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Born in May 31,1819 into a Born in May 31,1819 into a working-class family,the second working-class family,the second son of a carpenter.son of a carpenter.Largely self-taught,read a lot Largely self-taught,read a lot of works of Shakespeare,Homer,of works of Shakespeare,Homer,Dante and the Bible.Dante and the Bible.In 1836,as a teacher in the one-In 1836,as a teacher in the one-room school houses of Long Island.room school houses of Long Island.Continuing to teach until 1841,Continuing to teach until 1841,then turning to journalism as a then turning to journalism as a full-time career.full-time career.Whitmans LifeIn 1848,he traveled south to work in the New In 1848,he traveled south to work in the New Orleans.Orleans.In 1855,the first edition of his work,Leaves of In 1855,the first edition of his work,Leaves of Grass came out with his own money,which Grass came out with his own money,which contained twelve poems.contained twelve poems.In 1856,his second edition of the book released,In 1856,his second edition of the book released,containing thirty-three poems,a letter from containing thirty-three poems,a letter from Emerson praising the first edition and a long open Emerson praising the first edition and a long open letter by Whitman in response.letter by Whitman in response.Whitman was buried in Harleigh Cemetery(Whitman was buried in Harleigh Cemetery(公墓公墓)after his death on March 26,1892.after his death on March 26,1892.ReligionWhitman was deeply influenced Whitman was deeply influenced by deism(by deism(自然神论自然神论).He denied).He denied anyone faith was more important anyone faith was more important than another,and embraced all than another,and embraced all religions equally.religions equally.Whitmans Whitmans sexual orientation is sexual orientation is generally assumed to be generally assumed to be homosexual or bisexual on the basis homosexual or bisexual on the basis of his poetry,though this of his poetry,though this assumption has been disputed.His assumption has been disputed.His poetry depicts love and sexuality in poetry depicts love and sexuality in a more earthy,individualistic way a more earthy,individualistic way common in American culture common in American culture before the medicalization of before the medicalization of sexuality in the late 19th century.sexuality in the late 19th century.Whitman and Peter Doyle,one of the men with whom Whitman was believed to have had an intimate relationship.SexualityOrientalismPantheismEnlightenmentIdealismTranscendentalismScienceGerman philosophyCivil War UnionismIndividualism Crossing Brooklyn Ferry(1855)Hushd Be the Camps To-Day(1865)I Sing the Body Electric(1865)A Noiseless Patient Spider(1891)O Captain!My Captain!(1865)One Hour to Madness and Joy(1860)Ones Self I Sing(1867)Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking(1859)Patrolling Barnegat(1856)Pioneers!O Pioneers!(1865)Prayer of Columbus(1900)Song of Myself(1855)Song of the Open Road(1856)This Dust Was Once the Man(1871)When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd(1865)Sections:Calamus Sea-Drift Drum-Taps Franklin Evans(1842)Democratic Vistas(1871)Main WorksLeaves of Grass(18551892)Other worksLeaves of Grass“This is the grass that grows whatever the land is and the water is.”哪里有土，哪里有水，哪里就长着草。The Leaves were called“noxious weeds,”its poetry“poetry of barbarism”and“a mass of stupid filth.”邪恶的种子，野蛮的诗歌，一滩愚蠢的污邪恶的种子，野蛮的诗歌，一滩愚蠢的污秽物。秽物。Whitmans Major Works章嫣然2013105204Leaves of Grass 草叶集草叶集 A collection of poems Nine editions(12 poems over 400 poems)1855,1856,1860,1867,1871,1876(two volumes,Leaves of Grass and Two Rivulets),1881,1889,1891-92(or the“Deathbed Edition”)First edition(1855)It contained twelve poems and did not sell well,but it made a stir on the American literary scene.It broke with the poetic convention,and its sexuality and exotic and vulgar language brought harsh criticisms on it.Fifth edition(1871)Whitman began to receive recognition in England and America.Deathbed edition(1891-92)It contained all of his 400-odd poems and became the single“poem”his lifetime endeavor.Song of Myself 自我之歌自我之歌“Song of Myself”reveals a world of equality,without rank and hierarchy.In a general sense leaves of Grass is an Adamic song,and its author an Adamic singer.There Was a Child Went Forth有个小孩走过来 Crossing Brooklyn Ferry过布鲁克林渡口 Democratic Vistas民主的前景 Passage to India向印度前行 Proud Music of the Storm骄傲的风暴之音乐 Whitmans poetry suggests,rather than tells;his whole Leaves of Grass is rather a dramatization of the idea that it is“a passageway to something rather than a thing in itself concluded.”Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking走出永不休止地摇动着的摇篮 It is a reminiscence of a childhood experience.Three subsections-sings of ideal love and bliss;bereavement and lonesome love;death as the spiritual fulfillment of lonesome loveTwo sets of symbolsthe duality of nature and life the sun the moon day night land sea the cycle of nature in its rhythmical evolution ends only to renew itself,with death as the beginning of new life.Life and the physicalDeath and the spiritualWhen Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom当紫丁香上次在庭院中开放的时候 Thematically,it deals with the typical Whitmanesque love-and-death motif.It was written in memory of President Lincoln.star death lilac a token of life for the dead bird insight death not as the end but as the beginning of new life.All goes onward and outward,nothing collapses.(song of myself)Walt WhitmansThemes in his poemsLiterary points of viewWriting styleExtensive influenceThemes in Whitmans poemsExtols the ideal of equality and democracy celebrates the dignity,the self-reliance spirit,and the joy of the common man.Responds enthusiastically to the expansion of America.Emphasis on brotherhood and social solidarity.Expresses his pursuit of love and happiness,his ideas about death,and beauty of death.Attacks the slavery system and racial discrimination.Literary points of viewWhitman was a catalog of American and European thought.Influenced by Emerson,Whitman states that the greatest poet breathes into the world the grandeur and life of the universe.Art should be based organically on nature;the poets work grows out of nature and cosmic processes and derives its form from within.Whitman embraces idealism.He relies on insight and intuition.Writing StyleOne of the major principles of Whitmans technique is parallelism or a rhythm of thought.Another main principle of Whitmans versification is phonetic recurrence.His poetry suggests rather than tells.Most of the pictures he painted with words are honest,undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day.Whitmans language is relatively simple and even rather crude.Another characteristic in Whitmans language is his strong tendency to use oral English.Whitmans vocabulary is amazing.He would use powerful,colorful,as well as rarely-used words.2)phonetic recurrence音律的重复音律的重复Two principles1)parallelism(对称称)or a rhythm of thought(思想的韵律思想的韵律)coordinate with and reinforce each otherI celebrated myself,and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.Influence“American Renaissance”Whitmans influence over modern poetry is great in the world as well as in America.His best work has become part of the common property of western culture.He is recognized as a father figure who led the break from the past.Whitman has been compared to a mountain in American literary history.For his innovations in diction and versification,his frankness about sex,his inclusion of the commonplace and ugly and his censure of the weakness of the American democratic practicethese have paved his way to a share of immortality in American literature.DickinsonDickinsonWhitmanWhitmanindividual(个人)society(社会)regional(地方)national(全国)direct,simple(直接,简单)endless,all-inclusive(段落长,观点多)DifferenceEmily Dickinson(1830-1886)1.lifetime2.three periods of writing3.the themes of her poems4.works5.writing styles6.Analysis of her born in 1830 into a Calvinist family of Amherst,Massachusetts.an energetic and outgoing woman while attending the Academy and Seminary，while,during her mid-twenties Emily began to grow reclusive.lifetime three periods of writingthree periods of writingbefore 1861,traditional style，natural feelingfirst period18611865,the most productive period，express death and immortality second periodafter1866,less workthird period1.religious-ethical&political-social2.death&immortality3.love4.naturethemes of Dickinsonpoem:Emily Dickinson thoughts见书本1.P982.P993.P1004.P100works:I Died for Beauty-but was scarce我渴望那罕见的美My Life Closed Twice Before Its Close我的生命已结束过两次New Feet within My Garden Go我花园里的新脚步Death is a Dialogue betweenDeath is a Dialogue betweenThe Spirit and the DustThe Spirit and the DustDissolve says Death-The SpiritDissolve says Death-The Spirit Sir I have another Trust-Sir I have another Trust-Death doubts it-Argue from the Death doubts it-Argue from the Ground-Ground-The spirit turns awayThe spirit turns awayJust laying off for evidence Just laying off for evidence An Overcoat of ClayAn Overcoat of ClayEmily Dickinson(1830-1886)Emily Dickinson(1830-1886)死亡是一场对话死亡是一场对话在灵魂与尘土之间在灵魂与尘土之间死亡说死亡说:消散吧消散吧而灵魂说而灵魂说先生先生,我已我已有另外的打算有另外的打算死亡对此表示怀疑死亡对此表示怀疑,争争论从头进行论从头进行灵魂转身离开灵魂转身离开仅仅只是为了留下证仅仅只是为了留下证据据脱下了那具肉体的外脱下了那具肉体的外衣衣 Analysis:In this poem the concepts of death and the spirit bring contrdicting tones.This happens because the poem encompasses(包含)two opposite ideas:evil death and a serene spirit.death coveys a fearful tone,however,the spirit adds peaceful optimism to the overall attitude of this poem.Since this poem deals with the afterlife,the use of allusions(暗示)by Emily Dickinson,it can be inferred that the theme of the poem deals with religion.The Devil tries to corrupt the spirit by causing the spirit to deny God,who is the spitits trust.so death can capture the spirit and bring him to Hell.However,the spirit does not deny God and goes off to Heaven.Themes ThemesOn DeathHer attitude toward immortality was contradictory.It is clear always that for Dickinson life and consciousness are inseparable.To be transmuted into grass or transcendentally made one with the ocean or the over-soul are as irrelevant and meaningless to this individualist as the idea would have been to her puritan ancestors.1狄金森诗歌的死亡意象表达了作者的生死观2独特的宗教悖论观Tell all the truth but tell it slantTell all the truth but tell it slantTell all the Truth but tell it slant-Success in Circuit lies Too bright for our infirm DelightThe Truths superb surprise As lightning to the Children easedWith explanation kind The Truth must dazzle graduallyOr every man be Blind-以迂回的方式告知一切真理以迂回的方式告知一切真理 勿直接讲明真理勿直接讲明真理真理之成功在于迂回的轨迹真理之成功在于迂回的轨迹我们脆弱的感观我们脆弱的感观承受不了真理过分的离奇承受不了真理过分的离奇孩童对于雷电的迷惑孩童对于雷电的迷惑需要和蔼的说明而解惑需要和蔼的说明而解惑从无知黑洞走出的人为了不失明从无知黑洞走出的人为了不失明也需渐进的接受光明的真理也需渐进的接受光明的真理Analysis:Analysis:Here Dickinson recognizes that we cannot just tell truth.We quickly discover that underlying the poem is a recognition of terror.Terror is,if we search our own memories or our experiences with children,and that terror needs to be explained so that the child can gradually grow used to the explosive power of storms.these games are ways of telling the truth,but telling it slant.Writing StyleWriting Style1.Perfect word chosen:superb,dazzle2.Simplicity in language but profound in meaning3.Tropes(修辞):metaphor,simile,exaggeration(夸张),irony.(讽刺)Analysis of herAnalysis of her1.strong influence of puritanism on her thought2.care about death and immmortality3.exploring humans inner world4.severe economy of expression and original images5.direct and plain language6.great influence on the Imagist Movement(意象派运动)in the 20th century.她她极极富富个个性性特特征征,超超前前的的诗诗歌歌意意象象表表现现手手法法确确立立了了她她作作为为美美国第一个现代派诗人的崇高地位国第一个现代派诗人的崇高地位.Thank YouThank You
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