高考英语大一轮复习-专题十-介词和介词短语-北师大版

专题十介词和介词短语语法专题.介介词和介和介词短短语的考的考查要点要点语法填空法填空语法与写作法与写作.1介介词词和介和介词词短短语语的考的考查查要点要点介介词是虚是虚词，不能，不能单独作句子成分，必独作句子成分，必须与名与名词、代、代词(或相当于或相当于名名词的其他的其他词类、短、短语或从句等或从句等)构成介构成介词短短语，在句中充当一个，在句中充当一个成分。介成分。介词分分为：简单介介词，如，如at，in，for等；合成介等；合成介词，如，如within，inside，onto，throughout等；短等；短语介介词，如，如according to，out of，because of，by means of，in spite of，instead of等；双等；双重介重介词，如，如from behind/above/under，until after等；分等；分词介介词，如如considering，including，judging(from/by)等。等。.1介介词搭配搭配(1)“动词介介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个与多个动词搭配意搭配意义不同的情况。不同的情况。rob sb.of sth./clear the road of snow(表示表示“夺去、除去去、除去”意意义的的动词与与of 连用用)supply us with food/fill the glass with wine(表示表示“供供给”意意义的的动词与与with连用用)make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat(表示表示“制作、制造制作、制造”意意义的的动词与与of，from，into连用用).介介词the部位与部位与动词的关系的关系(动词sb.s部位，可部位，可换用用)strike him on the head(表示表示“击；拍；碰；摸；拍；碰；摸”意意义的的动词与与on连用用)catch him by the arm(表示表示“抓；拉；拿；扯抓；拉；拿；扯”意意义的的动词与与by连用用)hit the boy in the face(表示表示“肚；胸；眼；肚；胸；眼；脸”等人体前部的器等人体前部的器官名官名词与与in连用用)prevent(stop，keep)sb.from doing sth.(表示表示“阻止，禁止阻止，禁止”意意义的的动词与与from连用用)persuade(advise，warn)sb.into doing sth.(表示表示“说服；建服；建议；警告警告”意意义的的动词与与into连用用).buy(leave，get，win，gain，lose)sth.for sb.(表示表示“得失得失”意意义的的动词与与for连用用)tell(show，teach，sing，write，read)sth.to sb.(表示表示“告知告知”意意义的的动词与与to连用用)give(allow，promise，pass，hand)sth.to sb.(表示表示“授予授予”意意义的的动词与与to连用用)注意：注意：可可换成成buy sb.sth.，tell sb.sth.，give sb.sth.双双宾结构。构。say to sb.(suggest，explain，apologize，murmur，whisper等与等与“对象象”连用必用必须用用to)不可不可说suggest sb.sth.。.(2)同一介同一介词与不同与不同动词搭配，意搭配，意义各异。各异。reply to the letter回信，回信，sing(dance)to the music和和唱唱(跳跳)，amount to 达到，加起来有达到，加起来有，devote to把把贡献献给，drink to为干杯，干杯，object to反反对，look forward to 渴望，渴望，e to苏醒，醒，belong to属于，属于，search for搜搜，ask for请求，求，use.for用作，用作，leave for前往，前往，take.for误以以为，call for要求，要求，wait for等待，等待，care for喜喜欢，make up for弥弥补损失，失，turn to求助求助/救于，救于，help oneself to随意，随意，agree to同意，同意，pare.to把把比作，比作，send for派人去派人去请/拿拿，sail for驶向，起航，向，起航，set out for动身去，身去，go in for爱好好.(3)常常见“形容形容词介介词”搭配。搭配。worthy of值得得的的，glad about sth.for sb.为某某人人某某事事高高兴，far from离离远，grateful to sb.for sth.为某某事事感感激激某某人人，free from没没有有/免免除除，proud of/take pride in自自豪豪，satisfied with/by满意意，sure of/about确确信信，fond of喜喜欢，fit for适适合合，busy with sth./in doing sth.忙忙着着干干某某事事，full of充充满，ready for准准备，similar to相似，相似，wrong with不不对；有毛病；有毛病.语法填空法填空1Our opinions on language learning differ greatly each others in that respect.2Our teacher often asks us to retell stories our own words.3Ive promised to keep it secret，so I cant really tell you anything what you know already.4 time passing by，they have grown into big boys and big girls.5What was the cause the fire?题组训练1frominbeyondWithof.2核心介核心介词用法用法归纳与辨析与辨析(1)表示表示时间的介的介词in的用法如下。的用法如下。表示在某一表示在某一较长时间内，如世内，如世纪、年、季、月、周等，、年、季、月、周等，一般用介一般用介词in，如：，如：in the 1990s，in the year，in January，in(the)winter/summer/fall/spring，in the first week of May。.还可以用可以用时段名段名词组成固定短成固定短语或或词组。如：。如：in a while，in no time，in the daytime，in a short while，in time，in the morning(afternoon，evening)。注注意意：at night/at noon，in the day(在在白白天天)，in the night(在夜在夜间)。in five days(weeks，months，years)中中in意意思思是是“在在以后以后”。.(2)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。on Sunday(s)，on Tuesday morningon Christmas Day(但但at Christmas)，on Christmas Eve，on Childrens Dayon March 8，on the morning(afternoon，evening)of Oct.1early on the morning of Oct.1(区区别：in the late/early morning of Oct.1)on a rainy night，on warm winter days.(3)表示某一表示某一时刻或某一点刻或某一点时间用用at，如小，如小时、分、分钟等。等。at breakfast(supper，lunch)，at sixat noon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn)at the age of 15，at the time of war(但但in time of danger/trouble)注意：注意：有些有些时间名名词前不接介前不接介词。next day，last Sunday，that morning，these yearsone，each，any，every，some，all修修饰时，一一般般不不用用介介词，如如some day，one day，all afternoon。.(4)till，until的用法。的用法。till(until)与与持持续动词连用用一一般般用用于于肯肯定定句句中中，与与短短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。用一般用在否定句中。He waited for me till twelve oclock.He didnt get up till(until)10 am.(不可用不可用to)注意：注意：在句首出在句首出现或或强调句型中一般不用句型中一般不用till而用而用until。Not until 9 am.did Mr.Smith e back to school.(5)in，later，afterin一一段段时间：表表示示说话时为起起点点一一段段时间之之后后，与与一一般般将将来来时连用；但表示用；但表示“在在之内之内”时，用于各种，用于各种时态。一一段段时间later(later是是副副词)：表表示示某某一一具具体体时间或或某某一一方方面面具体具体时间算起的一段算起的一段时间后。后。after一一段段时间：表表示示“在在之之后后”，用用于于一一般般过去去时；但但时间为点点时间时，只只能能用用after，即即after点点时间，用用于于各各种种时态。The doctor will be with us in six minutes.She graduated in 1981，and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.He received her letter after four weeks.另外，另外，in一段一段时间stime与与within一段一段时间的用法如下：的用法如下：in a weeks timein a weekThey will arrive in three days time.(与将来与将来时连用用)My brothers birthday is in two weeks time.(作表作表语)Ill finish the book within two weeks.(withinin less than.用用于于各种各种时态，意，意为“不超出，在不超出，在之内之内”).(6)地地点点介介词at，on，in，to，off，across，through，over，above，under，below。at 在在较小小的的场所所，in在在较大大的的场所所，on在在的的平平面面上上。如如at the door，at the airport，at the station，at 55 Park Street，in China，in the north，in Asia，on the desk，on the wall等。等。on，at，in，off还可可以以表表示示两两地地的的相相对位位置置。若若A地地属属于于B地地，用用in；A地地位位于于B地地的的外外面面且且有有边缘衔接接，用用on；无无边缘的的衔接接，用用to；A在在B附近，用附近，用off。.Japan lies to the east of China.(范范围之外之外)Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范范围之内之内)Hunan Province lies on the west of Hubei Province.(毗毗邻)The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离相隔一定距离)across在在物物体体表表面面“穿穿过”；through则表表示示在在三三维空空间内内部部“穿穿过”。They walked across the playground.I walked through the forest.over，above译作作“在在之之上上”；under，below译作作“在在的的下下面面”，其其区区别在在于于over，under表表示示一一种种直直接接的的、垂垂直直的的上上下下关关系系；而而above，below则表表示示一一般般的的“高高于于”或或“低低于于”，不一定是垂直，不一定是垂直“在上在上”或或“在下在下”。A little boat is now under the bridge.There is a bridge over the river.The sun sinks below the horizon(地平地平线)The window is well above the tree.(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介表示方式、手段、工具的介词by the year/hour/day按按年年/小小时/天天。如如：He rents a house by the year(day，hour)(按按bythe单位位名名称称，但但to the pound按磅算，按磅算，to the ton按吨按吨计)。表泛指的方式、手段表泛指的方式、手段by post/mail邮寄寄，by telephone(radio)(但但on the phone/on the radio/on TV)，by electricity用用电，by machinery用用电器器，by hard work，learn sth.by heart，through the satellite，through practice，through his own efforts，through experience，through the telescope.交通工具交通工具类by bus/train/car/taxiby bike/bicycle，on horseback/footby plane/jet/spaceship/airby ship/boat/lifeboat/sea/water另另外外：by means of 用用方方法法，by way of 经由由，取取道道于于；用用方方 法法，with the help(permission)of sb./with sb.s help(permission)。.表方式、手段的其他用法表方式、手段的其他用法He beat the dog with a stick.(with工具工具/机器机器)One smells with his nose.(with人人体体器器官官，但但by hand手手工，用手工，用手)He stood up with pride.(with情情绪、情感、情感、态度的名度的名词).注注意意：使使用用语言言、材材料料、文文字字等等用用in。如如：in English(ink，pencil)。另另外外如如：in high(good，low)spirits，in anger，in joy，in fort，in sorrow，in safety，in danger，in need，in debt，in love，in fun，in pain，in tears，in surprise，in good(poor)health，in good order，in flower，in a way，in a low voice，in silence，in(with)satisfaction，in a hurry，in(with)words，live/feed on food，kneel on ones knee，take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意出其不意).(8)表示表示“除除之外之外”的常用的常用词。besides 除除以外以外(还有有)。作副。作副词时意思是意思是“而且，更何况而且，更何况”。We all went to the cinema besides Shaw.It was too late to see a film，and besides，I was tired.except除去，除除去，除之外之外(不再有不再有)。We all went except John.在否定句中，两在否定句中，两词可以可以换用。用。He has no other hats except/besides this one.except for除除了了(对句句子子主主题进行行细节校校正正或或附附加加说明明)，后后接接名名词、代代词或或what从从句句，此此时与与“except that句句子子”意思相同。意思相同。He was very clever except for carelessness.except that.除了除了一点以外。一点以外。He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.but与与exceptbut和和except在表示在表示“除了除了以外以外”时可以通用，但可以通用，但应注意注意以下三点：以下三点：.(A)前面有不定代前面有不定代词、疑、疑问代代词在意在意义上上对称称时，多用，多用but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.(B)后接不定式短后接不定式短语为排除排除对象象时，多用，多用but。He has nothing to do but wait.(前有前有do，后省，后省to)(C)but与一些固定与一些固定结构构连用。用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不，不得不，can not help but do sth.不得不不得不，but for.若不是若不是.(9)between与与amongbetween通通常常指指两两者者之之间，也也可可以以用用于于三三者者或或三三者者以以上上的的每每两两者者之之间的相互关系。的相互关系。Ann is between Tom and Bill.Switzerland lies between France，Germany，Australia and Italy.They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作共同，合作)She was busy between cooking，washing，sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那忙那).A horse can be seen between trees now.among表示三者以上之表示三者以上之间。The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.He was happy to be among friends again.We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同一起，共同)London is among the largest cities.(one of与最高与最高级连用用).(10)表原因的介表原因的介词for，because of，due to。He didnt e to the meeting because of his illness.The reason for his ing late is that he was ill.He was praised for his bravery and courage.The accident is due to your careless driving.(11)不定式复合不定式复合结构中的构中的for，of。这里里所所说的的不不定定式式复复合合结构构形形式式指指的的是是for 或或of加加上上人人或或事事，作作动词不定式不定式逻辑主主语的的结构。构。It is clever of you to answer it like that.It is quite hard for me to explain why.注注意意：两两句句中中的的of和和for的的使使用用，表表语形形容容词能能够说明明不不定定式式逻辑主主语的的性性质、特特征征与与面面貌貌时用用of，如如果果说明明不不定定式式行行为本本身的性身的性质、状、状态等等则用用for。.(12)兼作兼作连词和副和副词的介的介词。after，since，till/until，before这些些词既是介既是介词，又是，又是连词。The children went home at once after school.(介介词)They went to bed after they had finished the job.(连词)in，on，along，down，up，after，before，beyond等等介介词可可兼作副兼作副词。He ran down the hill.(介介词)Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me？(副副词).有的介有的介词可以兼作可以兼作连词和副和副词。All the students got to school before me.(介介词)We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(连词)Havent I seen you before？(副副词)(13)介介词的省略。的省略。某些某些动词短短语之后的介之后的介词可以省略。可以省略。Nothing can prevent me(from)doing the job.She spent nearly two hours(in)translating it.(14)某些名某些名词与介与介词构成的固定搭配。构成的固定搭配。要要求求接接to的的名名词有有：key，answer，visit，entrance，apology，introduction，road等。等。The key to success is preparation.要求接要求接in 的名的名词有：有：interest，satisfaction，expert等。等。He is an expert in teaching small children.选词填空填空on the contrary，for the benefit of，in time，out of place，in favour of1China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals _ all its citizens.2The furniture，with its modern style and bright colors，suits modern houses and their gardens，but looks _ _ in the garden of a traditional home.题组训练2for the benefit ofout of place.3Thank God youre safe!I stepped back，just _ to avoid the racing car.4It wasnt a good thing；_，it was a huge mistake.5When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster，many teachers would prefer to see him step aside _ younger men.in timeon the contraryin favour of.2语语法与写作法与写作根据提示翻根据提示翻译下面的句子下面的句子1结果果，孩孩子子们对父父母母变得得如如此此依依赖以以至至于于他他们没没有有独独立的思想和立的思想和创造性的造性的观点。点。(as a consequence)(2013福建福建书面表达面表达)_ As a consequence，children bee so reliant on their parents that they have no independent thoughts or creative ideas.2相反，志愿者相反，志愿者们迫不及待地想体迫不及待地想体验在那里的生活，因在那里的生活，因为他他们已已经厌倦了地球上的生活。倦了地球上的生活。(on the contrary)(2013广广东基基础写作写作)_3除了除了这些些传统的活的活动外，我外，我们有更有更宽范范围的的选择，例如旅游，例如旅游和走和走亲访友。友。(in addition to)(2013辽宁宁书面表达面表达)_On the contrary，volunteers couldnt wait to experience the life there，for they are tired of the life on the earth.In addition to these traditional activities，we have a wider range of choices such as travelling and visiting our relatives or friends.4以我的以我的观点，人点，人们需要学会接受需要学会接受现实并且要并且要继续尝试。(in my opinion)(2013北京北京开放作文开放作文)_5总之，能之，能够在短在短时间内内赢得他得他们的友的友谊是我一生当中最自豪是我一生当中最自豪的事。的事。(in a word)(2013浙江浙江书面表达面表达)_In my opinion，people need to learn to accept the reality and keep on trying.In a word，being able to win their friendship in a very short time is the thing that I am proud of most in my life.3语语法填空法填空 Philip is 55 and blind.He has been blind since birth.He says he does not feel like he is missing anything because he cannot imagine 1._sight is like.He can smell 2._ rose，but he cannot tell 3._ it is red，white，or blue.It does not matter to him.He 4._(enjoy)the beauty of the scent itself.People sometimes take pity 5._him，but he tells them he is a contented man.He does not feel 6._(cheat)by Mother Nature.The doctors never figured out why he was born blind.whataif/whetherenjoysoncheated.But his life is not a bed of roses.It is much 7._(hard)for him to travel.He cannot drive，of course.He travels by bus.At home,8._cannot just look out of the window to see what the weather is like，and then dress appropriately.He cant look at the clock on the wall to see what time it is.He uses his Braille watch 9._a special radio for that.Philip has never seen a good movie or a bad TV show.He has no idea what a sunset or a full moon looks like.He is a great 10._(music)；he plays the saxophone，but not in a band.harderheormusician.