Chapter9History英语国家概况课件

The United States of America英语国家概况英语国家概况The United States of America英语Chapter 9 HistoryThe United States of America英语国家概况英语国家概况Chapter 9 HistoryThe United Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressAmerica in the Colonial EraIThe War of IndependenceIIThe Civil WarIIIAmerica in the 20th CenturyIVAmerica in the 21st CenturyVCONTENTAmerica in the Colonial EraITh Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressAmerica in the Colonial EraI 1.2 Boston Tea Party 1.3 The First Continental Congress 1.1 Pilgrim Fathers America in the Colonial EraI Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Press 1.1 Pilgrim FathersvIn 1620,Puritansthe Pilgrim Fathers sailed for Virginia aboard the ship Mayflower.v Reason to flee from England:to avoid the religious persecutionvLanded in what is now Plymouth,Massachusetts.1.1 Pilgrim FathersIn 16 Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Press 1.2 Boston Tea PartyThe independence of the Massachusetts colonial government was curtailed,and more British soldiers were sent to the Port of Boston.v In 1773,patriots staged the“Boston Tea Party”in response to the tea tax.v British Parliament then passed The Intolerable Acts:They boarded British merchant ships and tossed 342 crates of tea into Boston harbor.1.2 Boston Tea PartyThe Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Press1.3 The First Continental CongressvThe First Continental CongressSeptember,1774A meeting of colonial leaders who opposed British oppression was held in Philadelphia.They urged Americans to disobey The Intolerable Acts and to boycott(抵制)British trade.At the same time,the colonists began to defend themselves.1.3 The First Continental Con Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressThe War of IndependenceII 2.1 The Shot of Lexington 2.2 The Second Continental Congress 2.3 Declaration of Independence 2.4 Process of the War 2.5 The Establishment of the Constitution The War of IndependenceII 2.Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvOn April 19,British troops were sent to Lexington and Concord to disarm the American militiamen.vThe first shot in the American War of Independence.2.1 The Shot of LexingtonOn April 19,British troops we Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Press 2.2 The Second Continental CongressvHeld in Philadelphia in May 1775 vAssume the functions of a national governmentFounding Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington.Printing paper money and opening diplomaticrelations with foreign powers.2.2 The Second Continenta Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvGeorge Washington,a wealthy Virginia planter,was respected as a man of ability and integrity.Once a colonel in the French and Indian War;One of the few Americans with considerable military experience;Led the continental army to the victory of the Independence War.George Washington 2.2 The Second Continental CongressGeorge Washington,a wealthy V Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Press2.3 Declaration of IndependencevOn July 4,1776,the Declaration of Independence was signed.Q.What does the Declaration of Independence tell us?A:It tells of the theory of politics,which latter is central to the Western political tradition:Men has a natural right to“Life,Liberty and the pursuit of happiness”.Government can rule only with“the consent of the governed”;Any government may be dissolved when it fails to protect the right of the people.2.3 Declaration of Independenc Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvThe Declaration of Independence was draft by Thomas Jefferson.vIt had two parts:The first part justified the right of people to rebel against a government that denied them their natural rights.The second part was a detailed indictment of King George for cruelties,crimes and illegal political acts against humanity and America.2.3 Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independenc Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvAfter being printed,the copies were sent out,broadcast and read to crowds everywhere.The document greatly encouraged the struggling people,making them think that they should be independent and have the right to enjoy liberty.They were beginning to show more interests in a common cause.Both a great influence on the course of the war and a far-reaching influence in world history as well.2.3 Declaration of Independence2.3 Declaration of Independenc Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Pressv It dragged on for seven years.v Obstacles for the continental army:No enough supplies.Tired and hungry,while British troops fresh and well-equipped.By the middle of December,1776,the Revolution seemed lost.vThe victory at Saratoga(1777,October)turning point.Watch the video clipQ.How did the war develop?And which battle marked the turning point of the war?2.4 Process of the War It dragged on for seven yearsProcess of the WarProcess of the War Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvThe assistance from FranceBenjamin Franklina messenger to Europe to get help from other countries.The French King made two agreements with Franklin:France would take part in the war against England.They agreed to trade with each other.vSpain and Holland joined France against Englanda quick end to the war.2.4 Process of the WarThe assistance from France Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvIn 1781,a decisive victory at Yorktown in VirginiavOn October 19,1781,the British general Cornwallis was forced to surrender,the war came to an end.vThe two parts signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783America won its independence 2.4 Process of the War 2.4 Process of the War Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Press 2.5 The Establishment of ConstitutionvOn May 25,1787,the constitution was drafted.vIn June 1789,the constitution came into effect in nine states.vTen amendmentsThe Bill of Rightswere added to the Constitution in 1791.2.5 The Establishment of Co Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressThe Civil WarIII 3.1 Causes of Civil War 3.2 Comparison of Power 3.3 The Fierce War 3.4 Influence of the Civil War The Civil WarIII Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Press 3.1 Causes of Civil Warv3.1.1 Economic reason:two different economic systems v3.1.2 Political reasonThe NorthFederal Government as a unionThe SouthThe Confederate Government:the independence of each state Q.What was the essential cause of the Civil War?3.1 Causes of Civil War3 Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvTwo different economic systems existed side by side In the Southslavery was the foundation The slave economyan obstacle to industrial growth and expansion In the Northcommerce and industry led the economyIndustrial economy required the restriction of slavery and territory for raw materials,markets and labor supply vEconomic antagonism led to increased conflicts between North and South.3.1.1 Economic reasonTwo different economic systems Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressSouthern Cotton PlantationWhitneys Cotton Gin3.1.1 Economic reasonSouthern Cotton PlantationWhit Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Press3.2 Comparison of PowervThe North:twenty-three states,22 million populationabundant facilities to manufacture arms and ammunition,clothing,and other suppliesmerchant marines and the navy remained in Union handsfederal government was better able to raise fund for war3.2 Comparison of Power Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Pressv The South:eleven states,9 million populationmilitary advantages:actively preparing for war in possession of many federal forts and arsenalssuperior military leadership:a third of the regular armys officers were from the Southfighting on its own soil3.2 Comparison of Power The South:3.2 Comparison of Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Press3.2 Comparison of Power3.2 Comparison of Power Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvThe eastern arenaVirginia.vthe western Arenaareas west to the Appalachian Range and the Mississippi River areavConfederate army won many battles on the Eastern Arena while they were defeated again and again on the Western Arena.3.3 The Fierce War3.3 The Fierce War Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Press3.3 The Fierce WarvOn Feb 4,1861,Abraham Lincoln took officevAbraham Lincoln a young man&lawyer in Illinoisbegan his political career by serving four terms in the state legislature and then one term in the House of Representatives He insisted slavery was evil and should be restricted and ultimately abolished3.3 The Fierce WarOn Feb 4,186 Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvChallenges Abraham Lincoln faced:first prioritykeeping the United States one country11 southern states seceded from Federal Union proclaimed an independent nationfreedom for black peoplesecondary objective issued the Emancipation Proclamation(解放宣言),granting freedom to all slaves.3.3 The Fierce WarChallenges Abraham Lincoln fac Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvGettysburgturning point of the warUnion army defeated one Confederate army later all other Confederate forces soon surrendered vOn April 14,Lincoln was assassinated by actor John Wilkes Booth.3.3 The Fierce War3.3 The Fierce War Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressThe Lincoln Memorial,made of marble from Colorado and Tennessee and limestone from Indiana,stands in West Potomac Park in Washington,D.C.3.3 The Fierce WarThe Lincoln Memorial,made of Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA.1)abolished the slave system 2)swept the obstacles to the development of US capitalist production3.4 Influence of the Civil WarQ.What was the significance of the Civil War?A.1)abolished the slave sys Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressAmerica in the 20th CenturyIV 4.1 World War I 4.2 Post WWI to the 1940s 4.3 World War II 4.4 Post WWII Years America in the 20th CenturyIV Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Pressv Outbreak of the First World WarInevitable result of contradiction between two groups of imperialist powers:AlliesBritain,France,and RussiaThe Central European PowersGermany,Austria-Hungary and Italy The political,economic and colonial rivalries of the great powers.4.1 World War I Outbreak of the First World WWorld War I World War I Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Press4.1 World War IQ.Why did America enter World War I?Germans submarines sank ships going to England injuring American trade.Germany promised the Mexicans a chance“to regain its lost territory by the war against the US”.After two years fighting,both sides grew wearya good chance for America to enter the war.4.1 World War IQ.Why did Amer Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Press4.1 World War IvUS entered the war in 1917 More than 4 million Americans went to the battlefieldplaying an important role in turning the tide of the war:broke German defense linehelped the British break German submarine blockadevThe German Government appealed to President Wilson for peace settlement vAn armistice(停火协议停火协议)was concluded in November 1918 4.1 World War IUS entered the Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.2 Post WWI to the 1940svThe booming 1920s The 1920s electionthe first for women voted for a presidential candidate.prevailing prosperity,conservative governmental policyprivate business received substantial encouragement 4.2 Post WWI to the 1940sTh Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvThe Great Depression In 1929 the stock market crashed,wiping out 40 percent of the paper values of common stock.Depression deepened,many lost their life savings By 1933 the value of stock on the New York Stock Exchange shrank by over 4/5vCore of the problemimmense disparity between the productive capacity and the ability of people to consume 4.2 Post WWI to the 1940sThe Great Depression 4.2 PoWithdrawal of CashHoover Village People Waiting for Relief People Waiting for Relief Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvFranklin D.Roosevelts New DealIn 1933 Roosevelt rallied the people to the banner of his program,known as the“New Deal”.It helped the country get out of the depression 4.2 Post WWI to the 1940s“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”Franklin D.RooseveltFranklin D.Roosevelts New De Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvWorld War II broke out in September,1939 and ended in August,1945.vBackground of the war The World Spread economic crisis Germany and Italy began their ways of fascism and military expansion.Japan meant to conquer China and Southeast Asia by military expansion.4.3 World War II4.3 World War II Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA sit-on-the-fence policy do trade with the warring countries,including the aggressorsbelieve in“glorious isolation”Its negative effect:Isolationism encouraged Nazi and Adolph Hitler to believe that they could rely on American neutrality and their victims could not buy munitions in US.Japan believed that pacifist US would not fight for the integrity of China.4.3 World War IIQ.What is Americas foreign policy in the early stage of World War II?A sit-on-the-fence policy 4.3 Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Pressv On the morning of December 7,1941,Japanese air force attacked the US Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor,Hawaii.It was the direct cause for Americas entrance into the war.4.3 World War II On the morning of December 7 Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvConference at Potsdam Heads of the US,British and Soviet Union met at Potsdam,to discuss operations against Japan,the peace settlement in Europe,and a policy for the future of Germany.Agreement at the conference:Need to assist in the reeducation of a German generation reared under Nazism,and to define principles governing the restoration of democratic political life to GermanyAgreed to the trial of Nazi leaders accused of crimes against humanity4.3 World War IIConference at Potsdam 4.3 Worl4.3 World War II4.3 World War II Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvEnd of WWIIThe US airforce dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima On August 6 and on Nagasaki on August 8.On September 2,1945,Japan surrendered.4.3 World War IIEnd of WWII4.3 World War II Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvThe Cold War United Nations in 1945a new and better world would emerge from World War II.The conflict between the two superpowers Russia and the US increased and later led to the Cold War.4.4 Post WWII Years vTruman DoctrineIn the Spring of 1947,President Truman declared the“Truman Doctrine”so as to expand American sphere of influence and establish the US hegemony(霸权).This marked the beginning of the Cold War.The Cold War 4.4 Post WWII Yea Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvNATO In 1949,the United Statesin company with 11 other powersentered into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO).vThe Korean War The US aggressed Korea in June 1950A ceasefire agreement was signed in the summer of 1953marked the US failure and the end of the war.4.4 Post WWII Years Korean War MemorialNATO The Korean War 4.4 Post W Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvThe Vietnam WarA long-time suffering for the US Started under Eisenhower and continued by Kennedy and JohnsonIn 1965 US sent in troops to prevent the South Vietnamese government from collapsing.Ultimately,a failureIn 1975 Vietnam was reunified under Communist control.4.4 Post WWII Years The Vietnam War4.4 Post WWII Y Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvTwo other diplomatic breakthroughs:Re-establishing US relations with the Peoples Republic of ChinaNegotiating the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the Soviet Union4.4 Post WWII Years Two other diplomatic breakthro Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressTable Tennis Foreign PolicyNixonfirst US president visited Beijing.The“Shanghai Communiqu”a new US policy:there was one China;Taiwan was part of China;a peaceful settlement of the dispute by the Chinese themselves was in American interest.Q.What contributions did Richard Nixon make in promoting the Sino-US relationship?4.4 Post WWII Years Table Tennis Foreign PolicyQ.Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressRichard Nixon&Premier Zhou Enlai4.4 Post WWII Years Richard Nixon&Premier Zhou E Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvAmerica Since 1980s4.4 Post WWII Years Bill Clinton George Herbert Walker Bush Ronald ReaganAmerica Since 1980s4.4 Post W Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvRonald Regan At sixty nine,Reagan became the oldest person ever elected as US President in 1980.Economic programreductions in income taxes and business taxesdeep cuts in federal spending in every area except defense Reagan proposed a wide-ranging program of legislation.4.4 Post WWII Years Ronald Regan 4.4 Post WWII Yea Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvGeorge H.W.BushBush concentrated on social and economic problems.Two WarsThe Gulf War On August 2,1990,Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait&seized downtown Kuwait City Desert Storm Bush rallied the United Nations and Congress and sent troops to Iraq.Destruction of Iraqi Army:weeks of air and missile bombardment&4 days ground attack4.4 Post WWII Years George H.W.Bush4.4 Post WWII Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.4 Post WWII Years vBill Clintonthe third youngest person ever elected as president at forty-six.Economic recoveryWhen he was elected,unemployment7.4%.When voters went to choose his successor in 2000,unemployment3.9%.vNAFTAthe North American Free Trade Agreement among the US,Canada and MexicoCalled for ending restrictions on the flow of goods,services and investmentCalled for the elimination of most import taxes 4.4 Post WWII Years Bill Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressAmerica in the 21st CenturyV 5.1 George W.Bush Period 5.2 The War against Terrorism 5.3 Invasion of Iraq America in the 21st CenturyV Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and R