生理学英文版培训课件

生理学英文版生理学英文版Electrical activities&contraction of Electrical activities&contraction of digestive smooth muscles digestive smooth muscles 2生理学英文版 Secretion ofSecretion of digestive glandsdigestive glands *Main functions of digestive fluidsMain functions of digestive fluids Gastrointestinal innervationGastrointestinal innervation *Intrinsic(or enteric)nervous systemIntrinsic(or enteric)nervous system SubmucosalSubmucosal&myenteric plexus&myenteric plexus *Extrinsic nervous systemExtrinsic nervous system Parasympathetic&sympathetic nervesParasympathetic&sympathetic nerves Gastrointestinal hormonesGastrointestinal hormones *General functionsGeneral functions *Brain-gut peptidesBrain-gut peptides3生理学英文版IntrinsicIntrinsic(or enteric)(or enteric)nervous nervous systemsystem4生理学英文版Extrinsic Extrinsic nervous nervous systemsystem5生理学英文版 2.Digestion in the mouth&esophagus 2.Digestion in the mouth&esophagus SalivaSaliva&its function&its function *Nature&Composition of salivaNature&Composition of saliva pH 6.67.1,99%waterpH 6.67.1,99%water Salivary amylase,lysozyme,salt,etc.Salivary amylase,lysozyme,salt,etc.*FunctionsFunctions of salivaof saliva Moisten the cavity&solve food;keep the Moisten the cavity&solve food;keep the mouth clean;anti-bacteria;digest starch mouth clean;anti-bacteria;digest starch *Regulation of salivary secretionRegulation of salivary secretion Pure neuroregulation Pure neuroregulation Conditioned&unconditioned reflex Conditioned&unconditioned reflex6生理学英文版 Mastication or chewing&its effectsMastication or chewing&its effects *DefinitionDefinition *EffectsEffects Break up large food particles;mixes theBreak up large food particles;mixes the food with saliva;aid swallowing food with saliva;aid swallowing Deglutition or swallowingDeglutition or swallowing *DefinitionDefinition *ProcessProcess 1st,2nd&3rd phase1st,2nd&3rd phase Peristalsis&lower esophageal sphincter Peristalsis&lower esophageal sphincter7生理学英文版Peristalsis of the Peristalsis of the esophagusesophagus8生理学英文版 3.Digestion in the stomach 3.Digestion in the stomach Gastric juiceGastric juice&its secretion&its secretion *Nature,Compositions&functionsNature,Compositions&functions pH 0.91.5,colorless,1.52.5 L/daypH 0.91.5,colorless,1.52.5 L/day Hydrochloric acidHydrochloric acid (HCl)(HCl)Secreted by Secreted by parietal cellsparietal cells Basic secretion:05 mmol/h Basic secretion:05 mmol/h Max secretion:2025 mmol/h Max secretion:2025 mmol/h Mechanism of HCl secretion Mechanism of HCl secretion Functions:see next page Functions:see next page9生理学英文版Relationship between max volume of HCl Relationship between max volume of HCl secretion&the number of parietal cellssecretion&the number of parietal cells10生理学英文版 Functions of HCl:Functions of HCl:T Turn pepsinogen into pepsin&provide a urn pepsinogen into pepsin&provide a medium of low pH favoring pepsin action;medium of low pH favoring pepsin action;KKill many swallowed virulent organisms;ill many swallowed virulent organisms;P Promote the secretion of pacreas&bile;romote the secretion of pacreas&bile;P Promote the absorption of calcium&ferrumromote the absorption of calcium&ferrumPepsinogenPepsinogen Secreted bySecreted by chief cells chief cells&activate by&activate by HClHCl Function:Function:digest proteins into proteoses,digest proteins into proteoses,peptones,peptones,polypeptides,with little free amino acids polypeptides,with little free amino acids11生理学英文版 Mucus Mucus Secreted by Secreted by neck neck&surface mucous cells,surface mucous cells,cardiac&pyloric glands cardiac&pyloric glands Function:form Function:form mucus-bicarbonate barriermucus-bicarbonate barrier Intrinsic factorIntrinsic factor Secreted by Secreted by parietal cellsparietal cells Function:Function:Promote the absorption of Vit BPromote the absorption of Vit B1212*Regulation of gastric secretionRegulation of gastric secretion Endogenous releasing substancesEndogenous releasing substances Acetylcholine(ACh),gastrin&histamine Acetylcholine(ACh),gastrin&histamine Somatostatin(SST)(release-inhibiting)Somatostatin(SST)(release-inhibiting)12生理学英文版Mucus-bicarbonate barrierMucus-bicarbonate barrier13生理学英文版Action of Action of acetylcholine,acetylcholine,gastrin&gastrin&histamine on histamine on the perietal the perietal cellscells14生理学英文版Gastric secretion in the digestive phaseGastric secretion in the digestive phase Cephalic phaseCephalic phase Mechanisms:Mechanisms:C Conditioned&onditioned&U Unconditioned reflexnconditioned reflex V Vagal efferent&with agal efferent&with GGastrin secretionastrin secretion through through gastrin-releasing peptide gastrin-releasing peptide(GRP)(GRP)Experiment:Experiment:Sham feeding Sham feeding by Pavlovby Pavlov Characteristics:Characteristics:L Large quantity(30%)arge quantity(30%)HHigh acidity&digestive powerigh acidity&digestive power15生理学英文版Experiment of Sham feeding by PavlovExperiment of Sham feeding by Pavlov16生理学英文版Gastric phaseGastric phase Mechanisms:Mechanisms:D Distensionistension of gastric fundus&body initiatingof gastric fundus&body initiating vagovagal&local plexus reflexes vagovagal&local plexus reflexes D Distension of pylorus initiating a release of istension of pylorus initiating a release of gastrin through intrinsic plexus gastrin through intrinsic plexus C Chemical stimulation of G cells initiaying ahemical stimulation of G cells initiaying a release of gastrin release of gastrin Experiment:Experiment:Pavlov pouchPavlov pouch Characteristics:Characteristics:L Large quantity(60%)arge quantity(60%)HHigh acidity&digestive powerigh acidity&digestive power17生理学英文版Heidenhain(R)&Pavlov(L)pouchHeidenhain(R)&Pavlov(L)pouch18生理学英文版Intestinal phaseIntestinal phase Mechanisms:Mechanisms:Mainly humoral regulationMainly humoral regulation C Chemical&hemical&MMechanical stimulationechanical stimulation initiating releases of initiating releases of GGastrin,astrin,E Entero-ntero-oxyntin&oxyntin&OOther humoral factorsther humoral factors Experiment:Experiment:Pavlov pouchPavlov pouch Characteristics:Characteristics:S Small quantity(10%)mall quantity(10%)L Lower acidity&digestive powerower acidity&digestive power19生理学英文版Cephalic,Cephalic,gastric,&gastric,&intestinal intestinal phase of phase of gastric gastric juice juice secretionsecretion20生理学英文版Summary of cephalic,gastric,&intestinal Summary of cephalic,gastric,&intestinal phase of gastric juice secretionphase of gastric juice secretion21生理学英文版Inhibitory regulationInhibitory regulation Hydrochloric acid(HCl)Hydrochloric acid(HCl)A typical example of negative feedback A typical example of negative feedback Conditions&Mechanisms:Conditions&Mechanisms:pH pH 1.21.5 in the gastric antrum 1.21.5 in the gastric antrum Inhibition of G cells,Release of SST Inhibition of G cells,Release of SST pH 2.5 in the duodenum pH 2.5 in the duodenum Release of secretin,bulbogastrone Release of secretin,bulbogastrone Fat:Fat:Initiating release of Initiating release of enterogastroneenterogastrone Hypertonic solution:Hypertonic solution:Entero-gastric reflexEntero-gastric reflex22生理学英文版 Gastric motility&emptyingGastric motility&emptying *Main types of Main types of gastric motilitygastric motility Tonic contractionTonic contraction Maintaining the shape&place of stomach,Maintaining the shape&place of stomach,as well as the intragastric pressure as well as the intragastric pressure Receptive relaxationReceptive relaxation Definition&its innervation Definition&its innervation Peptide or NO ergic vagal fibers Peptide or NO ergic vagal fibers Gastric peristalsisGastric peristalsis Initiate from middle stomach,3 times/min Initiate from middle stomach,3 times/min Mix&grind food into chyme&help empty Mix&grind food into chyme&help empty 23生理学英文版 *Gastric emptyingGastric emptying&its control&its control Definition&some rulesDefinition&some rules Carbohydrate proteins lipids,Mix 46 h Carbohydrate proteins lipids,Mix 46 h Discontinuous emptyingDiscontinuous emptying Adapting for digestion&absorption Adapting for digestion&absorption Control of emptyingControl of emptying Promotion in stomach:Promotion in stomach:vagovagal&plexus vagovagal&plexus reflex,gastrin release reflex,gastrin release Inhibition in duodenum:Inhibition in duodenum:entero-gastric entero-gastric reflex&enterogastrone reflex&enterogastrone24生理学英文版 *Gastric motilityGastric motility in the digestive interphase in the digestive interphase Migrating motor complex(MMC)Migrating motor complex(MMC)Phase I:Phase I:resting phase,90120 min resting phase,90120 min Phase II:Phase II:irregular spike&sporadic irregular spike&sporadic peristalsis,3045 min peristalsis,3045 min Phase III:Phase III:large amount of spikes®ular large amount of spikes®ular strong contraction,510 min strong contraction,510 min Phase IV:Phase IV:transition period,about 5 min transition period,about 5 min Significance:Significance:act as a street cleaner act as a street cleaner Vomiting Vomiting Definition:Definition:a reflex,benefit&harma reflex,benefit&harm25生理学英文版Migrating motor complex(MMC)Migrating motor complex(MMC)26生理学英文版 4.Digestion in the intestine 4.Digestion in the intestine Pancreatic juicePancreatic juice&i&its secretionts secretion *Nature,Compositions&functionsNature,Compositions&functions pH 7.88.4,colorless&odourless,12 L/daypH 7.88.4,colorless&odourless,12 L/day Bicarbonate(HCOBicarbonate(HCO3 3 )Neutralize HCl&provide a weak basic Neutralize HCl&provide a weak basic medium favoring digestive enzyme action medium favoring digestive enzyme action Pancreatic enzymes:Pancreatic enzymes:amylase,lipase,amylase,lipase,colipase,colipase,trypsinogen&chymtrypsinogen,etc.trypsinogen&chymtrypsinogen,etc.Turn trypsinogen into trypsin by entero-Turn trypsinogen into trypsin by entero-kinase,turn chymtrypsinogen into chym-kinase,turn chymtrypsinogen into chym-trypsin by trypsin trypsin by trypsin Trypsin inhibitor:Trypsin inhibitor:a polypeptidea polypeptide27生理学英文版 BileBile secretionsecretion&gallbladder emptyinggallbladder emptying *Nature,Compositions&functionsNature,Compositions&functions Hepatic bile:Hepatic bile:pH 7.4,golden yellowpH 7.4,golden yellow Bladder bile:Bladder bile:pH 6.8,color become darkerpH 6.8,color become darker Compositions:Compositions:H H2 2O,ions,bile acid,bile O,ions,bile acid,bile pigment,fatty acid,cholesterol,lecithin,pigment,fatty acid,cholesterol,lecithin,mucoprotein,etc.,mucoprotein,etc.,but no enzymebut no enzyme Functions of bile(mainly by bile salt):Functions of bile(mainly by bile salt):Fat emulsification;lipid absorption;Fat emulsification;lipid absorption;Promote the absorption of fat-soluble Vits Promote the absorption of fat-soluble Vits29生理学英文版*Control of bile secretion&gallbladder emptyingControl of bile secretion&gallbladder emptying Nervous regulationNervous regulation Vagus nerve:Vagus nerve:ACh,gastrinACh,gastrin Hepatic bile secretion Hepatic bile secretion (small amounts)(small amounts)Gallbladder contraction Gallbladder contraction (slightly)(slightly)Humoral reulationHumoral reulation Gastrin:Gastrin:direct to hepatic cells&gallbladder;direct to hepatic cells&gallbladder;indirect to stomach indirect to stomachHClHClsecretin secretin Secretin:Secretin:act to bile duct¬ to hepatic act to bile duct¬ to hepatic cells,cells,so:H so:H2 2O&HCOO&HCO3 3 ,bile salt(,bile salt()Cholecystokinin(CCK):Cholecystokinin(CCK):gallbladder gallbladder contraction&Oddis sphincter dialation contraction&Oddis sphincter dialation Bile salt:Bile salt:enterohepatic circulation of bile salt enterohepatic circulation of bile salt30生理学英文版Enterohepatic Enterohepatic circulation of circulation of bile saltbile salt31生理学英文版 SecretionSecretion ofof the small intestinethe small intestine *Intestinal glands Intestinal glands B Brunners glandrunners gland(basic mucus)(basic mucus)L Lieberkuhn Cryptieberkuhn Crypt(main part)(main part)*Nature,Compositions&functionsNature,Compositions&functions pH 7.6,iso-osmotic solution,13 L/daypH 7.6,iso-osmotic solution,13 L/day E Enterokinase,nterokinase,the only one secreted the only one secreted OOligopeptidase,ligopeptidase,o oligosaccharidaseligosaccharidase those those contained in the epithelial cells contained in the epithelial cells *Regulation of secretion of small intestine Regulation of secretion of small intestine Mainly through Mainly through plexus reflexplexus reflex initiated by initiated by inflation of the intestine inflation of the intestine32生理学英文版 Movements ofMovements of the small intestinethe small intestine *Movement in the digestive interphase Movement in the digestive interphase MMCMMC similar to that in the stomach similar to that in the stomach *Main movement forms in digestive phase Main movement forms in digestive phase T Tonic contraction:onic contraction:the same as in stomach the same as in stomach S Segmentation:egmentation:peculiar to the small intestine peculiar to the small intestine P Peristalsis:0.52.0 cm/seristalsis:0.52.0 cm/s P Peristaltic rush:eristaltic rush:225 cm/s 225 cm/s *Regulation of small intestinal movement Regulation of small intestinal movement33生理学英文版Segmentation of the small intestineSegmentation of the small intestine34生理学英文版 *Regulation of small intestinal movement Regulation of small intestinal movement Intrinsic plexus:Intrinsic plexus:receivereceive mechanical&mechanical&chemical stimuli and then cause peristalsis chemical stimuli and then cause peristalsis Extrinsic plexus:Extrinsic plexus:parasympathetic nerveparasympathetic nerve intestinal activities intestinal activities ;sympathetic never;sympathetic never intestinal activitiesintestinal activities Humoral factors:Humoral factors:gastrin,CCK,Enk,5-HT,etc.gastrin,CCK,Enk,5-HT,etc.Functions ofFunctions of the the ileocecal sphincterileocecal sphincter *Permit some of chyme to squirt into the cecum Permit some of chyme to squirt into the cecum each time when a peristalsis wave reaches it each time when a peristalsis wave reaches it *Prevent reflux of colonic contents into the ileum Prevent reflux of colonic contents into the ileum35生理学英文版 5.Digestion in the colon 5.Digestion in the colon Main functionMain function of the colonof the colon A Absorb waterbsorb water A Absorb Vit B&K synthesized by bacteriabsorb Vit B&K synthesized by bacteria F Formation&temporarily storage fecesormation&temporarily storage feces SecretionSecretion of the colonof the colon p pH 8.38.4H 8.38.4,MMucus&HCOucus&HCO3 3 P Protect mucosa against injuries&rotect mucosa against injuries&l lubricate fecesubricate feces MovementsMovements of the colonof the colon HHaustral to and fro movement,austral to and fro movement,S Segmentation oregmentation or P Polyhaustral pushing movement,olyhaustral pushing movement,P Peristalsis,eristalsis,MMass peristalsisass peristalsis36生理学英文版 Feces&Feces&DefecationDefecation *Feces:Feces:contain inorganic material,undigested contain inorganic material,undigested plant fibers,bacteria,water,etc.plant fibers,bacteria,water,etc.*Defecation:Defecation:a reflex initiated by distension of a reflex initiated by distension of the rectum with feces the rectum with feces R Reflex process,eflex process,P Primary&rimary&h higher centersigher centers Action of colonic bacteriaAction of colonic bacteria *Benefit:Benefit:synthesis Vit.Bsynthesis Vit.Bcoco&K&K *Harm:Harm:produce some poisonous substancesproduce some poisonous substances Action of dietary fibers on the intestinal functionAction of dietary fibers on the intestinal function R Reduce absorption of water;educe absorption of water;E Enhance colonicnhance colonic movement;movement;I Increase the volume of feces;ncrease the volume of feces;L Lowow the caloric ratio of the food the caloric ratio of the food37生理学英文版 6.Absorption in the small intestine 6.Absorption in the small intestine Sites of absorptionSites of absorption O Oral cavity&ral cavity&S Stomach:littletomach:little D Duodenum&uodenum&U Upper jejunum:most nutrientspper jejunum:most nutrients I Ileum:bile salts&Vit.Bleum:bile salts&Vit.B1212 C Colon:water&electrolytesolon:water&electrolytes Proofs as the main absorptive regionProofs as the main absorptive region HHuge absorptive surface(200 muge absorptive surface(200 m2 2)P Plenty of capillaries&lymph capillarieslenty of capillaries&lymph capillaries L Large quantity of digestive fluid(68 L/day)arge quantity of digestive fluid(68 L/day)F Food has almost completely been digestedood has almost completely been digested38生理学英文版Sites of absorptionSites of absorption39生理学英文版Enlargement Enlargement of the surface of the surface area of the area of the intestineintestine40生理学英文版 Absorption of main nutrientsAbsorption of main nutrients *WaterWater 8 8 L/day,L/day,p passive&assive&i iso-osmotic absorbedso-osmotic absorbed D Different absorbability in different partsifferent absorbability in different parts *Inorganic slatsInorganic slats S Sodium:odium:95%99%,jejunumileumcolon 95%99%,jejunumileumcolon active transport active transport F Ferrum:errum:1/10,mainly in duodenum&jejunum,1/10,mainly in duodenum&jejunum,transferrin transferrin dependent,active transport dependent,active transport C Calcium:alcium:promote by promote by Vit.DVit.D,active transport,active transport A Anions:nions:mainly mainly Cl Cl&HCOHCO3 3 ,passive transport,passive transport 41生理学英文版*CarbohydrateCarbohydrate A Absorptive form:bsorptive form:monosarccharide monosarccharide MMechanism:echanism:secondary active transport secondary active transport *ProteinProtein A Absorptive form:bsorptive form:amino acid amino acid MMechanism:echanism:secondary active transport secondary active transport *FatsFats A Absorptive form:bsorptive form:glycerol,monoglyceride,glycerol,monoglyceride,fatty acid,cholesterol fatty acid,cholesterol MMechanism:echanism:passive diffusion passive diffusion P Pathway:athway:blood&lymph blood&lymph42生理学英文版Digestion&absorption of fats in the intestineDigestion&absorption of fats in the intestine43生理学英文版