西方古典文明及其遗产课件

璀璨之光-古希腊罗马文明及其历史遗产TheLegacyofGreco-RomanCivilization(500b.c.e.400c.e.)ThreeEras:Ancient,Medieval,Modern1.Ancient0-500ADGreco-RomanworldBirthofChristianity2.Medieval 500-1500HolyRomanEmpire&IslamicempiresSpreadofChristianity&Islam3.Modern1500-2000AgeofEmpiresReformation&Enlightenment 3a.Modern/Contemporary1900-presentNationstates1.GlobalChristianity&Islam,Westernsecularism:Mainelementsofculture/civilization?TheWorld3rdCenturyB.C.E.GreekCityStates550B.C.E.TheCityStateGreekcivilizationdevelopedchieflyinsmallcity-states.Acity-state(polis)consistedofacityortownandthesurroundingvillagesandfarmland.TheGreekcity-stateswerefiercelyindependentandoftenquarreledamongthemselves.Buttheirsmallsizeandconstantrivalryhadcertainadvantages.AthensandSpartaCitizensofacity-statewerestronglypatriotic,andmanycitizenstookpartinpublicaffairs.Themostadvancedcity-statesestablishedtheworldsfirstdemocraticgovernments.Thebest-knowncity-stateswereAthensandSparta.TheCityStateTheancientGreekcity-stateneverbecameunitedintoanation.However,acommonlanguage,religion,andculture,boundthepeopletogether.TheGreekscalledthemselvesHellenesandtheirlandHellas.Theythoughtofthemselvesasdifferentfromallotherpeoples,whomtheycalledbarbarians.CharacteristicsofAncientGreeceTheancientGreeksprizedtheirfreedomandwayoflife.Thiswayoflifestressedtheimportanceoftheindividualandencouragedcreativethought.Greekthinkerslaidthefoundationsofscienceandphilosophybyseekinglogicalexplanationsforwhathappenedintheworldaroundthem.Let us do a comparison between two Greek city-statesDemocracyall citizens(free males)participated in government activitiesAll citizens were equal before the lawWomen and slaves were denied citizenshipYoung Athenians developed their artistic,and intellectual sides.Philosophy,mathematics,science,and drama flourished.Pursued individual wealthIndividuality very importantIndividual quest for happiness importantTotalitarianism:a form of government that uses force and power to rule its own people.Spartan society was divided into 3 groups;1.slavesprovided food and labor2.womentaught to be fit,brave,patriotic,and make babies for Sparta3.Menall became warriorsNewborn babies judged to be weak were killedBoys at the age of 7 were taken from home to live in army barracks and received military trainingThey were barefoot and wore minimal clothing to toughen them upGave up wealth as unpatrioticSpartan men glorified war!No room for individualityState before the individual is most importantATHENSSPARTAThe following modern quotes are more like Athens or Sparta?“All development is struggle”“Only force rules”“all men are created equal”“liberty and the pursuit of happiness”“history has been determined by the principle of force and power”“governments derive their power from the consent of the governed”Two men are responsible for these quotes.One stressed equality and democracy.The other stressed totalitarianismstate before individual.House point challenge:who were they?What does this political cartoon have to do with what we are learning?1、GreekDemocracy1.1The Origins of Democracy“demos”=“thepeople”“cracy”=“torule”DemocracyGeneralassembliesinwhichallcitizenscouldparticipateDirectdemocracynotelectedrepresentatives.Metevery10daysEvery“man”hadhissayandcouldvoicehisopinionChangingGovernmentsGreekcity-statestriedvariousformsofgovernmentmonarchy:oneperson(king/monarch)rulesgovtaristocracy:govtruledbysmallgroupofnoble,land-owningfamiliesoligarchy:govtruledbyafew,powerfulpeople(wealthymerchants,nobility,etc.)democracy:ruleofthepeopledespotismPericleanDeathlessFuneralSpeechOurconstitutiondoesnotcopythelawsofneighbouringstates;weareratherapatterntoothersthanimitatorsourselves.Itsadministrationfavoursthemanyinsteadofthefew;thisiswhyitiscalledademocracy.Ifwelooktothelaws,theyaffordequaljusticetoallintheirprivatedifferences;iftosocialstanding,advancementinpubliclifefallstoreputationforcapacity,classconsiderationsnotbeingallowedtointerferewithmerit;noragaindoespovertybartheway,ifamanisabletoservethestate,heisnothinderedbytheobscurityofhiscondition.Thefreedomwhichweenjoyinourgovernmentextendsalsotoourordinarylife.Solon(638B.C.-558B.C.)Outlawed indentured slavery&cancelled farmers debts.Established 4 classes of citizenship based on wealth,not heredity(born into)more rights&opportunitiesonly top 3 classes were eligible to hold office but citizens could voteCreated Council of 400&these reforms:increased participation in government made laws more faircreated beneficial economic reforms(trade)Citizens=all free adult males.only 1/10 of population were citizenswomen,slaves(1/3 of population),&foreigners were excludedCleisthenes(570B.C.-507B.C.)ExpandedtheCouncilof400to500memberschosenrandomlyBrokeupthepowerofthenobilitypoorcitizenshadmoreinvolvementTriedtobalancerich&poorCitizenswereallowedtosubmitlawstogovtOnly1/5ofpopulationwerecitizensPericles(495B.C.429B.C.)GreeksfightPersianinvaderstryingtoconquerGreece(490-479)DemocracysurvivesPericlespaidjurors&increasedthenumberofpaidpublicofficialsthisallowedpoorcitizenstoparticipateingovernmentDIRECT DEMOCRACY=citizensruledirectly&makelaws(norepresentatives)hewasveryproudofAthensdemocracyWhyRememberGreekDemocracy?BelievedcitizensshouldhaveasayingovtVotingpublicdebatemakinglawsservingonjuriesholdingofficeDIRECTDEMOCRACY!TheGreekshadestablishedadirectdemocracyandthreebranchesofgovernment:legislative tomakelawsexecutive tocarryoutlawsjudicial tointerpretlawsindisputeDirect participation was the key to Athenian democracy.In the Assembly,every male citizen was not only entitled to attend as often as he pleased but also had the right to debate,offer amendments,and vote on proposals.Every man had a say in whether to declare war or stay in peace.Basically any thing that required a government decision,all male citizens were allowed to participate in.but“citizens”didNOTincludeLandlessmalesSlaves1/3ofpopulationWomenWhichmeantonly10-15%ofthepopulationvotedComparedtomoderndemocracies,AtheniandemocracywasmoreexclusiveanddirectlyparticipatoryDemocracyCrumblesCivilwarbreaksoutinGreeceAthensvs.Sparta(PeloponnesianWar),thenMacedoniaconquersAlexandertheGreatDemocracydoesnotdie3incredibleGreekphilosopherscontinuedemocraticideasusedLOGIC&REASONtoinvestigatethenatureoftheuniverse,humansociety,andmoralitySocrates(469B.C.399B.C.)QUESTIONyourbeliefs(analyze)Why do you believe what you believe?SocraticMethodquestion-and-answerapproachtounderstandbeliefs&learnwentagainstsuperstitionandillogicalbeliefsTheuniversewascreatedandoperatesinanorderlyway,notbasedonthewhimsofgodsquestion everything including authority!Chargedwithtreasontothegods&executed(hemlock)Plato(428B.C.-348B.C.)Socrates student,wrote The RepublicMain ideas:PHILOSOPHER KING,the wisest person,should rule(not the richest or strongest)He didnt think average people were capable of governingThought a ruler became a danger to the people when the ruler has too much freedomCreates the Academylasts nearly 900 yearsElite,not open to publicAristotle(384B.C.322B.C.)Platos studentMiddle Class!Politics people are political by naturethey must live in a state with a structured governmentMain ideasleaders act selfishly and against the best interest of the peopleThe government must follow the law!GreekinfluenceBythe2ndcentury,RomeconqueredGreeceandadmiredtheGreekculture.EducatedRomanslearnedtheGreeklanguage.ThetwoculturesmixedintowhatbecameknownasGreco-Romanculture,alsoknownasclassicalcivilization.From the Greeks to the Romans Greeks contributed to the development of WESTERN CIVILIZATIONIndividualism,science,government,drama,architecture,art,philosophy,exploration,and innovation.The Romans contributed to the development of Western Civilization tooThe center of this civilization was the city of Rome,in Italy.2、ImmortalRome?SomepeoplesaythatRomeisimmortalbecauseRomelivedforeverthroughitsinfluenceinarchitecture,art,law,literature,language,andphilosophy.AlmosteverywherewelookwecanfindsomethingthatcanbetracedbacktotheancientRomanempire.Roman SculptureCreated realistic portraits in stone.Bas-relief:images project from a flat backgroundUsed to tell storiesRepresent people,soldiers,landscapeRoman MosaicsMosaics were pictures or designs made by setting small pieces of stone,glass,or tile onto surface.Roman FrescoesMost wealthy Romans had large,bright murals,called frescoes,painted directly on their walls.RomanvillahomeofwealthyRomansRoman EngineeringRomans excelled in the practical arts of building and perfecting their engineering skillsRoman ArchitectureRomans emphasized grandeur to show power and dignity.Improved on the arch and the domePantheonA temple to all the Roman GodsColosseum角斗场One of the greatest feats of Roman engineeringColossus giganticHome of gladiator fights,to animal huntsRoman AqueductsBridgelike structures carried water from mountains into cities.Roman RoadsConstructed throughout the Roman Empire,over 52,000 milesWere effective in helping to move the army from place to place,and trade within the empire.Exampleofhowpeopleadapttotheirenvironment.Roman LawMost lasting and widespread contributionLaws were fair and applied equally to all people.All persons had the right to equal treatment under the law.Innocent until proven guiltyThe burden of proof lies with the accuser,not the accused.A person should be punished for actions,not for thoughts.Guilt must be established“clearer than daylight”through evidence.These laws became the basis for legal systems in Europe and Latin AmericaRomanWrittenLawWhenlawswerenotwrittendown,patriciansoften“interpreted”lawsinwhateverwayssuitedthemPlebiansdemandedthatlawsbewrittendownImportance:allfreecitizenshadtherighttoprotectionoflaw&LAWSAPPLYEQUALLYTOEVERYONEThe Romans set up a REPUBLIC a form of government without a king or queen the term republic is generally applied to a state where the governments political power depends solely on the consent of the people governed.The Roman republic grew to be a great power by conquering lands and then bringing the conquered peoples into its systemEveryone wanted to be a Roman citizen!While the Greeks lived in small city-states,each governed by different laws,the Romans controlled an enormous amount of territory.RomanlawRomesmostlastingandwidespreadcontribution.Believedthatthelawshouldbefairandapplyequallytoallpeople,richandpoor.Definition1.ThelegalsystemofancientRome2.SystemoflawdevelopedintheRepublicofRome,theRomanEmpireandtheByzantineEmpireTheTwelveTablets(451-450)Earliestattemptbyromanstocreateacodeoflaw.Earliestsurvivingpieceofliteraturecomingfromtheromans.TABLEI-Procedure:forcourtsandtrialsTABLEII-Trials,continued.TABLEIII-DebtTABLEIV-Rightsoffathers(paterfamilias)overthefamilyTABLEV-LegalguardianshipandinheritancelawsTABLEVI-AcquisitionandpossessionTABLEVII-LandrightsTABLEVIII-Tortsanddelicts(Lawsofinjury)TABLEIX-PubliclawTABLEX-SacredlawTABLEXI-SupplementTABLEXII-SupplementIISimilartoTheUSsprotectiononproperty,socialsecurity,etc.lawusedtoprotectwhatpeopleownedandwhatpeoplewereintitledto.Tables1-41.Youmustappearincourtifyouaresummoned2.Ifawitnessdoesnotshowincourt,theywillbesummonedeverythreedaysuntiltheyshow3.Youhave30daystopayadebt4.Ifachildisborndeformed,theywillbekilledimmediately&inheritancegoestotheeldestsonTables5-85.Femalesmusthaveaguardian6.Youcannottakeanotherpersonsproperty7.Roadsmustbekeptinorder8.Thievescannotbekilledbyday;seditiousgatheringsatnightareforbiddenTables9-129.Thepenaltyofreceivingabribeisdeath10.Youcannotbury/burnacorpsewithinthecity;womencannotwail/cryatfunerals11.MarriagesbetweenPlebeians（平民）andPatricians（贵族）areforbidden12.WhateverlawsarepassedbytheSenate,areofficiallawsintheempire.RomanLawWith citizenship in the Roman Empire came full access to Rome-appointed judges and uniform laws.Property RightsCommerce Marriage/Divorce The word divorce is from the Latin word divortium,meaning separation,or to turn and go separate ways.Inheritance Legal CodePrinciplesofRomanlawAllpersonshadtherighttoequaltreatmentunderthelaw.Apersonwasconsideredinnocentuntilprovenguilty.Theburdenofproofrestedwiththeaccuserratherthantheaccused.Apersonshouldbepunishedonlyforactions,notthoughts.Anylawthatseemedunreasonablecouldbesetaside.HeritageofRomanLawsMostwesternsocietieshavelawsbasedofoftheRomancodes.RomanlawwascommonintheMiddleAges.Theselawsystemsthenevolvedintomodernlaws.SomepartsofGermanyhadusedRomanlawuntilasrecentlyas1900.JustinianRomanLawTodayPlaceslikeSouthAfricaandSanMarinoarestillbasedontheius commune,orcommonlaw,alsothecommonbasisoflegalpracticeeverywhere.Itisoftenusedbycivillawjuriststoreferaspectsofthecivillawsystemslegalprinciples.RomanlawhashadahugeimpactonEuropeanlegalandpoliticalthought.Romanlawisnotusedbutisstillamanditorystudyforlawstudentsincivillawjurisdictions.RomanlawintheancientworldhadaunifyinginfluencethroughoutmedievalandmodernEuropeTheLegacyofGreco-RomanCivilizationUndertheRomanempirehundredsofterritorieswereknittedintoasinglestategovernedinthesamemanner.TheRomanswereproudoftheirabilitytorulebutacknowledgedGreekleadershipinthefieldsofart,architectures,literature,andphilosophy.BysecondcenturyB.C.,RomehadconqueredGreeceandeducatedRomanslearnedtheGreeklanguage.TheLegacyofGreco-RomanCivilizationThemixingofelementsofGreek,Hellenistic,andRomancultureproducedanewculturecalled,Greco-RomanCulture.(akaclassicalcivilization)RomanartistandphilosophersdidnotsimplycopytheGreekandHellenisticmodels,butadaptedthemtotheirownpurposeanduse.RomanliteratureandartcametoconveytheRomanidealsofstrength,permanenceandsolidity.Greco-Roman CivilizationRomans borrowed ideas from the Greeks.Romans believed that Greek art,literature,philosophy,and scientific genius were above others.Blending of Greek,Hellenistic(Greek,Persian,Egyptian,Indian),and Roman culture=Greco-Roman CivilizationTheGreco-Romanlegacy=modernEurope:1.Religion:Christianity(=the Greco-Roman religion)2.Language:Latin alphabet,Latin concepts3.Public order:rule of law,citizenship,republic/monarchy4.Science and philosophy(Greek)5.The Arts:literature,drama,painting,sculpture,architecture,music