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机机电电或自或自动动化化专业专业英英语语 教材：王教材：王军军教授、宋舒教授主教授、宋舒教授主编编的由重的由重庆庆大大学出版社出版的自学出版社出版的自动动化化专业专业英英语语 基本目基本目标标：基本能：基本能够够比比较顺较顺利、准确地利、准确地阅读阅读机机电专业电专业方面的英文方面的英文书书刊、文献刊、文献、技、技术资术资料，在料，在这这方面具方面具备备一定一定的翻的翻译译和沟通、表达、交流能力。和沟通、表达、交流能力。Specialized English Specialized English for for ElectromechanizationElectromechanization(Electro-Mechanism)(Electro-Mechanism)How to speak“How to speak“专业专业英英语语”in English”in English？And how about“And how about“机机电电专业专业英英语语”?”?ContentContentElectronic TechnologyBipolar Junction TransistorsUJT Thyristors and SCRsOperational AmplifiersFlip-FlopsDigital System DecodingFilter circuitContentContentElectronic TechnologyDirect-current RegulationPhase ControlUnijuncity Transistor Pulse TriggeringControl TheoryIntroduction to Control SystemContentContentControl TheoryPerformance Specifications of Control SystemSecond-Order SystemsDigital Control SystemState EquationContentContentComputer TechnologyThe Application of ComputerElectric DriveDC MotorsBipolar Junction TransistorBipolar Junction TransistorWords and TermsTransistor trnzist:电子晶体管Bipolar baipul:有两极的,双极的Polarity pulriti:极性Negative negtiv:负的,阴性的semiconductorsemikndkt:半导体crystalkristl:结晶，晶体，晶粒Bipolar Junction TransistorBipolar Junction TransistorWords and Termssymbol simbl:符号,记号,象征emitter imit:发射极collectorklect:集电极formula f:mjul:公式,规则,客套语reverseriv:s:相反的,倒转的,颠倒的biasedbaist:结果偏倚的,数有偏的Bipolar Junction TransistorBipolar Junction TransistorTextToday,industrial electronic systems employseveral devices that are described by the term transistor.目前，工目前，工业电业电子系子系统统使用了多种由使用了多种由术术语语晶体管描述的器件。晶体管描述的器件。Bipolar Junction TransistorBipolar Junction TransistorTextEach type of transistor has different characteristics and operational conditions that are used to distinguish it from others.每种晶体管都有区每种晶体管都有区别别于其它种于其它种类类的特征和的特征和工作工作环环境。境。Bipolar Junction TransistorBipolar Junction TransistorTextIn the first part of this discussion,we are concerned with the bipolar junction transistor.Structurally,this transistor is described as bipolar because it has two different current-carrier polarities.首先探首先探讨讨双极型晶体管。从双极型晶体管。从结结构上看，构上看，这这种晶种晶体管被称体管被称为为双极是因双极是因为为它具有两种不同的它具有两种不同的电电流流载载流子流子电电极。极。Bipolar Junction TransistorBipolar Junction TransistorTextHoles are positive current carriers,whereas electrons are negative current carriers.空穴是正的空穴是正的载载流子，流子，电电子是子是负负的的电电流流载载流子。流子。Bipolar Junction TransistorBipolar Junction TransistorTextTwo distinct kinds of semiconductor crystals are connected together by a common element.两种截然不同的半两种截然不同的半导导体晶体通体晶体通过过公共元公共元件件连连接在一起。接在一起。Bipolar Junction TransistorBipolar Junction TransistorTextThe structure of this device is similar to that of two diodes connected back to back,with one crystal being common to both junctions.The center material is usually made thinner than the two outside pieces.该该器件的器件的结结构构类类似于背靠背似于背靠背连连接的两个二极管接的两个二极管的的结结构，一个晶体同构，一个晶体同时时属于两个属于两个结结。其中。其中间间的的材料通常比两个外材料通常比两个外边边的作得窄些。的作得窄些。Bipolar Junction TransistorBipolar Junction TransistorTextIn the operation of a single PN diode junction,forward biasing causes conduction and reverse biasing causes nonconduction.单单个个PNPN二二结结的工作情况是：正向偏置促使其的工作情况是：正向偏置促使其导导通，反向偏置通，反向偏置导导致其截止。致其截止。Bipolar Junction TransistorBipolar Junction TransistorTextIn a transistor,this rule does not apply directly because two junctions are involved.因因为为晶体管包含两个晶体管包含两个结结，该规则该规则不能直接不能直接应应用用For example,when the emitter-base junction is forward biased,it causes a large amount of IE to enter the base region.例如，其例如，其发发射射-基极基极处处于正向偏置于正向偏置时时，它会促使，它会促使大量的大量的I IE E 进进入基区。入基区。Bipolar Junction TransistorBipolar Junction TransistorTextReverse biasing of the base-collector junction would ordinarily restrict this current.而基而基-集集电电极的反向偏置会限制极的反向偏置会限制该电该电流。流。But due to the thin base structure,IE will immediately enter into the collector current IC or output current.但因基区窄，但因基区窄，IE会很快会很快进进入集极入集极电电流流I IC C或或输输出出电电流流.Bipolar Junction TransistorBipolar Junction TransistorTextForward biasing of the emitter-base junction therefore alters or reduces the reverse biasing effect of the base-collector junction in normal transistor operation.因而，在一般的晶体管工作中，因而，在一般的晶体管工作中，发发射射-基基结结的的正向偏置会改正向偏置会改变变或减少基或减少基-集集结结反向偏置的影反向偏置的影响响。Bipolar Junction TransistorBipolar Junction TransistorTextA transistor is primarily classified as a current-operating device.This means that the output or collector IC will occur only when the emitter-base is forward biased and producing base current.晶体管被划分晶体管被划分为为基本基本电电流型器件。流型器件。这这意味着意味着仅仅仅仅当当发发射射-基基结处结处于正偏且有基极于正偏且有基极电电流流IBIB时时才才会有其会有其输输出或集出或集电电极极电电流流I IC C Bipolar Junction TransistorBipolar Junction TransistorTextWhen the base current ceases,collector current stops and the transistor become nonconductive.This condition is called cut off.当基极当基极电电流消失流消失时时，集，集电电极极电电流停止，晶体管流停止，晶体管处处于非于非导导通状通状态态。这这种情况就称种情况就称为为截止。截止。Bipolar Junction TransistorBipolar Junction TransistorTextOn the other hand,if an excessive amount of base current occurs,the transistor is driven into saturation.When this condition occurs,a further increase in IB will not cause a corresponding change in IC.相反，如果基极相反，如果基极电电流流过过大，晶体管大，晶体管处处于于饱饱和状和状态态。在。在这这种情况下，再增加种情况下，再增加I IB B不会引起不会引起I IC C的相的相应变应变化化。Bipolar Junction TransistorBipolar Junction TransistorTextWhen amplitude control is being achieved,a transistor is rarely operates in the saturation region.When a transistor is used as a switch,it usually operates in the saturation region.进进行幅行幅值值控制控制时时晶体管几乎不会晶体管几乎不会处处于于饱饱和区。和区。而当它作而当它作为为开关使用开关使用时时，经经常工作在常工作在饱饱和区。和区。UJT Thyristors and SCRsUJT Thyristors and SCRsWords and Termsunijunction ju:nid kn:单结emitter imit:发射极collectorklect:集电极formula f :mjul:公式,规则,客套语reverseriv:s:相反的,倒转的,颠倒的biasedbaist:结果偏倚的,数有偏的UJT Thyristors and SCRsUJT Thyristors and SCRsTextThyristors should not be confused with bipolar junction transistors or field-effect transistors.不不应应将晶将晶闸闸管与双管与双结结型晶体管型晶体管（bipolar junction transistors，BJTs）或或场场效效应应管管（field-effect transistors，FETs）混淆起来混淆起来.UJT Thyristors and SCRsUJT Thyristors and SCRsTextBJTs and FETs are both capable of performing switching operations.As a rule,these devices are not as efficient as thyristor and do not have the power-handling capability.BJTsBJTs与与FETsFETs都能都能够够完成开关操作。按照完成开关操作。按照惯惯例，例，这这些器件并没有晶些器件并没有晶闸闸管那么有效率且不具管那么有效率且不具备备功率功率（电电力）力）处处理能力。理能力。UJT Thyristors and SCRsUJT Thyristors and SCRsTextThyristors are used as power control devices,whereas transistors are primarily used in amplifying applications.晶晶闸闸管通常用作管通常用作电电力控制器件，而晶体管主力控制器件，而晶体管主要用于信号放大要用于信号放大。UJT Thyristors and SCRsUJT Thyristors and SCRsTextA variety of unidirectional thyristors is now being used in industrial electronic applications.One of the first to be developed was the silicon-controlled rectifier(SCR).The term thyristor was derived form the words thyratron-transistor.工工业电业电子子应应用系用系统统目前使用了很多种目前使用了很多种单单向晶向晶闸闸管。管。可控硅整流器（可控硅整流器（silicon-controlled rectifier,SCR）就是最初开就是最初开发发出的三极管之一。出的三极管之一。术语术语晶晶闸闸管管“thyristor”源自于源自于单词单词“thyratron-transistor”。UJT Thyristors and SCRsUJT Thyristors and SCRsTextAn SCR is classified as a reverse blocking triode thyristor.This means that the device has conductibility in only one direction.When its anode and cathode are reverse biased,the device will not conduct.SCRSCR被被归类为归类为反向阻断晶反向阻断晶闸闸管。管。这这意味着意味着该该器件器件仅仅在一个方向上在一个方向上导导通。当其阳极、通。当其阳极、负负极极处处于反偏于反偏时时，它不它不导导通。通。UJT Thyristors and SCRsUJT Thyristors and SCRsTextThe silicon-controlled switch(SCS)and the programmable unijunction transistor(PUT)are two other thyristors of this classification.可控硅开关可控硅开关(silicon-controlled switch,SCS)和可和可编编程程单结单结晶体管晶体管(programmable unijunction transistor,PUT)是是该类该类的另外两种晶的另外两种晶闸闸管。管。Operational AmplifiersOperational AmplifiersWords and Termsop-amp(operational amplifiers)up mp n.运算放大器triangletraigl n.三角形differential amplifier 差动放大器impedanceimpi:dns n.阻抗push-pull a.推挽（式)的polarity pulriti n.极性Operational AmplifiersOperational AmplifiersWords and Termscommon-mode rejection ratio(CMRR)n.共模抑制比率substantial sbstnl a.大的，大量的，物资的intermediate .intmi:djt a.中间的single-ended a.单端的，单向的emitter-follow amplifier n.射极跟随放大器complementary-symmetry a.互补对称的Operational AmplifiersOperational AmplifiersWords and Termscouple kpl v.耦合，结合reversal riv:sl v.反向，反转，换相resistance rizistns n.电阻constant-current source n.恒流源dual-polaritydju(:)l pulriti n.双极（性）invert inv:t v.反向，反转Operational AmplifiersOperational AmplifiersTextThe internal construction of an op-amp is quite complex and usually contains a large number of discrete components.运算放大器的内部运算放大器的内部结结构非常复构非常复杂杂，它通常包含大量，它通常包含大量的分离元件。的分离元件。Operational AmplifiersOperational AmplifiersTextA person working with an op-amp does not ordinarily need to be concerned with its internal construction.It is helpful,however,to have some general understanding of what the internal circuitry accomplishes.使用运算放大器工作的人一般并不需要关心其内部使用运算放大器工作的人一般并不需要关心其内部结结构。然而，了解其内部构。然而，了解其内部电电路所具路所具备备功能的一般常功能的一般常识识是是很有帮助地。很有帮助地。Operational AmplifiersOperational AmplifiersTextThis permits the user to see how the device performs and indicates some of its limitations as a functioning unit.这这就就让让用用户户明白明白该该器件是怎器件是怎样样工作的，当然也工作的，当然也显显示示出其作出其作为为一个功能一个功能单单元的一些局限。元的一些局限。Operational AmplifiersOperational AmplifiersTextThe first stage or input of an op-amp is usually a differential amplifier.This amplifier has two inputs,which are labeled V1 and V2.运算放大器的运算放大器的输输入或者其第一入或者其第一级级通常是一个差分放通常是一个差分放大器。大器。该该放大器有两个分放大器有两个分别标为别标为V1、V2的的输输入端。入端。Operational AmplifiersOperational AmplifiersTextIt provides high gain of the signal difference supplied to the two inputs and low gain for common signals applied to both inputs simultaneously.它它对对同同时时施加在两个施加在两个输输入端的差分、共模信号分入端的差分、共模信号分别别提供高、低增益。提供高、低增益。Operational AmplifiersOperational AmplifiersTextThe input impedance is high to any applied signal.The output of the amplifier is generally two signals of equal amplitude and 180o out of phase.This could be described as a push-pull input and output.对对于任意信号，于任意信号，输输入阻抗均很大。它一般入阻抗均很大。它一般输输出幅出幅值值相同而相位相差相同而相位相差180180o o的两路信号。的两路信号。这这可称可称为为推拉式推拉式输输入入输输出。出。Flip-FlopsFlip-FlopsWords and Termsflip-flop flip fl p n.双稳态多谐振荡器，触发器memory memri n.存储器manipulate mnipjuleit v.操纵，处置clock pulse 时钟脉冲modification .m difikein n.修改，改变，改进型Flip-FlopsFlip-FlopsWords and Termstoggle t gl n.反复电路mechanism meknizm n.机械装置，机构electromechanical i.lektrumiknikl 机电的photoelectrical .futuilektrikl a.光电的Flip-FlopsFlip-FlopsWords and Termsacoustical ku:stikl a.听觉的，声学的toggle filp-flop n.反转触发器preset pri:set v.a.预调（的），预置（的）sequential sikwenl a.连续的，有序的，结果的Flip-FlopsFlip-FlopsWords and Termsversatile v:stail a.通用的，多用途的，易变的counter n.计数器endless a.不断的，环状的pulse generator 脉冲发生器numerical n(j)u:merikl a.数字的，数值的Flip-FlopsFlip-FlopsWords and Termsripple ripl n.脉动，波动IC chip n.集成电路芯片Flip-FlopsFlip-FlopsTextFlip-flops are commonly used to generate signals,shape waves,and achieve division.触触发发器通常用于器通常用于产产生信号、整形波形、生信号、整形波形、实现实现分分频频。In addition to these operations,a flip-flop may also be used as a memory device.除此之外，它也可用作存除此之外，它也可用作存储储器件。器件。Flip-FlopsFlip-FlopsTextIn this capacity,it can be made to hold an output state even when the input is completely removed.It can also be made to change its output when an appropriate input signal occurs.至于至于这这方面，甚至当方面，甚至当输输入信号完全去除入信号完全去除时时它都能保它都能保持持输输出状出状态态。当出。当出现现合适的合适的输输入信号入信号时时，也可用它，也可用它来改来改变变其其输输出状出状态态。Flip-FlopsFlip-FlopsTextIn many digital system applications,flip-flops must be set and cleared at specific times with respect to other operation circuits.许许多数字多数字应应用系用系统统在特定在特定时时刻参照其其它运算刻参照其其它运算电电路路须须要求要求对对触触发发器器进进行置位、清零。行置位、清零。This type of operation can be achieved by manipulating flip-flops in step with a clock pulse.这类这类操作可通操作可通过过逐步控制触逐步控制触发发器器实现实现。Flip-FlopsFlip-FlopsTextIn this case,the appropriate RS inputs and clock pulse must all be present in order to cause a state change.A device of this type is called an RS triggered flip-flop or simply an RST flip-flop.在在这这种情况下，种情况下，须须要有合适的要有合适的RSRS输输入信号和入信号和时钟时钟脉脉冲以改冲以改变变触触发发器的状器的状态态。这这种器件就称种器件就称为为RSRS触触发发的的触触发发器或者器或者简简称称为为RSTRST触触发发器。器。Flip-FlopsFlip-FlopsTextOne of the most versatile and important logic devices of digital system is the counter.This device,as a general rule,can be employed to count a wide varity of objects in a number of different digital system applications.计计数器是数字系数器是数字系统统的最通用、重要的的最通用、重要的逻辑逻辑器件之一。器件之一。作作为惯为惯例，它可例，它可对许对许多不同数字多不同数字应应用系用系统统中的大量中的大量物体物体进进行行计计数。数。Flip-FlopsFlip-FlopsTextWhile this device may be called upon to count an endless number of objects,it essentially counts only one thing,electronic pulses.尽管可以尽管可以说该说该器件能器件能对对数不清的物体数不清的物体进进行行计计数，本数，本质质上，它上，它仅仅对仅仅对一种物体一种物体进进行了行了计计数，即数，即电电脉冲。脉冲。Flip-FlopsFlip-FlopsTextThese pulses may be produced electronically by a clock mechanism,electromechanically,photoelectrically,acoustically,or by a number of other processes.The basic operation of the counter,however,is completely independent of the pulse generator.这这些脉冲可由机些脉冲可由机电电式、式、电电子光学式、声音式或子光学式、声音式或许许多其多其它形式的脉冲机构它形式的脉冲机构产产生。然而，生。然而，计计数器的基本工作完数器的基本工作完全独立于全独立于这这些脉冲些脉冲产产生器。生器。Flip-FlopsFlip-FlopsTextA common application of the digital counter is used to count numerical information in binary form.数字数字计计数器的一个普通数器的一个普通应应用就是用就是对对二二进进制形式的数制形式的数字信息字信息进进行行计计数。数。Flip-FlopsFlip-FlopsTextThis type of device simply employs a number of flip-flops connected so that the Q output of the first device drives the trigger or clock input of the next device.Each flip-flop therefore has a divide-by-2 function.这类这类器件器件仅仅仅仅使用了大量的触使用了大量的触发发器，器，这这些触些触发发器器顺顺次次连连接起来以便于第一个触接起来以便于第一个触发发器的器的输输出出驱动驱动下一个触下一个触发发器的触器的触发发引脚或者引脚或者时钟输时钟输入。每个触入。每个触发发器因此具有器因此具有2 2分分频频功能。功能。Digital System DecodingDigital System DecodingWords and Termsdisplay device n.显示装置decode di:kud v.译码fluid flu:id n.流体，液analog n.模拟量abruptly brptli ad.突然的，陡峭的decimal desiml 十进制Digital System DecodingDigital System DecodingWords and Termsstrip strip n.条，带punched card 穿孔卡片magnetic tape mgnetik teip n.磁带interface intfeis n.接口，界面，连接处sensitivity .sensitivti n.灵敏度Digital System DecodingDigital System DecodingWords and Termsaccuracykjursi n.准确度，精确度，精度liquid-crystal likwid kristl n.液晶decoder di:kud n.译码器energize endaiz v.通电，激励，供以能量grounding n.接地Digital System DecodingDigital System DecodingWords and Termssegment segmnt n.段，部分，环节manual mnjul a.手控的，手动的distinct distikt a.性质（种类）不同的discrete diskri:t a.分离的，不连续的necessitate nsesiteit需要，以为条件flat-package 平（扁）的外壳或部件Filter CircuitFilter CircuitWords and Termsfilter circuit filt s:kit n.滤波电路smooth smu:n.平滑的，平稳的index indeks n.指标，指数，索引variation .vriein n.变量，变化，变种ripple factorripl fkt 脉动系数Filter CircuitFilter CircuitWords and Termsrms value 均方根指，有效值capacitor kpsit n.电容器interval intvl n.时间间隔，周期period pirid n.时期，期间discharge v.释放，排除，放电milliampere .milimp n.毫安Filter CircuitFilter CircuitWords and Termsmicrofarad maikrufrd n.微法kilohm kilum n.千欧foregoing f :gui a.上述的choke coil tuk k il n.阻尼线圈Filter CircuitFilter CircuitTextFor many applications,a smooth dc output voltage with the ac ripple removed is required.许许多多应应用系用系统统需要一个去除交流脉需要一个去除交流脉动动的光滑直流的光滑直流电电压压。Circuits used removed ac vatiations of rectified direct cuurent are filter circuits.去除整流后直流去除整流后直流电电流中交流脉流中交流脉动动的的电电路就称路就称为滤为滤波波电电路。路。Filter CircuitFilter CircuitTextThe output of a rectifier has a dc value and ac ripple value as shown in Figure 1.30.如如图图1.31.3所示，整流器的所示，整流器的输输出包括直流成分和交出包括直流成分和交流脉流脉动动成分成分。Filter CircuitFilter CircuitTextTo gain a relative index of the amount of ac variation,the ripple factor of the output waveform of a rectifier can be determined by 为为了了获获得整流器得整流器输输出波形中交流出波形中交流变变化量的相化量的相对对大小，大小，其脉其脉动动系数可表示系数可表示为为：Filter CircuitFilter CircuitTextWhere r=ripple factor,Vr(rms)=rms value of the ac component,Vdc=average value of the rectified dc voltage.式中，式中，r r、V Vr(rms)r(rms)、V Vdcdc分分别别表示表示纹纹波系数、交流波系数、交流部分的均方根部分的均方根值值、整流后的直流、整流后的直流电压电压平均平均值值。Filter CircuitFilter CircuitTextA different value of filter capacitor would result in a change in the rate of discharge.滤滤波器的波器的电电容大小不一容大小不一样样会会导导致其放致其放电电率的率的变变化。化。If C discharged a very small amount,the value of Vdc would be closer to the value of Vmax.如果如果C C放放电电量非常小，量非常小，VdcVdc的的值值更接近更接近VmaxVmax。Filter CircuitFilter CircuitTextWith light loads(high resistance),the capacitor filter will supply a high dc voltage with little ripple.负载轻负载轻（大（大电电阻）的阻）的电电容容滤滤波器能提供很小波波器能提供很小波动动的高直流的高直流电压电压。Filter CircuitFilter CircuitTextHowever,with a heavy(low resistance)load connected,the dc voltage level will drop due to a greater ripple.然而，若然而，若负载负载重（小重（小电电阻），阻），较较大脉大脉动导动导致了直流致了直流电压电压的降低。的降低。Filter CircuitFilter CircuitTextThe increased ripple is caused by the lower resist-ance discharge path for the filter capacitor.增加的脉增加的脉动动是由和是由和滤滤波波电电容形成放容形成放电电通路的通路的较较小的小的电电阻引起的。阻引起的。The effect of a heavier load on the filter capacitor is shown in Figure 1.31(D).电电容容滤滤波器波器带带重重负载负载的效果如的效果如图图1.31(D)1.31(D)所示。所示。Direct-current RegulationDirect-current RegulationWords and Termsregulation .regjulein n.调节，调整rated reitid a.额定的zener diode daiud 稳压二极管breakdown voltage 击穿电压voltage regulation 电压调节器Direct-current RegulationDirect-current RegulationWords and Termsopposite pzit a.相对的，相应的，相反地shunt nt n.分路、分流器innovation.invein n.改革，革新fixed fikst a.固定的，不变的extra ekstr a.额外的，附加的Direct-current RegulationDirect-current RegulationWords and Termsrepresentative .reprizenttiv a.典型的，代表的short-circuit protection 短路保护thermal :ml a.热的，由热造成的indestructible.indistrktbl a.牢不可破的Direct-current RegulationDirect-current RegulationTextThe concept of voltage regulation can be understood by refering to the formula 参照公式参照公式 ,可以最好地理解概念：可以最好地理解概念：电压电压调调整。整。Direct-current RegulationDirect-current RegulationTextwhere VR=voltage regulation in percent,VNL=no-load terminal voltage,and VFL=rated full-load terminal voltage式中，式中，VRVR、V VNLNL、V VFLFL分分别别表示百分比表示的表示百分比表示的电压调电压调整、空整、空载载下的下的终终止止电压电压、额额定定负载负载下的下的终终止止电压电压Direct-current RegulationDirect-current RegulationTextOutput voltage is compared with a reference voltage by a high-gain error amplifier.Operation of the three-terminal regulator is based on the applied input voltage and developed output voltage.三端三端调调整器的工作基于整器的工作基于输输入入电压电压与与输输出出电压电压。高增益高增益误误差放大器将差放大器将输输入入电压电压与参考与参考电压进电压进行比行比较较。Direct-current RegulationDirect-current RegulationTextAny difference in voltage will be sensed by the error amplifier.误误差放大器感知两个差放大器感知两个电压电压的任何的任何变变化。化。The output of the error amplifier then controls conduction of the series-pass transistor.其其输输出控制串出控制串联联三极管的三极管的传导传导。Direct-current RegulationDirect-current RegulationTextThis transistor responds as a variable resistor.它和它和负载电负载电流的流的变变化相反，以化相反，以维维持其持其输输出出电压电压在一在一个恒定的个恒定的值值。It changes inversely with the load current to maintain the output voltage at a constant value.该该三极管在三极管在这这里作里作为为可可变电变电阻使用。阻使用。Direct-current RegulationDirect-current RegulationTextAn increase in output voltage would cause a corres-ponding increase in the conduction of the series-pass transistor.输输出出电压电压的增大会的增大会导导致串致串联联三极管三极管传导传导的相的相应应增加。增加。Direct-current RegulationDirect-current RegulationTextThis in turn would cause more voltage drop across the series resistor,which would lower the output voltage.相相应应地，降落在串地，降落在串联电联电阻上的阻上的电压电压会增大，从而降会增大，从而降低低输输出出电压电压。Direct-current RegulationDirect-current RegulationTextA decrease in output voltage would cause less conduction of the pass transistor.输输出出电压电压的减小会的减小会导导致串致串联联三极管三极管传导传导的相的相应应降低降低.Direct-current RegulationDirect-current RegulationTextReduced current through the series resistor will cause less voltage drop.The output voltage would therefore increase in value to compensate for the decrease in voltage.减少的减少的电电流降低了串流降低了串联电联电阻上的阻上的电压电压，因而提高了，因而提高了输输出出电压电压 Phase ControlPhase ControlWords and TermsSine wave sain weiv 正弦波alter :lt v.改变，改动lag lg v.滞后phasor feiz n.移相器，相位器，相位计angle gl n.角single-leg sigl leg n.单相Phase ControlPhase ControlWords and Termsalternate :lt:nit a.交替的，轮流的regardless of 不管，不顾Phase ControlPhase ControlTextShifting the phase of gate-cathode ac voltage with respect to the anode-cathode voltage can be used to control the conduction of an SCR.参照阳极参照阳极电压电压，移，移动门动门极交流极交流电压电压的相位可以控制的相位可以控制SCRSCR的的导导通。通。Phase ControlPhase ControlTextIn phase-control applications,the shape and amplitude of the gate voltage remain unchanged while its phase is shifted with respect to time.在相位控制在相位控制应应用中，参照用中，参照时间时间移移动动相位相位时门电压时门电压的形的形状、大小保持不状、大小保持不变变。Capacitors and induc
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