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一、简单句一、简单句(陈述句、祈使句、陈述句、祈使句、感叹句、感叹句、)一、简单句(陈述句、祈使句、感叹句、)1n n陈述句是用于陈述事实和观点的句子。包括肯定结构和否定结构。肯定句变否定句的基本方法如下：n n1be 动词、情态动词的否定式：在be动词、情态动词后面加否定词not。n n如：We arent classmates.我们不是同学。I cant speak English well.我英语说得不好。n n2实义动词的否定式：借助助动词do/does构成。一般现在时的句子结构为：主语doesnt/dont 动词原形其他。如：He doesnt do exercise every day.他不是每天锻炼。陈述句是用于陈述事实和观点的句子。包括肯定结构和否定结构。肯2祈使句是表示请求、命令、劝告、祝愿或建议的句子。否定式是直接在动词原形前加dont。常见的祈使句的基本句型如下：n n1动词原形其他。如：Be careful.n n2Do 动词原形(加强语气)。如：n nDo be careful next time.n n3加please的祈使句(表示更加客气和礼貌)。如：Open the door,please.祈使句是表示请求、命令、劝告、祝愿或建议的句子。否定式是直接3感叹句一般用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。英语感叹句常用what或how引导，句末用感叹号。n n1what引导的感叹句。n n(1)Whata/an形容词单数可数名词(主语谓语)！如：What a difficult question it is!n n(2)What形容词复数可数名词/不可数名词(主语谓语)！如：What useful information!感叹句一般用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。英语感叹句常用w4n n2how引导的感叹句。n n(1)How形容词/副词主语谓语！如：n nHow kind they are!n n(2)How陈述句(主语谓语)！如：n nHow time flies!n n3what引导的感叹句可以和how引导的感叹句互换。如：What a good girl!How good the girl is!2how引导的感叹句。5二、主谓一致二、主谓一致 二、主谓一致 6n n英语中，主语与谓语的一致存在着三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。n n语法一致原则n n语法一致原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致。n n1单数名词或代词、不定式、动名词(短语)、从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：n nSmoking is bad for our health.吸烟有害健康。n n2不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：n nSomeone is knocking at the door.有人在敲门。英语中，主语与谓语的一致存在着三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一7n n3介词或介词短语作插入语主语后接with,along with,together with,as well as,including,besides,like,except,but等短语作插入语时，谓语动词的数由主语的单、复数形式决定。如：Mike with his two dogs is walking in the park.n n迈克和他的两条狗正在公园里散步。n n4常以复数形式出现的名词作主语n n一些只有复数形式的名词(如 trousers,shoes,clothes,gloves,glasses等)作主语时，谓语动词必须用复数。但是，如果这些名词被a pair of 修饰时，谓语动词需用单数。如：A pair of glasses is on the table.3介词或介词短语作插入语主语后接with,along 8n n5“a number of名词复数”作主语，谓语动词用复数；“the number of名词复数”作主语，谓语动词用单数。如：n nA number of workers have recently left the company.n n最近有很多工人辞掉了工作。n n6“the形容词”表示一类人，作主语谓语动词用复数。如：The old are more likely to catch cold than the young.n n老年人比年轻人更容易感冒。5“a number of名词复数”作主语，谓语动词用复9n n7a lot of,lots of,plenty of名词，分数或百分数名词等作主语，谓语动词与名词的数保持一致。如：n nThree fifths of the forest was destroyed.n n 五分之三的森林被毁坏了。7a lot of,lots of,plenty of10n n意义一致原则n n意义一致即谓语的单、复数要看主语所表达的概念。n n1形式上虽为单数，但意义为复数的名词，如the police,people(人们),cattle等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：n nWatch out!The police are coming.n n当心！警察来了。n n2the Chinese,the British等表示一个国家或民族的人的总称的词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：n nThe English do not drink much wine.意义一致原则11n n3形式上为复数，而意义上却是单数的名词，如news,physics,politics,economics及以s结尾的书名、国名等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：n nThis news is important for us.这条消息对我们很重要。n n4由and连接的两个名词作主语，指同一概念时，谓语动词用单数。如：n nThe doctor and writer is very famous.n n这位医生兼作家非常地出名。3形式上为复数，而意义上却是单数的名词，如news,ph12n n就近原则n n就近原则即谓语动词的数决定于主语中最靠近它的名词的单、复数。n n1连词notbut，eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数与靠近它的主语一致。如：n nEither you or I am wrong.不是你错了就是我错了。就近原则13n n2there be句型当there be后有两个或几个并列的主语时，be动词的数和与其靠得最近的那个主语一致。如：n nThere is a table and six chairs in the dining hall.n n餐厅里有一张桌子和六把椅子。n nThere are six chairs and a table in the dining hall.n n餐厅里有六把椅子和一张桌子。2there be句型当there be后有两个或几个并14三、动词的时态与语态三、动词的时态与语态 三、动词的时态与语态 15 动词的时态n n初中阶段应掌握的时态共有六种，即一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时。n n以do为例，常用的八种时态的构成及常与之连用的时间状语如下表所示：动词的时态16时态时态 结结构构 常常连连用的用的时间时间状状语语一般一般现现在在时时 do/does do/doesoften,always,often,always,sometimes,usuallysometimes,usually等等一般一般过过去去时时 did didyesterday,last year,yesterday,last year,just now,agojust now,ago等等一般将一般将来来时时 am/is/are going to do am/is/are going to do 或或 will/shall do will/shall dotomorrow,next week,tomorrow,next week,soon,in a monthsoon,in a month等等现现在在进进行行时时 am/is/are doing am/is/are doingnow,these days now,these days 等等时态 结构 常连用的时间状语一般现在时 do/does17过过去去进进行行时时was/were doingwas/were doingat this time at this time yesterday,at that yesterday,at that time,whentime,when引引导导的的时间时间状状语语从句从句等等现现在完成在完成时时has/have donehas/have donealready,yet,ever,already,yet,ever,nevernever，so far,for so far,for three days,since three days,since two days agotwo days ago过去进行时was/were doingat this ti18n n动词的语态n n语态是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，或者说动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，或者说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。n n常用的五种被动语态结构及示例如下表所示：动词的语态19时态时态结结构构示例示例一般一般现现在在时时am/is/aream/is/are过过去分去分词词All these things are All these things are made by machine.made by machine.一般一般过过去去时时was/werewas/were过过去分去分词词This book was This book was written by Lu written by Lu Xun.Xun.一般将来一般将来时时will be/is going to bewill be/is going to be过过去分去分词词The cars will be sent The cars will be sent abroad by sea.abroad by sea.现现在完成在完成时时has/have been has/have been 过过去分去分词词All the postcards All the postcards have been sent have been sent out.out.含情含情态动词态动词情情态动词态动词bebe 过过去分去分词词The flowers must be The flowers must be watered every day.watered every day.时态结构示例一般现在时am/is/are过去分词Al20n n提醒在使役动词have,make,get,let以及感官动词see,find,watch,notice,hear,feel等后面不定式作宾语补足语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时要加to。如：n nSomeone saw a stranger walk into the building.n n被动语态为：n nA stranger was seen to walk into the building.提醒在使役动词have,make,get,let以21四、常用动词习惯用法四、常用动词习惯用法 四、常用动词习惯用法 22 1.allow sb to do sth 允许某人去允许某人去做某事（后接动词不定式）做某事（后接动词不定式）2.asked sb(not)to do sth 叫某人叫某人做事某事（叫某人不要去做某事）做事某事（叫某人不要去做某事）3.be afraid to do sth 害怕做某事害怕做某事 4.be busy doing/with sth 忙于做忙于做某事某事5.be pleased with sth 对某事感对某事感到高兴到高兴/满意满意 1.allow sb to do sth 允许某236.be interested in sth/doing sth 对某事感兴对某事感兴趣趣/对做某事感兴趣对做某事感兴趣 7.be worth doing sth 值得做某事）值得做某事）8.cant wait to do sth 迫不急待地去做某事迫不急待地去做某事 9.enjoy doing sth 乐意去做某事乐意去做某事 10.Its+adj+(for sb)to do sth.11.see sb do/doing sth 看见某人做某事看见某人做某事12.too(for sb)to so that not enough to do 6.be interested in sth/doing 24五、复合句五、复合句25从句名称从句名称引引导词导词地点状地点状语语从句从句where,whereverwhere,wherever原因状原因状语语从句从句because,as,since(because,as,since(既然既然)目的状目的状语语从句从句so that(so that(以便以便),in order that(),in order that(为为了，目的是了，目的是)让让步状步状语语从句从句though(though(虽虽然然),although(),although(虽虽然然),even if),even ifeven though(even though(即使即使)比比较较状状语语从句从句than,asthan,asasas，not so/as not so/asasas结结果状果状语语从句从句that,so that,sothat,so that,sothat,suchthat,suchthat(that(以至于以至于)从句名称引导词地点状语从句where,wherever原因26六、遣词造句练习1、人称2、时态3、句子结构（主语、谓语等）4、标点六、遣词造句练习1、人称27
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