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Cosmic Education and Big HistoryBy Michael DuffyAMS Conference 2019Cosmic Education and Big Hist1Cosmic EducationCosmic Education consists in telling a comprehensive story of the origin of everything from the Big Bang to today.Cosmic EducationCosmic Educati2Cosmic EducationCosmic Education consists in telling a comprehensive story of the origin of everything from the Big Bang to today.Traditional Montessori origin stories:Of the universe(Creation Story)Of earthly life(Timeline of Life)Of humans(Timeline of Humans)Of language(History of Writing)Of math(History of Numbers)Cosmic EducationCosmic Educati3Cosmic EducationExpanded list of origin stories:Of the universe(Big Bang version)Of the stars and solar system(cosmology)Of the Earth(geological history)Of earthly life(Timeline of Life)Of humans(Timeline of Humans)Of civilizations(human history)(schema of Children of the Universe,by Michael and DNeil Duffy)Cosmic EducationExpanded list 4Cosmic EducationCosmic Education5Big HistoryCourse taught by Professor David Christian of San Diego State University48-lecture series from The Teaching Company:“Big History:The Big Bang,Life on Earth,and the Rise of Humanity”Wrote book entitled“Maps of Time:An Introduction to Big History”Big HistoryCourse taught by Pr6The Nature of Big History“Big history surveys the past at all possible scales,from conventional history,to the much larger scales of biology and geology,to the universal scales of cosmology.It weaves a single story,stretching from the origins of the Universe to the present day and beyond,using accounts of the past developed within scholarly disciplines that are usually studied quite separately.”-Intro to course guidebook The Nature of Big History“Big7The Nature of Big History“Human history is seen as part of the history of our Earth and biosphere,and the Earths history,in turn,is seen as part of the history of the Universe.In this way,the different disciplines that make up this large story can be used to illuminate each other.The unified account of the past assembled in this way can help us understand our own place within the Universe.”-Intro to course guidebook The Nature of Big History“Hum8Moving Across ScalesJourneys through time and space put us in different scales of study.See Powers of Ten video and websites(powersof10).Each scale within Big History brings new things into focus,even while it hides other things.Moving Across ScalesJourneys t9Moving Across ScalesMontessori timelines:Clock of Eons-4.5 billion years EarthTimeline of Life-500 million years-LifeTimeline of Early Humans-2 million years-HomoTimeline of Modern Humans-200,000 years-Homo sapiensTimeline of Civilizations-10,000 years-CivilizationsMoving Across ScalesMontessori10The Thresholds of Big History1.Creation of the Universe-13.7 billion years agoThe Thresholds of Big History111The Thresholds of Big History1.Creation of the Universe-13.7 billion years ago2.Creation of stars-12 byaThe Thresholds of Big History112The Thresholds of Big History1.Creation of the Universe-13 billion years ago2.Creation of stars-12 bya3.Creation of chemical elements in dying starsThe Thresholds of Big History113The Thresholds of Big History1.Creation of the Universe-13.7 billion years ago2.Creation of stars-12 bya3.Creation of chemical elements in dying stars4.Creation of planets and Earth-4.5 byaThe Thresholds of Big History114The Thresholds of Big History1.Creation of the Universe-13.7 billion years ago2.Creation of stars-12 bya3.Creation of chemical elements in dying stars4.Creation of planets and Earth-4.5 bya5.Creation of life on Earth-3.8 byaThe Thresholds of Big History115The Thresholds of Big History1.Creation of the Universe-13.7 billion years ago2.Creation of stars-12 bya3.Creation of chemical elements in dying stars4.Creation of planets and Earth-4.5 bya5.Creation of life on Earth-3.8 bya6.Creation of our species-250,000 years agoThe Thresholds of Big History116The Thresholds of Big History1.Creation of the Universe-13.7 billion years ago2.Creation of stars-12 bya3.Creation of chemical elements in dying stars4.Creation of planets and Earth-4.5 bya5.Creation of life on Earth-3.8 bya6.Creation of our species-250,000 years ago7.Creation of agriculture 11,000 years agoThe Thresholds of Big History117The Thresholds of Big History1.Creation of the Universe-13.7 billion years ago2.Creation of stars-12 bya3.Creation of chemical elements in dying stars4.Creation of planets and Earth-4.5 bya5.Creation of life on Earth-3.8 bya6.Creation of our species-250,000 years ago7.Creation of agriculture-11,000 years ago8.Creation of the modern revolutionThe Thresholds of Big History118Simplicity and ComplexityNature of complexity:Diverse components bound into larger structures(e.g.living organisms)Simplicity and ComplexityNatur19Simplicity and ComplexityNature of complexity:Diverse components bound into larger structures(e.g.living organisms)These structures display“emergent”properties,not present in their componentsSimplicity and ComplexityNatur20Simplicity and ComplexityNature of complexity:Diverse components bound into larger structures(e.g.living organisms)These structures display“emergent”properties,not present in their componentsComplex entities have certain stabilitySimplicity and ComplexityNatur21Simplicity and ComplexityNature of complexity:Diverse components bound into larger structures(e.g.living organisms)These structures display“emergent”properties,not present in their componentsComplex entities have certain stabilityEnergy flows are needed to bind simple components into complex structuresSimplicity and ComplexityNatur22Simplicity and ComplexityOver 13 billion years,the upper level of complexity appears to have increased,even though the universe as a whole is tending toward entropy.Simplicity and ComplexityOver 23Simplicity and ComplexityOver 13 billion years,the upper level of complexity appears to have increased,even though the universe as a whole is tending toward entropy.Astronomer Eric Chaisson has estimated the amount of energy(in ergs)flowing through a given amount of mass(in grams)in a given amount of time(seconds)-energy flow increases as complexity increases.Simplicity and ComplexityOver 24Eric ChaissonComplex StructuresEnergy Rate(ergs/gram/second)Galaxies 1Stars 2Planets 75Plants 900Animals 20,000Human Brain150,000Modern Society500,000Eric ChaissonComplex Structur25Threshold 1-The Big BangBeginning of the universe 13.7 billion years ago-pure energyWithin the first millisecond,the universe expanded from the size of an atom to that of a galaxy,faster than the speed of light Threshold 1-The Big BangBegi26Threshold 1-The Big BangBeginning of the universe 13.7 billion years ago-pure energyWithin the first millisecond,the universe expanded from the size of an atom to that of a galaxy,faster than the speed of lightWithin seconds,quarks were formed in positive and negative form,then protons and electrons.Threshold 1-The Big BangBegi27Threshold 1-The Big BangBeginning of the universe 13.7 billion years ago-pure energyWithin the first millisecond,the universe expanded from the size of an atom to that of a galaxy,faster than the speed of lightWithin seconds,quarks were formed in positive and negative form,then protons and electrons.About 380,000 years later,universe cooled enough so that protons joined with electrons to form first atoms of hydrogen.Threshold 1-The Big BangBegi28Threshold 2-Stars and GalaxiesHydrogen clouds are affected by the force of gravity and by minute variations in density throughout the cloudsThreshold 2-Stars and Galaxi29Threshold 2-Stars and GalaxiesHydrogen clouds are affected by the force of gravity and by minute variations in density throughout the cloudsAs gravity creates a contracting mass of hydrogen,pressure and heat increaseThreshold 2-Stars and Galaxi30Threshold 2-Stars and GalaxiesHydrogen clouds are affected by the force of gravity and by minute variations in density throughout the cloudsAs gravity creates a contracting mass of hydrogen,pressure and heat increaseAt 10 million degrees Celsius,hydrogen nuclei fuse into helium atoms,with the release of massive amounts of energy(/hydrogen bombs)Threshold 2-Stars and Galaxi31Threshold 2-Stars and GalaxiesHydrogen clouds are affected by the force of gravity and by minute variations in density throughout the cloudsAs gravity creates a contracting mass of hydrogen,pressure and heat increaseAt 10 million degrees Celsius,hydrogen nuclei fuse into helium atoms,with the release of massive amounts of energy(/hydrogen bombs)When this level of energy is produced by nucleosynthesis,a star is born or lights upThreshold 2-Stars and Galaxi32Threshold 2-Stars and GalaxiesStars gather into clusters called galaxiesThreshold 2-Stars and Galaxi33Threshold 3-Chemical ElementsThe elements of the periodic table are created in the life and death of stars:Small stars burn hydrogen slowly,turning it into helium,and last a long time(many billions of years),eventually turning into a“white dwarf”Threshold 3-Chemical Element34Threshold 3-Chemical ElementsThe elements of the periodic table are created in the life and death of stars:A medium star(like our Sun)burns up its hydrogen and helium and collapses in on itself when it starts to run out of fuel,creating elements up to iron(with 26 protons)and expanding into a“red giant”Threshold 3-Chemical Element35Threshold 3-Chemical ElementsThe elements of the periodic table are created in the life and death of stars:Massive stars create massive explosions called“supernovae,”and they create the remaining elements of the periodic table as temperatures soar to 4 billion degrees Celsius.They only last about a million years and end up as a“neutron star”or a“black hole”Threshold 3-Chemical Element36Threshold 4-Solar System/EarthPlanetary systems like ours are the result of a supernova explosion,like the one that occurred 4.5 billion years ago in our own galaxy.Threshold 4-Solar System/Ear37Threshold 4-Solar System/EarthOur Sun was formed from the collapsing cloud of hydrogen(70%),helium(27%),carbon,oxygen and nitrogen(1.5%),and the remaining elements of the periodic table(1.5%).Threshold 4-Solar System/Ear38Threshold 4-Solar System/EarthEarth and the other planets were formed from the leftover debris(0.1%of the solar nebula)drawn into spheres by the force of gravity and collisions.Threshold 4-Solar System/Ear39Threshold 4-Solar System/EarthHadeon eon,first 500 million years,was a“hellish”time when Earth was bombarded with collisions and inner radioactivity,causing it to melt and form layers.Threshold 4-Solar System/Ear40Threshold 4-Solar System/EarthHadeon eon,first 500 million years,was a“hellish”time when Earth was bombarded with collisions and inner radioactivity,causing it to melt and form layers.The moon,Earths satellite,was likely formed by a collision that gouged out the upper layers of the proto-Earth(about the size of Mars before collision).Threshold 4-Solar System/Ear41Threshold 4-Solar System/EarthThe Archaeon Eon,from 4 billion to 2.5 billion years ago,brought a reduction in collisions and the formation of oxygen in the atmosphere.Threshold 4-Solar System/Ear42Threshold 4-Solar System/EarthThe Archaeon Eon,from 4 billion to 2.5 billion years ago,brought a reduction in collisions and the formation of oxygen in the atmosphere.The crust of the Earth is formed by plates that shift over geological time,forming supercontinents(e.g.Pangaea)and mountain ranges.Threshold 4-Solar System/Ear43Threshold 5-LifeLife is a new emergent level of complexity,characterized by:Metabolism(way of extracting energy-eat and breathe)Threshold 5-LifeLife is a ne44Threshold 5-LifeLife is a new emergent level of complexity,characterized by:Metabolism(way of extracting energy-eat and breathe)Reproduction(make copies of themselves)Threshold 5-LifeLife is a ne45Threshold 5-LifeLife is a new emergent level of complexity,characterized by:Metabolism(way of extracting energy-eat and breathe)Reproduction(make copies of themselves)Adaptation(change to fit environment)Darwin and“natural selection”Threshold 5-LifeLife is a ne46Threshold 5-LifeOrigins of Life:Divine intervention Threshold 5-LifeOrigins of L47Threshold 5-LifeOrigins of Life:Divine intervention Extra terrestrial sourceThreshold 5-LifeOrigins of L48Threshold 5-LifeOrigins of Life:Divine intervention Extra terrestrial sourceSpontaneous generationChemical evolution to mega-molecules(amino acids)DNA the software for re-generation of complexityThreshold 5-LifeOrigins of L49Threshold 5-LifeStages of adaptation of life:Prokaryotes PhotosynthesisEukaryotes(single-celled)Sexual reproductionMulti-celled organismsVertebratesLand dwelling amphibians and reptilesMammalsThreshold 5-LifeStages of ad50Threshold 5 Life Stages of adaptation of life:Archaeon EonProkaryotes(3.8 billion years ago)-bacteriaVery simple,microscopic organismsNo nucleus within cell membrane Lived in oceans off chemicals and other prokaryotesThreshold 5 Life Stages of a51Threshold 5-LifeStages of adaptation of life:Archaeon EonPhotosynthesis(3.5 billion years ago)-algae(cyanobacteria)Complex chemical reactionCaptures energy from SunAbsorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen as by productBuildup of oxygen in atmosphere created“oxygen holocaust”but made Proterozoic eon possibleThreshold 5-LifeStages of ad52Threshold 5-LifeStages of adaptation of life:Proterozoic EonEukaryotes(1 billion years ago)-Merged two organisms in symbiosis-organelles had own DNA,including:Chloroplasts(extract energy from Sun)Mitochondria(use oxygen for energy)Nucleus within cell membrane Threshold 5-LifeStages of ad53Threshold 5-LifeStages of adaptation of life:Proterozoic EonSexual reproduction (1 billion years ago)-Prokaryotes simply split into clonesEukaryotes exchanged genetic information(sexual)Accelerated adaptation to environmentThreshold 5-LifeStages of ad54Threshold 5-LifeStages of adaptation of life:Phanerozoic Eon(revealed life)Multi-celled organisms(600 million bce)-Cambrian EraAll cells have identical DNA or genetic informationSpecialization among cells through activation of parts of DNA Threshold 5-LifeStages of ad55Threshold 5-LifeStages of adaptation of life:Phanerozoic Eon(revealed life)Multi-celled organisms(600 million bce)-Cambrian EraAll cells have identical DNA or genetic informationSpecialization among cells through activation of parts of DNA Vertebrates(500 million bce)-Ordovician PeriodFront and back endsNervous system to coordinate organism functionsThreshold 5-LifeStages of ad56Threshold 5-LifeStages of adaptation of life:Phanerozoic Eon(revealed life)Multi-celled organisms(600 million bce)-Cambrian EraAll cells have identical DNA or genetic informationSpecialization among cells through activation of parts of DNA Vertebrates(500 million bce)-Ordovician PeriodFront and back endsNervous system to coordinate organism functionsLand-based organisms(400 million bce)-Devonian P.Plants and insects were first on landAmphibians and reptilesThreshold 5-LifeStages of ad57Threshold 5-LifeStages of adaptation of life:Phanerozoic Eon(revealed life)Multi-celled organisms(600 million bce)-Cambrian EraAll cells have identical DNA or genetic informationSpecialization among cells through activation of parts of DNA Vertebrates(500 million bce)-Ordovician PeriodFront and back endsNervous system to coordinate organism functionsLand-based organisms(400 million bce)-Devonian P.Plants and insects were first on landAmphibians and reptilesMammals(250 million bce)-Triassic PeriodPermian extinction(250mya)/Pangaea(species competition?)Cretaceous event(65 mya)-asteroid impactMammals emerged as most successful survivorsThreshold 5-LifeStages of ad58Threshold 6-HumansPre-human period-Primate and Hominine AncestorsPrimates(65 million years ago)-monkeys and lemursGreat Apes(18 million years ago)-chimps,gorillas,orangutansFirst hominines(7 million years ago)-bi-pedalAustralopithecines(4 million years ago)Homo habilis (2.3 million years ago)-tools Home ergaster(aka erectus)(1.8 million years ago)fireThreshold 6-HumansPre-human 59Threshold 6-HumansHuman history-True humans(Homo sapiens)-250,000yaPaleolithic Era-hunter/gatherers-250,000 years agoNeolithic Era-agriculture(threshold 7)-10,000 years agoThe Modern Revolution(threshold 8)-1700 CEThreshold 6-HumansHuman hist60Threshold 6-HumansWhat makes humans different from other species?Other species make and use simple tools,live in ordered societies,communicate in vocal and non-vocal ways with each other.We have an incredible ability to“adapt”and extract more energy from our environment,for our survival as a species and for the creation of complex societies.Other species remain stable.Threshold 6-HumansWhat makes61Threshold 6-HumansWhat makes humans different from other species?Other species make and use simple tools,live in ordered societies,communicate in vocal and non-vocal ways with each other.We have an incredible ability to“adapt”and extract more energy from our environment,for our survival as a species and for the creation of complex societies.Other species remain stable.Eric Chaisson (Cosmic Evolution)Apes use 20,000 ergs/sec/gramModern Humans use 500,000 ergs/sec/gramThreshold 6-HumansWhat makes62Threshold 6-HumansWhat makes humans different from other species?Other species make and use simple tools,live in ordered societies,communicate in vocal and non-vocal ways with each other.We have an incredible ability to“adapt”and extract more energy from our environment,for our survival as a species and for the creation of complex societies.Other species remain stable.Eric Chaisson (Cosmic Evolution)Apes use 20,000 ergs/sec/gramModern Humans use 500,000 ergs/sec/gramHumans have increased energy consumption/chimps haventHumans used 5,000 kilocalories per day in paleolithic timesModern humans use 230,000 kilocalories per day Chimps have stayed the same.Threshold 6-HumansWhat makes63Threshold 6-HumansWhat makes humans different from other species?This adaptation is made possible because we have“symbolic language”that allows us to exchange large amounts of learned information.Threshold 6-HumansWhat makes64Threshold 6-HumansWhat makes humans different from other species?This adaptation is made possible because we have“symbolic language”that allows us to exchange large amounts of learned information.This new form of adaptation is called“collective learning,”and it gives us a huge advantage over other species in surviving and extracting ever increasing amounts of energy from the environment.Threshold 6-HumansWhat makes65Threshold 7-AgricultureEarly Agrarian Era-10,000 years ago-developed independently in six parts of world:Fertile Crescent(10,000 years ago)Papua New Guinea(9,000 years ago)China(9,000 years ago)Indus River(9,000 years ago)Sub-Saharan Africa(5,000 years ago)Central America(5,000 years ago)-to N.AmericaThreshold 7-AgricultureEarly66Threshold 7-AgricultureLater Agrarian Era(Civilizations)-5,000 years agoRise of cities and“tribute-taking states”Society more hierarchical(classes)Warfare,monumental architecture,religions,writing,tradeCivilizations tracked the appearance of agriculture in various parts of the worldGrowth in human population caused Malthusian cycles based on innovation/over exploitationThreshold 7-AgricultureLater67Threshold 8-Modern RevolutionFour key changes since 1700 CE:Accelerating innovation(it took 200,000 for foraging to spread worldwide,10,000 years for agriculture,and 300 years for modern revolution)Threshold 8-Modern Revolutio68Threshold 8-Modern RevolutionFour key changes since 1700 CE:Accelerating innovation(it took 200,000 for foraging to spread worldwide,10,000 years for agriculture,and 300 years for modern revolution)Formation of larger,more complex societies(human population grew from 250 million in 1000 AD,to 950 million in 1800,to 6 billion in 2000).Threshold 8-Modern Revolutio69Threshold 8-Modern RevolutionFour key changes since 1700 CE:Accelerating innovation(it took 200,000 for foraging to sp
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