(旅游概论英文ppt课件)L8-Sustainable-tourism(一)

(旅游概论英文课件）L8 Sustainable tourism(一)(旅游概论英文课件）L8 Sustainable touriLECTUER 8 SUSTAINABLE TOURISMTOUIRSM:PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICELECTUER 8 sustainable tourismOutlineLearning ObjectivesHistorical backgroundDefinition of sustainability in generalDefinition of sustainable tourismSustainability in tourismSustainability as a strategyClimate change and tourismSummaryDiscussionFurther ReadingsQ&A2024/6/163CopyrightLKSTHOutlineLearning Objectives2023Learning ObjectivesTo understand a group of cores conceptsTo learn the complexity of sustainability in tourismTo appreciate the relationship between tourism and climate change2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH4Learning ObjectivesTo understaHistorical Background 1Core concepts2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH5Most common,least understood,highly debatable concepts SustainabilitySustainable developmentSustainable tourismHistorical Background 1Core Historical Background 2Movement towards sustainable development2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH6Historical Background 2Movem2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH7The Middle Ages:Roots in agriculture-sustainable yieldLate 19th cent.:First formal signs of concern about the planet Earth-protection societies,national parks1960s：Mass concern for the planet-realizing fragility due to first image of Earth from space2023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH7The Mi2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH82023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH82024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH91970s:-The Club of Rome-Limits to Growth Report;-First UN conference on the human environment1980:The World Conservation Strategybalancing development and conservation1987:The Brundtland Report perception and efforts2023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH91970s:2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH101992:The Earth Summit-Agenda 21(action strategy)1997:The Kyoto Protocolreduce greenhouse gases emissions2000:The Millennium Development Goalsto ensure environmental sustainability 2023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH101992:2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH112002:The Johannesburg Summitresolutions,interrupted by economic crisis since 20082009:The Conference of Parties-Copenhagen Accord2012:Doha conference Doha Platform(loss and damage;richer nations roles determined)More information about sustainable development:http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development2023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH112002:Historical Background 3Tourisms connection with sustainabilityInherently connectedBecause it requires natural/man-made resources which are major tourist attractions but they are fragile at the same time2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH12Historical Background 3TouriDefinition of Sustainability 1DefinitionsThe Bruntland Report(1987)“Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”Basic principle(p.226)*2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH13Definition of Sustainability Definition of Sustainability 2Definitions(cont)Other definitionsCommer(1979):Not no-growth,but within self-perpetuating limitsThe WCS(1980):Focusing on maintaining essential ecological processesChourcri(1997):Managing social demands without eroding life support properties2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH14Definition of Sustainability Definition of Sustainability 4Sustainability and capital stock 2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH15Definition of Sustainability Figure 10.1 Sustainability and capital stocksFigure 10.1 Sustainability an2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH17Strong:the individual capital stock sustains!Weak:the total capital stock sustains!A realistic attitude:the weak2023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH17StronDefinition of Sustainability 3CritiquesVagueness 模糊 and hypocrisy 虚伪 of international organizations hurt the principles and implementation sustainable developmentResponsibilityWhose?Governments vs.Private sectors(short-term needs/vision)2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH18Definition of Sustainability Sustainability of Tourism 1A depressing picture:a starting point2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH19Economics aspects-competing for factors of production*STEnvironmental aspects-Airlines-real estateenviron.Issues-tourism activitiesSocial-cultural aspects-curiosity-demonstrationWhere there is tourism,there is Sustainability of Tourism 1ASustainability of Tourism 2Approaches as our solutionsTo set limits on growthTo change stakeholder behaviorsTo replace current products(some examples below)2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH20Sustainability of Tourism 2A2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH212023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH212024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH222023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH22Photograph 10.1 Ecocamp in Chile.Source:Blaine Harrington III/Alamy ImagesPhotograph 10.1 Ecocamp in Ch2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH242023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH242024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH252023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH252024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH262023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH26Sustainability of Tourism 4Tourism thresholds and carrying capacity(cont)Thresholdslevel of tourism impacts beyond which negative impacts(losses)net effects(gains)Carrying capacityMaximum number of people who can use a site without an unacceptable alteration in environment and an unacceptable decline of visitors experience quality(Mathieson&Wall,1982)Key ideas:acceptable for whom;tourist presence(p.231)2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH27Sustainability of Tourism 4TSustainability of Tourism 5Tourism thresholds and carrying capacity(cont)Key featuresMultiple thresholdsShort-slab ruleDynamicHard to determine2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH28Sustainability of Tourism 5TSustainability of Tourism 6Measurement criteriaTables 10.1(p.239)2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH29Sustainability of Tourism 6MSustainability of Tourism 7The process of scoping the various aspects of carrying capacity(X of ST)The idea(Fig.10.2)2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH30Sustainability of Tourism 7TFigure 10.2 The determinants and influences of carrying capacityyardsticksFigure 10.2 The determinants Sustainability of Tourism 8The process of scoping the various aspects of carrying capacity(cont)Local factorsSocial structure:scale,complexityCultural heritage:unusualEnvironment:fragile,uniqueEconomic structure:developed,industrializedPolitical structure:instability,opennessResources:amount2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH32Sustainability of Tourism 8TSustainability of Tourism 9The process of scoping the various aspects of carrying capacity(cont)Alien factorsTourist characteristicsRelative differenceTolerance level(Fig 10.3,p.237)Type of tourist activityE.g.gambling,special interest groupsPlanning,management and technologyMaximizing benefitsMore successful lower negative impacts higher carrying capacityEnd results:Growth+Sustainability=Development2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH33Sustainability of Tourism 9TFigure 10.3 The relationship between tourists,destinations and tolerance levelsFragileRobustFigure 10.3 The relationship Sustainability of Tourism 10The process of scoping the various aspects of carrying capacity(cont)ImpactsParametersFactual,reflecting changes in local/alien factorsStandardsSubjective,tourists/hosts acceptable limits applied to the parametersCarrying capacity determinationDynamic(dependent variable),resulting from complex factors and processesFeedback2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH35Sustainability of Tourism 10Figure 10.2 The determinants and influences of carrying capacityyardsticksFigure 10.2 The determinants Sustainability of Tourism 11Sustainable tourism productsApplication of/solution to STExamplesEco-tourismAlternative tourism2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH37Sustainability of Tourism 112024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH38Eco-tourismSmall-scaleIndigenous low-key activitiesNatural tourism attractionEnvironmental sustainabilityIndigenous culture sustainabilityEducation/learning opportunitiesAlternative tourismSmall-scaleIndigenous low-key activities2023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH38Eco-tSustainability of Tourism 11Mini case study 10.1Sustainable tourism in the Srepok Wilderness Area,Cambodia2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH39Sustainability of Tourism 11Photograph 10.2 Endangered animals can benefit from ecotourism.Source:Eye Ubiquitous/Alamy ImagesDiscussion:Is the ecotourism strategy likely to be viable?Any long-term dangers?Opportunity costs?Photograph 10.2 Endangered anDefinition of Sustainable Tourism 1WTOSustainable tourism development meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future.It is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic,social,and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity,essential ecological processes,and biological diversity,and life support systems.Based on the Brundtland ReportWith many variationsStakeholders focused2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH41Definition of Sustainable TourSustainability as a Strategy 1Regardless of the difficulties,a way forwardRecognition of vulnerability of tourism resourcesResponsibility for all stakeholders(governments,industry,tourists,and hosts)2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH42Sustainability as a Strategy Climate Change and Tourism 1BackgroundA few observations of climate changes2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH43Climate Change and Tourism 12024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH442023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH44Scientific proof for global warming2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH45Scientific proof for global wa2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH462023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH462024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH472023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH472024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH48Correlation between CO2 and warming;But correlation is not causation.2023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH48Corre2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH492023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH49Climate Change and Tourism 2Background(cont)IPCC reportWarming of the climate system is certain0.76 C (19th-21st Cent.)Mostly attributable to greenhouse gaps caused by human activitiesTourisms contributionIn 2005,5%of CO(40%from aviation;35%other transport modes;25%the rest)2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH50Climate Change and Tourism 2Climate Change and Tourism 3Climate change impacts on tourismDirect Indirect2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH51Climate Change and Tourism 3Direct climatic impactsChanges of climate-related push and pull factorsCosts for heating,cooling and snowmakingRedistribution of climatic assets among tourism regionsChanges of the length and quality of climate-dependent tourism seasons2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH52ClimateChangesImpactsDirect climatic impactsChangesIndirect impacts from environmental change2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH53ClimateChangesImpactsImpactsThrough environmental changes:Water availabilityWater excessesBiodiversity:20-30%,1.5-2.5 CVector-borne diseaseTourism:attraction,safety,etc.Indirect impacts from environmIndirect impacts from societal changeClimate change lower economic growthClimate change political instabilityLower economic growth lower tourism spendingPolitical instability tourism:visitation,provision of services/facilities,public image,etc.2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH54ClimateChangesImpactsImpactsStern Report(2006):20%reduction of consumption per capita later this centaury or nextIndirect impacts from societalImpacts of mitigation polices in other sectorsAbsolute emission reductionCarbon tradingPerception of air travelChanging tourist behaviorRising travel costsPsychological denial of air travel2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH55ClimateChangesImpactsImpactsImpacts of mitigation polices Climate Change and Tourism 4Impacts on vulnerable destination typesMountains and winter sports destinationsKey attractionsSnow cover,pristine mountain landscapeClimate change impactsWarmer climate less snow coverageThe tourism impactsAttractiveness,frequency/magnitude of natural hazardsSnow-based sports tourism industry most affectedFewer snows less resorts;higher operation costs2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH56Climate Change and Tourism 4Snow depth and coverage contrast:Yulong Mountain,Yunan2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH57Snow depth and coverage contraSnow depth and coverage contrast:Himalaya Range2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH58Snow depth and coverage contraA 2007 studyFor the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development shows that:climate change will produce significant impacts on the ski areas in the European Alps.2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH59Rise of temperaturesNumber of naturally snow reliable ski areas404(61%)609(91%)202(30%)2C4CA 2007 studyFor the OrganizatiClimate Change and Tourism 5Impacts on vulnerable destination types(cont.)Islands and coastal zonesKey attractionsBeaches,coral reefs,marine life,etc.Climate change impactsExtreme events,sea-level rise,increased climate variability,changes in ocean circulation,change in natural ecosystemsThe tourism impactsMost vulnerableExtreme events destroying ecosystems fewer attractionsSea-level rise destroying ecosystems,costal erosion,loss of beaches,floods,water contamination,etc.fewer attractions2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH60Climate Change and Tourism 5Maldives in crises!2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH613S Paradise in the India OceanMaldives in crises!2023/8/9CopMaldives in crises!(cont)2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH62150CMNow210020-60 CMWill this happen?Maldives in crises!(cont)202Climate Change and Tourism 6Impacts on vulnerable destination types(cont.)Natural and cultural heritageFeaturesLandscape as major attractionClimate changesSea-level riseLower biodiversity:less flora and faunaThe tourism impactsLower amenity value smaller tourist numberA big threat to cultural structures near coasts:e.g.Venice,Italy2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH63Climate Change and Tourism 6Venice under the water?2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH64Venice under the water?2023/8/2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH652023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH65Climate Change and Tourism 7Implication for tourism demand patterns2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH66CLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGEClimate Change and Tourism 7Climate Change and Tourism 8Adaption to climate changeDefinitionAn adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects,which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunitiesResilience of tourism as a wholeQuick recovery from SARS,Japan tsunami,terrorist attacks,etc.2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH67Climate Change and Tourism 8Climate Change and Tourism 8Adaption to climate change(cont)Warns against optimismGap between perceptions and realitiesSub-sector variationsChallenges for new tourism infrastructuresThe insurability issue2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH68Climate Change and Tourism 82024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH69Hurricane Katrina:August 23,20052023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH69Hurri2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH702023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH702024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH712023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH712024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH722023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH722024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH732023/8/9CopyrightLKSTH73Climate Change and Tourism 8Adaption to climate change(cont)Useful strategiesTechnical:e.g.snowmakingManagement of natural resources:e.g.protected areasProduct/market diversificationInsurance if possible2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH74Climate Change and Tourism 8SummaryWe have learnt three key concepts:sustainability,sustainable development,and sustainable tourism.Sustainability in tourism includes various sub-topics:approaches,thresholds/carrying capacity,and sustainable tourism products.Tourism is not a major contributor to climate changes,but it is evidently affected by climate changes.Adaptation is a must for tourism industry.2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH75SummaryWe have learnt three keDiscussionIf sustainable development did not affect humans,do we still need it?如果可持续发展不影响人类，我们是否还需要它？To what extent is tourism in China sustainable?Threats?Solutions?中国旅游业在多大程度上是可持续的？有何威胁？对策呢？What can tourists do to promote sustainable tourism?为了推动可持续旅游，游客能够做什么？2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH76DiscussionIf sustainable develFurther ReadingsJournal of Sustainable Tourism 14(4),2006.Special issue:Tourism and its interactions with climate change.2024/6/16CopyrightLKSTH77Further ReadingsJournal of SusQ&A2024/6/1678CopyrightLKSTHQ&A2023/8/978CopyrightLKSTH