宏观经济学原理曼昆经济学课件

N.G R E G O R Y M A N K I WPremium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich2008 update 2008 South-Western,a part of Cengage Learning,all rights reserved10P R I N C I P L E S O FF O U R T H E D I T I O NMeasuring a Nations Income10P R I N C I P L E S O FF O1CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEIn this chapter,look for the answers to these questions:What is Gross Domestic Product(GDP)?How is GDP related to a nations total income and spending?What are the components of GDP?How is GDP corrected for inflation?Does GDP measure societys well-being?CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI2CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEMicro vs.MacroMicroeconomics:The study of how individual households and firms make decisions,interact with one another in markets.Macroeconomics:The study of the economy as a whole.We begin our study of macroeconomics with the countrys total income and expenditure.CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI3Micro vs.MacroExamples of questions that microeconomics seeks to answer:how do consumers decide how much of each good to buy?how do firms decide how much output to produce,and what price to charge?what determines the price and quantity of individual goods and services?CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEMicro vs.MacroExamples of que4Micro vs.MacroExamples of questions that macroeconomics seeks to answer:how do consumers decide how to divide their income between spending and saving?what determines the total amount of employment and unemployment?what determines the overall level of prices,and the rate of inflation?why is does the economy go through cycles,where things are great for a few years(like the late 90s),and then worse in a year or two(like 2001-2002)?when unemployment is high,what can the government do to help?CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEMicro vs.MacroExamples of que5CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEIncome and ExpenditureGross Domestic Product(GDP)measures total income of everyone in the economy.GDP also measures total expenditure on the economys output of g&s.For the economy as a whole,income equals expenditureincome equals expenditure,because every dollar a buyer spends is a dollar of income for the seller.CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI6CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEThe Circular-Flow Diagrama simple depiction of the macroeconomyillustrates GDP as spending,revenue,factor payments,and incomePreliminaries:Factors of production are inputs like labor,land,capital,and natural resources.Factor payments are payments to the factors of production.(e.g.,wages,rent)CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI7CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEFIGURE 1:The Circular-Flow DiagramHouseholds:own the factors of production,sell/rent them to firms for incomebuy and consume g&sHouseholdsFirmsCHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI8CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEFIGURE 1:The Circular-Flow DiagramHouseholdsFirmsFirms:buy/hire factors of production,use them to produce g&ssell g&sCHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI9CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEFIGURE 1:The Circular-Flow DiagramMarkets for Factors of ProductionHouseholdsFirmsIncome(=GDP)Wages,rent,profit(=GDP)Factors of productionLabor,land,capitalSpending(=GDP)G&S boughtG&S soldRevenue(=GDP)Markets for Goods&ServicesCHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI10CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEWhat This Diagram Omits(遗漏）遗漏）The governmentcollects taxespurchases g&sThe financial systemmatches savers supply of funds with borrowers demand for loansThe foreign sectortrades g&s,financial assets,and currencies with the countrys residentsCHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI11CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEthe market value of all final goods&services produced within a country in a given period of time.Gross Domestic Product(GDP)IsGoods are valued at their market prices,so:all goods measured in the same units(e.g.,dollars in the U.S.)Things that dont have a market value are excluded,e.g.,housework you do for yourself.CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI12CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEthe market value of all final goods&services produced within a country in a given period of time.Gross Domestic Product(GDP)IsFinal goods:intended for（打算供应）the end user Intermediate goods:used as components or ingredients（成分）in the production of other goods GDP only includes final goods they already embody（包含）the value of the intermediate goods used in their production.CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI13CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEthe market value of all final goods&services produced within a country in a given period of time.Gross Domestic Product(GDP)IsGDP includes tangible goods(like DVDs,mountain bikes,beer)and intangible services(dry cleaning,concerts,cell phone service).CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI14CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEthe market value of all final goods&services produced within a country in a given period of time.Gross Domestic Product(GDP)IsGDP includes currently produced goods,not goods produced in the past.E.gNew car vs second carCHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI15CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEthe market value of all final goods&services produced within a country in a given period of time.Gross Domestic Product(GDP)IsGDP measures the value of production that occurs within a countrys borders,whether done by its own citizens or by foreigners located there.CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI16CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEthe market value of all final goods&services produced within a country in a given period of time.Gross Domestic Product(GDP)Isusually a year or a quarter(3 months)CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI17CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEThe Components of GDPRecall:GDP is total spending.Four components:Consumption(C)消费Investment(I)投资Government Purchases(G)政府购买Net Exports(NX)净出口These components add up to GDP(denoted Y):Y =C +I +G +NXCHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI18CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEConsumption(C)is total spending by households on g&s.Note on housing costs:For renters,consumption includes rent payments.For homeowners,consumption includes the imputed rental value of the house,but not the purchase price or mortgage payments.贷款偿还CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI19CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEInvestment(I)is total spending on goods that will be used in the future to produce more goods.includes spending oncapital equipment(e.g.,machines,tools)structures(factories,office buildings,houses)inventories(goods produced but not yet sold)Note:“Investment”“Investment”does not mean the purchase of financial assets like stocks and bonds.CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI20CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEGovernment Purchases(G)is all spending on the g&s purchased by govt at the federal,state,and local levels.G excludes transfer payments,such as Social Security or unemployment insurance benefits.They are not purchases of g&s.CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI21CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMENet Exports(NX)NX=exports imports(净出口)Exports represent foreign spending on the economys g&s.Imports are the portions of C,I,and G that are spent on g&s produced abroad.Adding up all the components of GDP gives:Y =C +I +G +NXCHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI2222四部门经济模型四部门经济模型 政府购买(G)出口(EX)投资(I)储蓄(S)收入(Y)税收(T)转移支付(TR)消费支出(C)金融市场产品市场要素市场居 民厂商外 国政 府进口(IM)22四部门经济模型 政府购买(G)出口(EX)投资(I)23CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEU.S.GDP and Its Components,20072,3448,9057,03732,228$45,825per capita5.119.415.470.3100.0%of GDP7082,6902,1259,734$13,841billionsNXGICYCHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIA A C C T T I I V V E LE L E E A A R R NN I I NN G G 1:GDP and its components24In each of the following cases,determine how much GDP and each of its components is affected(if at all).A.Debbie spends$200 to buy her husband dinner at the finest restaurant in Boston.B.Sarah spends$1800 on a new laptop to use in her publishing business.The laptop was built in China.C.Jane spends$1200 on a computer to use in her editing business.She got last years model on sale for a great price from a local manufacturer.D.General Motors builds$500 million worth of cars,but consumers only buy$470 million worth of them.A C T I V E L E A R N I N G A A C C T T I I V V E LE L E E A A R R NN I I NN G G 1:Answers25A.Debbie spends$200 to buy her husband dinner at the finest restaurant in Boston.Consumption and GDP rise by$200.B.Sarah spends$1800 on a new laptop to use in her publishing business.The laptop was built in China.Investment rises by$1800,net exports fall by$1800,GDP is unchanged.A C T I V E L E A R N I N G A A C C T T I I V V E LE L E E A A R R NN I I NN G G 1:Answers26C.Jane spends$1200 on a computer to use in her editing business.She got last years model on sale for a great price from a local manufacturer.Current GDP and investment do not change,because the computer was built last year.D.General Motors builds$500 million worth of cars,but consumers only buy$470 million of them.Consumption rises by$470 million,inventory investment rises by$30 million,and GDP rises by$500 million.A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 27CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEReal versus Nominal GDPInflation can distort economic variables（改变经济变数）like GDP,so we have two versions of GDP:One is corrected for inflation,the other is not.Nominal(名义名义)GDP values output using current prices.It is not corrected for inflation.Real GDP values output using the prices of a base year（基年）（基年）.Real GDP is corrected for inflation.CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI28实际GDP与名义GDP GDPGDPGDPGDP衡量一国经济生产的所有产品和劳务的市场价值。衡量一国经济生产的所有产品和劳务的市场价值。衡量一国经济生产的所有产品和劳务的市场价值。衡量一国经济生产的所有产品和劳务的市场价值。如果一年的如果一年的如果一年的如果一年的GDP GDP GDP GDP 高于上一年份，可能是因为：高于上一年份，可能是因为：高于上一年份，可能是因为：高于上一年份，可能是因为：n 经济中生产了更多的物品与劳务经济中生产了更多的物品与劳务n 以更高的价格销售物品与劳务以更高的价格销售物品与劳务实际GDP与名义GDP GDP衡量一国经济生产的29CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMECHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI30CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMECHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI31CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMECHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI32CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMECHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI33CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMECHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI34CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMECHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI35CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMECHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI36CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMECHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI37CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMECHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI38CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEEXAMPLE:Compute nominal GDP in each year:2002:$10 x 400 +$2 x 1000 =$6,0002003:$11 x 500 +$2.50 x 1100=$8,2502004:$12 x 600 +$3 x 1200=$10,800PizzaLatteyearPQPQ2002$10400$2.0010002003$11500$2.5011002004$12600$3.00120037.5%Increase:30.9%CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI39CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEEXAMPLE:Compute real GDP in each year,using 2002 as the base year:PizzaLatteyearPQPQ2002$10400$2.0010002003$11500$2.5011002004$12600$3.00120020.0%Increase:16.7%$10$2.002002:$10 x 400 +$2 x 1000 =$6,0002003:$10 x 500 +$2 x 1100=$7,2002004:$10 x 600 +$2 x 1200=$8,400CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI40CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEEXAMPLE:In each year,nominal GDP is measured using the(then)current prices.real GDP is measured using constant prices from the base year(2002 in this example).yearNominal GDPReal GDP2002$6000$60002003$8250$72002004$10,800$8400CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI41CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEEXAMPLE:The change in nominal GDP reflects both prices and quantities.yearNominal GDPReal GDP2002$6000$60002003$8250$72002004$10,800$840020.0%16.7%37.5%30.9%The change in real GDP is the amount that GDP would change if prices were constant(i.e.,if zero inflation).Hence,real GDP is corrected for inflation.CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI42CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMENominal and Real GDP in the U.S.,Nominal and Real GDP in the U.S.,1965-20071965-2007Real GDP(base year 2000)Nominal GDPCHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI43 名次名次 GDPGDP（亿元）（亿元）人均人均GDPGDP（元）（元）1 1 广东广东 35696 39951 35696 39951 2 2 山东山东 30559 29262 30559 29262 3 3 江苏江苏 30024 33089 30024 33089 4 4 浙江浙江 21107 36241 21107 36241 5 5 河南河南 18200 15824 18200 15824 6 6 河北河北 16000 19588 16000 19588 7 7 上海上海 13698 95049 13698 95049 8 8 辽宁辽宁 12020 24945 12020 24945 9 9 湖南湖南 11509 13773 11509 13773 10 10 四川四川 11025 11008 11025 11008 11 11 福建福建 10863 3025510863 3025512 12 北京北京 10279 57931 10279 57931 13 13 湖北湖北 10600 15104 10600 15104 14 14 安徽安徽 8116 117808116 11780 15 黑龙江 7881 18763 16 内蒙古 7600 26128 17 广西 7150 13004 18 山西 7028 16943 19 陕西 6812 13284 20 吉林 6400 18126 21 天津 6300 48390 22 江西 5923 12504 23 云南 5500 12184 24 重庆 5098 16014 25 新疆 4200 17616 26 贵州 3025 7264 27 甘肃 2994 9827 28 海南 1121 13361 29 宁夏 1070 1754030 青海 966 1894031 西藏 392 13754中国2008年各省GDP排名 名次 GDP（亿元）人均GDP（元）1 广441 1 美国美国 139800 46280 139800 46280 2 2 日本日本 52900 41480 52900 41480 3 3 中国中国 33700 252033700 25204 4 德国德国 32800 39710 32800 39710 5 5 英国英国 25700 42430 25700 42430 6 6 法国法国 25200 41200 25200 41200 7 7 意大利意大利 20900 35980 20900 35980 8 8 西班牙西班牙 14100 30820 14100 30820 9 9 加拿大加拿大 13600 41470 13600 41470 10 10 俄罗斯俄罗斯 11400 8030 11400 8030 11 11 韩韩 国国 9920 20240 9920 20240 12 12 巴巴 西西 9340 4930 9340 4930 13 13 印度印度 9280 830 9280 830 14 14 墨西哥墨西哥 8850 8140 8850 8140 15 15 荷荷 兰兰 7560 45880 7560 45880 16 16 澳大利亚澳大利亚 7460 3590 7460 3590 17 17 比利时比利时 4470 43010 4470 43010 18 18 瑞瑞 典典 4470 48950 4470 48950 19 19 瑞瑞 士士 4310 57040 4310 57040 20 20 中国台湾中国台湾 3980 175203980 17520 排名排名 国家国家 总值（亿美元）总值（亿美元）人均（美元人均（美元)21 21 印度尼西亚印度尼西亚 3960 1590 3960 1590 22 22 土耳其土耳其 3860 5130 3860 5130 23 挪 威 3760 80960 24 波 兰 3750 9840 25 奥地利 3710 37800 26 沙特阿拉伯 3690 14250 27 丹 麦 3060 56380 28 希 腊 2630 23970 29 南 非 2560 6090 30 伊 朗 2520 3560 31 爱尔兰 2480 58020 32 芬 兰 2360 45020 33 阿根廷 2330 5840 34 泰 国 2270 3420 35 葡萄牙 2190 20620 36 中国香港 2050 29350 37 委内瑞拉 2020 7360 38 捷 克 1690 16560 39 马来西亚 1620 5950 40 智 利 1570 9450 41 以色列 1500 20880 42 新加坡 1410 32030 43 罗马尼亚 1370 6340 44 尼日利亚 1350 926 45 巴基斯坦 1280 790 46 匈牙利 1270 12740 47 哥伦比亚 1270 2710 48 菲律宾 1260 1380 49 埃 及 1160 1510 50 阿尔及利亚 1050 3090 51 乌克兰 1020 2200 52 新西兰 1020 24420 53 哈萨克斯坦 900 5830 54 越南 670 790 55 斯洛伐克 650 11850 56 克罗地亚 500 11050 57 斯洛文尼亚 420 21260 58 保加利亚 360 4820 59 伊拉克 360 1190 60 立陶宛 350 102501 美国 139800 46280 2 日本 45宏观经济学原理曼昆经济学课件46The GDP Deflator（平减指数）（平减指数）The GDP deflator is a measure of the overall level of prices.Definition:One way to measure the economys inflation rate is to compute the percentage increase in the GDP deflator from one year to the next.这一指数能够更加准确地反映一般物价水平走向,是对价格水平最宏观测量GDP deflator =100 x nominal GDPreal GDPThe GDP Deflator（平减指数）The GDP 47CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEEXAMPLE:Compute the GDP deflator in each year:yearNominal GDPReal GDPGDP Deflator2002$6000$60002003$8250$72002004$10,800$84002002:100 x(6000/6000)=100.0100.02003:100 x(8250/7200)=114.6114.62004:100 x(10,800/8400)=128.6128.614.6%12.2%CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIA A C C T T I I V V E LE L E E A A R R NN I I NN G G 2:Computing GDP48Use the above data to solve these problems:A.Compute nominal GDP in 2004.B.Compute real GDP in 2005.C.Compute the GDP deflator in 2006.2004(base yr)20052006PQPQPQgood A$30900$311,000$361050good B$100192$102200$100205A C T I V E L E A R N I N G A A C C T T I I V V E LE L E E A A R R NN I I NN G G 2:Answers49A.Compute nominal GDP in 2004.$30 x 900 +$100 x 192 =$46,200B.Compute real GDP in 2005.$30 x 1000 +$100 x 200 =$50,0002004(base yr)20052006PQPQPQgood A$30900$311,000$361050good B$100192$102200$100205A C T I V E L E A R N I N G A A C C T T I I V V E LE L E E A A R R NN I I NN G G 2:Answers50C.Compute the GDP deflator in 2006.Nom GDP =$36 x 1050 +$100 x 205 =$58,300 Real GDP =$30 x 1050 +$100 x 205 =$52,000 GDP deflator=100 x(Nom GDP)/(Real GDP)=100 x($58,300)/($52,000)=112.12004(base yr)20052006PQPQPQgood A$30900$311,000$361050good B$100192$102200$100205A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 51CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEGDP and Economic Well-BeingReal GDP per capita is the main indicator of the average persons standard of living.But GDP is not a perfect measure of well-being.Robert Kennedy issued a very eloquent yet harsh criticism of GDP:CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIGross Domestic Product“does not allow for the health of our children,the quality of their education,or the joy of their play.It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages,the intelligence of our public debate or the integrity of our public officials.It measures neither our courage,nor our wisdom,nor our devotion to our country.It measures everything,in short,except that which makes life worthwhile,and it can tell us everything about America except why we are proud that we are Americans.”-Senator Robert Kennedy,1968Gross Domestic Product“does5353讨论：下面这段话是否正确？如果正确的讨论：下面这段话是否正确？如果正确的话，我们为什么要关注国内生产总值？话，我们为什么要关注国内生产总值？国内生产总值并没有考虑到我们孩子的健康、他国内生产总值并没有考虑到我们孩子的健康、他们的教育质量或者他们游戏的快乐。它没有包括我们们的教育质量或者他们游戏的快乐。它没有包括我们的诗歌之美或者婚姻的稳定，没有包括我们关于公共的诗歌之美或者婚姻的稳定，没有包括我们关于公共问题争论的智慧或者我们公务员的廉洁。它既没有衡问题争论的智慧或者我们公务员的廉洁。它既没有衡量出我们的勇气，我们的智慧，也没有衡量出我们对量出我们的勇气，我们的智慧，也没有衡量出我们对祖国的热爱。简言之，它衡量一切，但并不包括使我祖国的热爱。简言之，它衡量一切，但并不包括使我们的生活有意义的东西，它可以告诉我们有关美国人们的生活有意义的东西，它可以告诉我们有关美国人的一切，但没有告诉我们，为什么我们以作为美国人的一切，但没有告诉我们，为什么我们以作为美国人而骄傲。而骄傲。罗伯特肯尼迪1968年竞选总统时的一篇演讲53讨论：下面这段话是否正确？如果正确的话，我们为什么要关注54CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEGDP Does Not Value:the quality of the environmentleisure timenon-market activity,such as the child care a parent provides his or her child at homean equitable distribution of incomeCHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI55CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMEThen Why Do We Care About GDP?Having a large GDP enables a country to afford better schools,a cleaner environment,health care,etc.Many indicators of the quality of life are positively correlated with GDP.For exampleCHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIGDP and Life Expectancy in 12 CountriesLife expectancy(in years)Real GDP per capitaU.S.GermanyJapanNigeriaMexicoRussiaBrazilChinaPakistanBangladeshIndiaIndonesiaGDP and Life Expectancy in 12 GDP and Adult Literacy in 12 CountriesAdult Literacy(%of population)Real GDP per capitaU.S.GermanyJapanRussiaNigeriaMexicoBrazilChinaPakistanBangladeshIndiaIndonesiaGDP and Adult Literacy in 12 CGDP and Internet Usage in 12 CountriesInternet Usage(%of population)Real GDP per capitaU.S.GermanyJapanMexicoRussiaBrazilChinaGDP and Internet Usage in 12 C59CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOMECHAPTER SUMMARYGross Domestic Product(GDP)measures a countrys total income and expenditure.The four spending components of GDP include:Consumption,Investment,Government Purchases,and Net Exports.Nominal GDP is measured using current prices.Real GDP is measured using the prices of a constant base year,and is corrected for inflation.GDP is the main indicator of a countrys economic well-being,even though it is not perfect.CHAPTER 10 MEASURING A NATI