed in the hospital for the aged.5.The bride and bridegrooms duet has taken the guests by storm.6.On no account may/must you/are you(to)leave the party early because you are the guest of honour.7.Nancy was in no condition to work after two days of fasting in order to be slim.8.Membership of the gourmet club is restricted to people over 18.56II.Vocabulary 3.1.thin 2.condemnation3.lowest ranking4.disrespect5.partial6.invigorating7.strict8.starved9.fast10.dreadful/ghastly11.sharpened12.dull13.agony/misery14.effectiveness/potency15.grant16.imperceptible17.inundated/flooded 18.rejoiced57
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