药品研究中GLP实验室实验原始记录审核技术要求

药品研究中药品研究中GLPGLP实验室实验室实验原始记录审核技术要求实验原始记录审核技术要求龚兆龙博士龚兆龙博士资深副总裁兼首席技术官资深副总裁兼首席技术官资深副总裁兼首席技术官资深副总裁兼首席技术官昭衍新药研究中心昭衍新药研究中心1新药研发过程新药研发过程2新药研发过程质量标准新药研发过程质量标准GLP历史沿革历史沿革遵从遵从GLP的意义的意义GLP标准根本要求标准根本要求原始数据核查要点原始数据核查要点非临床实验室常见错误非临床实验室常见错误法规对法规对GLP或非或非GLP的要求的要求案例分析案例分析内容提要内容提要4GLP历史历史美国美国WhatpromptedUSFDAtoissueGLPregulations?Inthe1960sand1970s,inadditiontothe“Thalidomidestory,FDAfound:SelectivelysubmittedfindingsFabricateddataFalsifieddataDiscrepanciesinreporting(e.g.,betweenindividualandsummarydata)Poorlaboratoryrecordkeeping(resultingininabilitytoreconstructstudyperformance)GLP历史历史美国美国In the 1960s and 1970s,FDA also found:Noprotocols,protocolswrittenafterstudyperformance,studynotperformedaccordingtoprotocolNooneinchargeofstudiesSloppylaboratorypracticesUSFDAGLP法规法规1976CongressionalhearingsGLPsproposed1978GLPsfinalized1979GLPsbecomeeffectiveUSFDAGLP法规法规 21CFR:CodeofFederalRegulations,Food&DrugAdministration.21CFRPart58:GoodLaboratoryPracticesforNonclinicalLaboratoryStudies21CFRPart11:ElectronicRecords;ElectronicSignaturesUSFDAGLPPart58要求要求Describes requirements for conducting and reporting nonclinical laboratory studiesIntent:provides a framework for conducting well-controlled studiesassures quality and integrity of the datafacilitates study reconstructionprovides overall accountability Nonclinical studies that evaluate safety must be GLP compliantUSFDAGLP检查检查FDAGLP检查过的美国国内实验室检查过的美国国内实验室200余家余家,CRO,药厂药厂USFDAGLP检查检查FDAGLP检查过的美国境外实验室检查过的美国境外实验室40余家余家,CRO,药厂药厂USFDAGLP检查：检查：MOU8个国家个国家日本日本法国法国德国德国加拿大加拿大意大利意大利瑞典瑞典瑞士瑞士荷兰荷兰USFDAGLP检查：中国检查：中国GLP实验室实验室2021年年7月月检查了三家了三家GLP实验室室国家安国家安评中心中心(NCSED)昭衍昭衍JOINN)Bridge(康康龙化成化成)昭衍提交的昭衍提交的试验报告告获得美国得美国FDA认可可,用于支持美国的用于支持美国的临床床试验。OECDGLP标准标准Developedin1978USFDAGLPprovidedthebasisforOECDRevisedOECDprinciplesadoptedin1997PrimaryobjectivesimilartoUSFDAToensurethegenerationofhighqualityandreliabletestdatarelatedtothesafetyofindustrialchemicalsubstancesandpreparationsintheframeworkofharmonisingtestingproceduresforthemutualacceptanceofdata(MAD)OECDMAD数据互认数据互认DatageneratedinthetestingofchemicalsinanOECDmembercountryinaccordancewithOECDTestGuidelinesandOECDPrinciplesofGLPshallbeacceptedinotherMembercountriesforpurposesofassessmentandotherusesrelatingtotheprotectionofmanandtheenvironmentOECDMemberCountriesAustralia,Austria,Belgium,Canada,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Japan,Korea,Luxembourg,Mexico,Netherlands,NewZealand,Norway,Poland,Portugal,SlovakRepublic,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Turkey,UnitedKingdom,UnitedStates中国中国GLP开展历史开展历史1993年年12月，国家科委发布了月，国家科委发布了GLP试行试行1999年年10月，月，SDA发布发布GLP试行试行2001年中国修订年中国修订?中华人民共和国药品管理法中华人民共和国药品管理法?、?药品法实施条例药品法实施条例?，将，将GLP明确为法定要求明确为法定要求2003年年9月月,SFDA公布实施公布实施GLP二号令二号令280条条,开展开展GLP认证检查认证检查2007年年1月月法规毒理实验强制要求法规毒理实验强制要求GLP2021年年7月月3家在中国的家在中国的GLP实验室接受美国实验室接受美国FDA检查检查中国中国GLP管理标准管理标准药物非临床研究质量管理标准局令第药物非临床研究质量管理标准局令第2号号2003年年9自自2003年年9月月1日起施行日起施行共九章共九章45条条非临床研究质量管理标准认证标准非临床研究质量管理标准认证标准280条条药品注册现场核查管理规定药品注册现场核查管理规定7章、章、59条、条、5个附件个附件遵从遵从GLP的意义的意义AssuresqualitydataanddataintegrityProtectsthewell-beingofsubjectsinclinicaltrialsmanyofwhomarehealthyvolunteers(humansafety)Ensuresthatastudycanbecompletelyreconstructedfromarchivedrecords对中国对中国CRO来说，研究报告可以得到国际来说，研究报告可以得到国际认可。认可。GLP标准要素标准要素Whatisanonclinicallaboratory?IntheSFDAorUSFDAregulatoryworld,alaboratoriesthatconductnonclinicalstudiesinvolvingtestarticlestodevelopdatathatwillbesubmittedtotheagencyinsupportofanapplicationandmarketingapprovalGLP标准要素标准要素TestArticlestheSFDA-/USFDA-regulatedproductbeingtestedGLP标准要素标准要素TestSystemsMouse/Rat,GuineaPig,Rabbit,Dog(Beagle),Pig,Monkey,Primate,(Chimpanzee)TheABCofGLPRegulationsDefinitionsPersonIndividualPartnershipGovernmentagencyOrganizationalunitCorporationScientificoracademicestablishmentGLP标准要素标准要素RawDataLaboratoryworksheetsRecords&documentMemorandaNotesComputerprint-outsAllcommunications(internal/external/sponsors)GLP标准要素标准要素OrganizationandPersonnelEducationTrainingExperienceJobdescriptionPersonnelRecordPersonnelManagementStudyDirectorQAUFollowprotocolDocumentdeviationsArchiveGLP标准要素标准要素OrganizationandPersonnelReviewQAUPersonnelStudyDirectorMasterschedulesheetProtocolsInspectionrecordsSOPsManagementStatusreportFinalstudyreportGLP标准要素标准要素FacilitiesNonclinicallaboratoryReceiptandstorageMixingGLP现场核查现场核查Process-orientedqualitydataasaresultofproperutilizationofandcontroloverfacilities,personnelandproceduresAllowsflexibilityinlaboratoryoperationanduseofscientificjudgmentstudydirectorsmustexertthisjudgmentoverallresponsibilityfortechnicalconduct,interpretationandreporting现场核查要点现场核查要点Step1:InventoryDocuments文件清单文件清单MakesurenecessarydocumentswereincludedinthestudyreportProtocolProtocolamendments方案修改方案修改Protocoldeviations方案偏离方案偏离(withexplanationsonpossibleimpacttostudyinterpretationandvalidity)Report(withsufficientlydetailedsummaryandindividualanimaldata)现场核查要点现场核查要点Step2:Identifytestarticle供试品供试品testarticlecodeornamesaltformformulationpurityUniformity均一性均一性Stability稳定性稳定性lotorbatch#现场核查要点现场核查要点Step3:Theexperimentaldesign试验设计试验设计Studiesarefluid;whatisinaprotocolfrequentlychangesduringthecourseofastudyNoteimportantdates(experimentaldesignlandmarks)experimentalordosingstartdate(REPORT)studyinitiationdate(REPORT)protocolamendmentdate(s)(AMENDMENTS)experimentalcompletiondate/necropsydate(REPORT)现场核查要点现场核查要点Step3:Theexperimentaldesign试验设计试验设计Notehowexperimentaldesign/methodschangedlookatprotocolamendmentsanddeviationsconsiderifthechangesinvalidatedthestudysobjectivesconsiderifthechangescausedstudytobeinconsistentwithstatedguidelines/methods(andevaluatesignificance)Makesureyouunderstandexperimentaldesign(as performed)andchronologyperamendmentsanddocumenteddeviations现场核查要点现场核查要点Step4:Comparedocumentsforconsistency 一致性一致性DoreportscomplywithGLPrequirementsonreportingfortestarticlecharacteristicstestingofdosingformulationsforpuritystabilityuniformity现场核查要点现场核查要点Step4:Comparedocumentsforconsistency Makesurethatdataandtheirassociateddocumentsareconsistentwithoneanother.现场核查要点现场核查要点Step4:Comparedocumentsforconsistency Areprotocol-specifiedevaluationsofdataapplied?statisticaltestscriteriaforacceptablestudy,positivefinding(e.g.,genotoxicitytests)Doesselectionofhighestdosecomplywithprotocol?Withreferencedguideline?现场核查要点现场核查要点Step4:ComparedocumentsforconsistencyArefindingsforallprotocol-specifiedevaluationsreportedbodyweightclinicalchemistryhistopathologyforallprotocol-specifieddosegroupstoxicokinetics现场核查要点现场核查要点Step5:Dodataseemcredible?ReportRawdata/Reality现场核查要点现场核查要点Step6:Evaluationofsignificanceoflapses失误的评估失误的评估ThebigquestionsDidproblemsinstudydocumentsresultinyourinabilitytodrawmeaningfulconclusionsfromthestudy(withrespecttostudysstatedobjective)?Didinconsistenciesinthispartofthesubmission,relativetootherpartsofthesubmission,makeyouhavelessfaithintheintegrityofotherportionsofthesubmission?Intheconclusionsofotherstudies?现场核查要点现场核查要点NotalllapsesprecludedrawingconclusionsfromastudymistakescanhappeninperformingastudyindescribingfactsometimesfactisnotconvenientTheevaluationofmistakesrequiresanevalutionoftheirmagnitudeandnature.Areerrorswidespread?Limited?Doerrorsoccurinreportingofendpointsthatarecriticaltoscientificinterpretation?Doerrorsspeakforareport-specificproblemorsomethingthatisasystemicproblem?现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责TESTINGFACILITYMANAGEMENT:Overall laboratory management and administrative functionsdesignatesstudydirectorbeforestudyisinitiatedreplacesstudydirector(promptly),ifnecessaryassuresthereisaqualityassuranceunit(QAU)assurestestandcontrolarticleshavebeenappropriatelyevaluatedforidentity,strength,purity,stabilityanduniformity(asapplicable)现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责TESTINGFACILITYMANAGEMENT:(contd)assuresappropriatestaffing,facilities,equipmentandmaterialsareavailableforscheduledtestsassuresthatstaffunderstandsthefunctionstheyaretoperformassuresdeviationsreportedbyQAUarepromptlyreportedtostudydirector现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责STUDYDIRECTORSingle point of study controlhasoverallresponsibilityfor:ProtocolpreparationtechnicalconductofstudyinterpretationofresultsanalysisofresultsdocumentationofresultsreportingofresultsArchiving现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责STUDYDIRECTOR:(contd)Protocolpreparation现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责STUDYDIRECTOR:(contd)ContributorsOphthalmologyCardiologyImmunologyAnalyticalFormulationanalysisBioanalyticalStatisticalanalysisSpecialists/ConsultantsAntibodiesBonemarrowdifferentialcountsSpecializedclinicalpathologySpermAnalysis现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责STUDYDIRECTOR:(contd)SpecialProceduresConsiderationsArethereSOPsinplace?Arethestaffappropriatelytrained?Isthistrainingdocumented?Areliteraturesearchesnecessary?IACUCimplications?Doyouneedtouseaconsultant/PIforthework?现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责STUDYDIRECTOR:(contd)Multi-SiteStudies*Work(i.e.phaseofaGLPstudy)performedatageographicallydistinctsite(NotaFDAGLPterm)AssignaPItoensurecompliancewithGLPsWillsignanAcceptanceofResponsibilitiesformWillsignastatementtothisfactuponcompletionoftheworkStudydirectorremainsthesinglepointofcontrolandmaintainsresponsibilityforoverallconductQualityassuranceofthetestsite*OECDrequirement现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责STUDYDIRECTOR:(contd)StudySchedulingConsiderationsTestarticleavailabilityAnimalavailability/orderingHousingTrainedstaffAnalyticalchemistryClinicalpathologyNecropsyReports现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责STUDYDIRECTOR:(contd)TestArticleCalculations-Howmuchwillyouneed?Whenisitavailable?Finaldoses?AnalyticalConfirmationStorage/handlingconditionsCertificateofAnalysis(COA),MSDS,purity,stabilityIsthereadoseformulation?现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责STUDYDIRECTOR:(contd)ProtocolReview&ApprovalManagementSDSponsor(ifdonebyCRO)ScientificcontributorsandlaboratorystaffReportpreparationstaffQAUIACUC现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责STUDYDIRECTOR:(contd)OvetsightofStudyConductObserveanimalsandproceduresReviewdataCommunicatewithscientificcontributorsandtechnicalstaffQAauditsinternalandexternalInteractionswithcontributors/PIsSubmissionofsamplesReceipt/reviewofreportRespondtounexpectedevents现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责STUDYDIRECTOR:(contd)OversightofStudyConductProtocolamendments-aplannedchangeProtocoldeviationsnotplanned;impactonstudymustbedeterminedSOPdeviations现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责STUDYDIRECTOR:(contd)ExampleofDocumentationProtocol/protocolamendmentProtocol/SOPdeviationsAnimalorderTestarticlereceipt/informationTestarticlepreparationprocedureDoseaccountability(outofrange?)StudyfilenotesVeterinaryrequests/approvaloftreatmentEnvironmentaldeviations(e.g.light/darkcycleandhumidity)observationsofanimals/proceduresDatareviewCorrespondenceemail,fax,letter,telephonecallsReports现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责STUDYDIRECTOR:(contd)ReportPreparation现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责STUDYDIRECTOR:(contd)ArchivingProtocol/amendmentsRawdataDocumentationSpecimensFinalreport现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责STUDYDIRECTOR:(contd)SDResponsibilitiesforaFinalReportDatainterpretationPreliminarydraftaudited?unaudited?Integrationoftoxicology,pathology,TKandothersupportivedataContributingScientist/PIreportsStopped/suspendedprogramsGLPcomplianceDeviationsandimpactondata现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责STUDYDIRECTOR:(contd)assuresthat:protocol,includinganychanges,isapprovedasspecifiedinGLPs,andisfollowedallexperimentaldata,includingobservationsofunanticipatedresponsesofthetestsystem,areaccuratelyrecordedandverifiedunforeseencircumstances,thatmayaffectthequalityandintegrityofthestudy,arenotedwhentheyoccur,andthatcorrectiveactionistakenanddocumented现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责QUALITYASSURANCEUNIT(QAU):Oversees GLPCompliance in laboratoryresponsibleformonitoringeachstudyforGLPcomplianceorganizationally,QAUreportstotestfacilitymanagementindependentofthepersonnelengagedinthedirectionandconductofindividualstudiesassuresthatfacilities,equipment,personnel,methods,practices,records,andcontrolsareinconformancewiththeGLPs现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责QUALITYASSURANCEUNIT(QAU):(contd)Oversees GLP compliance in laboratorykeepsup-to-daterecordsofallstudiesscheduled/performedwithmasterscheduleatlabmaintainscopiesofallstudyprotocols现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责QUALITYASSURANCEUNIT(QAU):(contd)Inspectsstudiesatintervalsadequatetoassuretheintegrityofthestudymaintainswrittenandproperlysignedrecordsateachinspectionidentifyingdateofinspectionthestudyinspectedphaseorsegmentofstudyinspectedpersonperforminginspection现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责QUALITYASSURANCEUNIT(QAU):(contd)maintainswrittenandproperlysignedrecordsateachinspectionidentifyingfindingsandproblemsobservedduringinspectionscheduleddateforreinspection,ifapplicableproblemsmustimmediatelybebroughttoattentionofstudydirectorandmanagement现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责QUALITYASSURANCEUNIT(QAU):(contd)submitsperiodicstatusreportsoneachstudytomanagementandstudydirectornotesproblemsnotescorrectiveactionstakendeterminesthatnodeviationfromapprovedprotocolsorstandardsoperatingproceduresweremadewithoutproperauthorizationanddocumentation现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责QUALITYASSURANCEUNIT(QAU):(contd)Reviewsfinalstudyreporttoassurethat:reportaccuratelydescribesmethodsandstandardoperatingproceduresreportedresultsaccuratelyreflectthestudysrawdataPreparesandsignsstatementstobeincludedwiththefinalreportspecifyingdetailsoninspections现场核查要点：职责现场核查要点：职责FacilityOperationsStandardoperatingprocedures(SOP)CompleteandcomprehensiveUptodateSoundscienceandpracticalReagentsandsolutionsIdentity,titer/concentration,storagerequirements,andexpirationdateAnimalcareandIACUCMajorissuesofdataauditWhatdowelookforwhileauditingaGLPlabStudyDirectorFacilityManagementQualityAssuranceChemistryPathology(Clinicalandanatomical)TechnicalStaffReportwritingSponsorAccountingSubcontractors非临床实验室常见错误非临床实验室常见错误StudydirectorFailuretofollowprotocolMostcommonbecauseeverythingisdrivenbyprotocol.Examples:TAStabilitydeterminationEnvironmentalconditionsExposuretotestarticle(dosing)非临床实验室常见错误非临床实验室常见错误Studydirector(contd)FinalReportCommonlyseefailurestoaddressissuesthatoccurredduringstudythatcouldaffectoutcomes非临床实验室常见错误非临床实验室常见错误Studydirector(contd)FailuretorecordalldataandverifyFormulationDosing非临床实验室常见错误非临床实验室常见错误Studydirector(contd)DocumentationissuesBestway,protocolamendment.Mustbedonebeforeaction(signedbySDandalsoQA,managementandsponsor).Secondbest,deviationreport(deviationfromprotocolorSOP).Completedafter-the-factbypersonmakingtheobservation(signedbySDandalsoQAandmanagement).Deviationisnotedinstudyreportalongwithdescriptionoftheimpactthedeviationhasonstudyintegrity.非临床实验室常见错误非临床实验室常见错误InconsistencieswithinaprotocolorbetweenprotocolandSOPOmissionofnecessaryinformationfromprotocolLateentriesinstudybooksNonGLPcorrectionsFailuretosignanddateentriesExpiredreagents非临床实验室常见错误非临床实验室常见错误FailuretoissuetimelyprotocolamendmentsanddeviationreportsPaperworkmissingfromstudybookInconsistenciesbetweenprotocolandreportorrawdataandreport.非临床实验室常见错误非临床实验室常见错误QAUfailstoauthorizedeviationDeviationsnotdetectedbytheQAU,butshouldhavebeen非临床实验室常见错误非临床实验室常见错误Transferofdata,specimens,recordstoarchivesAtcompletionofstudyNotallrecordstransferred非临床实验室常见错误非临床实验室常见错误DidnotfollowSOPsforrequiredauditingInappropriatetrainingrecordkeepingEquipmentcalibrationissuesSanitationcage/roomdisinfectantsWatersystemattachedtocagerackGLPornotGLPSafetyPharmacologystudies,Core/GLP,followupstudiesdependingonthedesign/nonGLPPrimaryPharmacodynamic/non-GLP,SecondaryPD/nonGLPunlesscontributetothesafetyevaluationBridgingstudies,GLPQTstudies,Guidance/GLP,datanotrequiredforregulatorysubmission/nonGLPInVitro,ifpivotal,genotox/GLP,efficacy,MOA,metabolism/nonGLPGLPornotGLPStudiesthatarenotwithinthescopeofGLPregulationsInclude(USdomesticonly):EfficacyChemicalassaysforqualitycontrolStabilitytestsConformancepharmacopeiastandardsPharmacologyandeffectivenessNewmethodologyfortoxicologyexperimentationExploratorystudiesonvirusesandcellbiologyModeofaction,synthesis,analysisStudiescoveredbyGMPsGLPornotGLPDiseaseModelBiologicSystems,Pharmacology,Transgenicanimals,efficacy/nonGLP,Carc/GLPAnimalRule,Efficacy/GLPImmunotoxicitystudies,GuidancedoesnotmentionGLP,notpivotalforsafetyandmosttestsroutinelynotconductedaccordingtoGLPExcipients,GLPGLPornotGLPTheStandardisGLPWhenisFDA“morelikelytoacceptnonGLP(USdomesticonly)?Oncology(safetydataisfrompublishedliterature)Biologics(smallcompanies,university,NIH,NCI)tissuecrossreactivitystudiesAIDSDrugs(earlydays,studiesdonebyAcademicians)BotanicalsubmissionsKnownclassofdrugsOlddrugs,changeofrouteofadministrationtoalesshazardousexposure(bridgingstudies)Drugsmarketedoverseas,toxstudiesperformedinUSbutnotGLPs(antimalarial,parasiticdrugs)GLPornotGLPHowever,forstudiessubmittedfromoverseasinsupportofsafetyassessment,theFDAmostlikelyacceptonlyGLPcompliantdata:ShouldbeGLP,OECDguidelinesacceptedJapaneseGLPOrcountrieswithOECDMutualAcceptanceofData(MAD)GLPornotGLPIffromoverseasandnotGLPUsuallymorestrictStudiesfromnon-traditionalsources,nonICHcountries,requestinspectionMOU,memorandumofunderstandingwithdifferentcountriesRequestpermissiontodoinspectionfromtheentitydoingthestudyCountriesacceptinspectionbyDSIormightnotAcceptanceofthesestudiesisuptothereviewer/DivisioninCDER案例分析案例分析(1)RCC：Findingsinaratreprotoxstudyaudited:Onlyoneabnormality/variation/developmentaldelay,etc.inthoracicandabdominalvisceraoffetusesfromcontrolortreatedanimalsinthreestudiesPossiblyfewerthanexpecteda/v/ddinskeletonsAlmostnoviscerala/v/ddinhistoricalcontrols,butskeletalratesreasonableQuestion:Wereobservationthresholdssufficientlysensitive?InspectionalfindingsTheStudyDirectorandheadofthereprotoxdepartmenthadonlyahighschooldiplomaandafewmonthsofon-the-jobtraining,mostlyforskeletalevaluations.Theleadtechnicianhadlessthanelementaryschooleducation.BeforecomingtoRCC,hisbutcherbusinesshadfailed.Technicianhadon-the-jobtrainingatRCC.SOPswereOKforcranial/skeletal,weakforvisceral.Recordedcranial/skeletaldatafairlyrepresentedthespecimens.Externalfindingswerereasonable,comparabletoliterature.NosatisfactoryexplanationforthelowratesINSOFTTISSUES案例分析案例分析(1)案例分析案例分析(1)Q:whatisthedeficiencyofthisGLPreprotoxstudyauditedvsregulations?Isdataacceptableforsupportingsafetyevaluation?案例分析案例分析(1)A:whatisthedeficiencyofthisGLPreprotoxstudyauditedvsregulations?人员资质人员资质培训培训Isdataacceptableforsupportingsafetyevaluation?NO！案例分析案例分析(2)InspectionatABCCompanyFindings:Thefinalstudyreportdidnotincludethesignedanddatedreportsoftheindividualscientistsorotherprofessionalsinvolvedinthestudy:studydirectordidnotreceivecontributingscientistsreportsforevaluationandinclusioninfinalreports案例分析案例分析(2)StudydirectordidnotreceiveTKresultsforstudiesX,Y,ZantibodytestingresultsforstudiesQ,R,SInstead,sponsorrewrotethe“finalreportsattachedthestudydirectorsreportplusseparateTKandantibodytestingreportsdatanotacceptablestudydirectorsinglepointofstudycontrol,responsibleforevaluatingallfindings案例分析案例分析(2)Notallchangesin,orrevisionsof,anapprovedprotocolandthereasonsthereforeweredocumented,signedbythestudydirector,dated,andmaintainedwiththeprotocolprotocolamendmentnotcontemporaneouswithstudyeventsignedbythestudydirector1monthsafterthefactpossiblyimmune-sensitizedmalestransferredfrom107to113,replacedwithnavemalesprotocolviolatedduringthistimeperiod案例分析案例分析(2)ThefinalstudyreportdidnotincludeadescriptionofallcircumstancesthatmayhaveaffectedthequalityorintegrityofthedatafinalreportsforstudiesXandYdidnotdiscusspotentialimmunesensitizationofmaleandfemaleguineapigsintherespectivestudiesascircumstancesthatmayhaveaffecteddataqualityandintegrity案例分析案例分析(2)Q:whatisthedeficiencyofthisGLPstudyauditedvsregulations?Isdataacceptableforsupportingsafetyevaluation?案例分析案例分析(2)whatisthedeficiencyofthisGLPstudyauditedvsregulations?SD试验记录试验记录试验报告试验报告QAIsdataacceptableforsupportingsafetyevaluation?NO！案例分析案例分析(3)InspectionatDEFLabsFindings:protocolcalledforweeklyweights,butstudyreportedbiweeklyweights.formanyoftheweights,thebiweeklyweightslookedverypeculiar.bodywtdatadiscrepancies案例分析案例分析(3)thefounder/president/studydirectorclaimedhepersonallyrecordedthebodywtanddeniedfalsificationbyduplicationoraddingdigitstheSponsorattemptedtopursuadethestudydirectorandthehistopathologisttochangethestudyresults(unrelatedtobodywt).案例分析案例分析(3)Q:whatisthedeficiencyofthisGLPstudyauditedvsregulations?Isdataacceptableforsupportingsafetyevaluation?案例分析案例分析(3)whatisthedeficiencyofthisGLPtoxstudyauditedvsregulations?方案方案SD试验记录试验记录试验报告试验报告Isdataacceptableforsupportingsafetyevaluation?NO！案例分析案例分析(4)AuditfindingsatGHIlabs:Studydirectordidntalwaysknowifthei