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中西翻译简史A Concise History of Translation in China and the WestA Concise History of Translation in China and the WestLecture 11Translation History in the West 2:from 18from 18thth Century to 1970s Century to 1970s中西翻译简史A Concise History of Tra1Background translatability and untranslatabilitymore philosophical and less empirical:originoftranslationstudiesBackground translatability and2Background reasons:the rise of philology as a university disciplinethe literary movement of RomanticismBackground reasons:3Backgroundtranslator“asacreativegeniusinhisownright,intouchwiththegeniusofhisoriginaland enriching the literature and languageintowhichheistranslating.”Backgroundtranslator“as a cre4NovalisHisoriginalnamewasGeorgPhilippFriedrichFreiherrvonHardenberg.Germanpoet,author,mystic,andphilosopherofEarlyGermanRomanticism(17721801)NovalisHis original name was G5Novalisthe first one to systemize the emerging romantic theory of translationAnewtriadic division of translationNovalisthe first one to system6Novalisngrammatical translations:translationsintheordinarysenseoftheword”ntransformative translationsauthentic body forth the sublimest poeticspirit”nmythic translations translations in the noblest style,which“revealthepureandperfectcharacteroftheindividualworkofartNovalisgrammatical translation7SchlegelSchlegelAugust Wilhelm vonSchlegel(17671845)Germanpoet,translatorandcriticTranslatedShakespeareintoGerman;TranslatedBhagavad Gita(薄伽梵薄伽梵歌歌)fromSanskritintoGermanSchlegelAugust Wilhelm von Sc8SchlegelSchlegelAugust Wilhelm vonSchlegel(17671845)“togetawayfromthenotionofliteralprecisionsocommonlyassociatedwithfidelity”truth must be the translators highest,indeedvirtuallyhisonly,mandate.SchlegelAugust Wilhelm von Sc9GoetheJohann Wolfgang Johann Wolfgang von von Goethe Goethe(17491832)Germanwriter,poet,scientist,scholarandstatesmanGoetheJohann Wolfgang von Goet10GoetheIhonourmeterandrhyme,forthatiswhatmakes poetry,but the part that is really,deeply,andbasicallyeffective,thepartthatistrulyformativeandbeneficial,isthepartof the poet that remains when he istranslated into prose.This residue is thepure,completesubstance,whichadazzlingexternal form can simulate,when it islacking,orconceal,whenitispresent.GoetheI honour meter and rhym11Friedrich SchleiermacherFriedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher(1768 1834)Germantheologian,philosopher,andbiblicalscholarfounderofmodernHermeneuticsOnDifferentMethodsofTranslating“(1813)Friedrich SchleiermacherFriedr12Friedrich Schleiermachergeneralized translationtranslation exists everywhere where we have to interpret a discourseFriedrich Schleiermachergenera13Friedrich Schleiermacherrestricted translationtranslation between languagesFriedrich Schleiermacherrestri14Friedrich Schleiermachertranslator translator vs.interpretervs.interpreterInterpreting:businessmatters,oral;Translation:scienceandart,written.Friedrich Schleiermachertransl15Friedrich Schleiermacherthe objective vs.the subjectiveEverywhere the author appears as themere servant of an objective content,thereisinterpreting-oralorwrittenEverywherehetriestoexpresshimself,thereistranslationFriedrich Schleiermacherthe ob16Friedrich Schleiermachertwo methods to do translationthetranslatorleavestheauthorinpeace,asmuch as possible,and moves the readertowardshim;orheleavesthereaderinpeace,asmuchaspossible,andmovestheauthortowardshim.Friedrich Schleiermachertwo me17Friedrich SchleiermacherSchleiermachers stanceIf the target-language readers are tounderstand,theymustgraspthespiritofthelanguagenativetotheauthor,theymustbeable to gaze upon the authors inimitablepatternsofthinkingandmeaning;Friedrich SchleiermacherSchlei18Friedrich SchleiermacherSchleiermachers stancebuttheonlytoolsthatthetranslatorcanoffertheminpursuitofthesegoalsaretheirownlanguage,which nowhere quite correspondstotheauthors,andhisownperson,hisowninconsistently clear understanding of,andvacillatingadmirationfor,theauthor.Friedrich SchleiermacherSchlei19Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand von Humboldt(1767 1835)W.von HumboldtPrussianphilosopher,linguist,government functionary,diplomat,founderoftheHumboldtUniversityofBerlinthe“Magna Carta”（宪 章）oftranslationtheoryinGermanyFriedrich Wilhelm Christian Ka20W.von Humboldta translator is the difficulty and even the impossibility of establishing equivalence between two languages.Untranslatability:nottotallyequivalentW.von Humboldta translator is21W.von HumboldtQuestioningfidelityThe more the translator strives to force the text into a mathematically calculated accuracy in establishing equivalence,the more he diverges from this intended fidelity.W.von HumboldtQuestioning fid22W.von Humboldtaims and uses of translation1）tomakeknowntheoriginaltothosewholacktherelevantlinguisticknowledge;2）toacquireanin-depthknowledgeofthetext;3）toenterintothespiritoftheworkonceonehasmasteredthewordsofsame.W.von Humboldtaims and uses o23Translation in the 20th CenturyTranslation in the 20th Centur24Walter BenjaminWalter Bendix Schnflies Benjamin(18921940)GermanJewishphilosopher;culturalcriticThe Task of the TranslatorWalter BenjaminWalter Bendix S25Walter BenjaminWalter Bendix Schnflies Benjamin(18921940)Translationparticipatesinthe“afterlife”ofaworkahistoryofreceptionmorethantransmitmessage,recreatethevalueWalter BenjaminWalter Bendix S26Walter BenjaminWalter Bendix Schnflies Benjamin(18921940)thelinguisticdifferences“purelanguage”purelanguage:asenseofhowthe“mutuallyexclusive”differences among languagescoexistwithcomplementaryintentionstocommunicateandtorefer,intentionsthatarederailedbythedifferences.Walter BenjaminWalter Bendix S27Walter BenjaminWalter Bendix Schnflies Benjamin(18921940)translation offers a Utopian vision oflinguistic“harmony”.Transformationofcurrentstandardlanguage.RudolfPannwitz:translatormustbroadenand deepen his own language with theforeignone”.Walter BenjaminWalter Bendix S28Ezra PoundEzra Weston Loomis Pound(18851972)Americanpoetandcritic,translatorImagismTranslatingGuido CavalcantiEzra PoundEzra Weston Loomis P29Ezra PoundArchaismintranslatingGuidoCavalcantispoetry:searchforastylisticequivalencepre-ElizabethanEnglishpoetrystylemedievalTuscan“WearepreservingonevalueofearlyItalianwork.”Ezra PoundArchaism in translat30Ezra Poundtheautonomyoftranslation(1)“interpretive”:linguistic peculiarities direct the reader across the page to foreign textual features(2)“original writing”:rewriting of the foreign text in the mask of originalityEzra Poundthe autonomy of tran31Ezra Poundinvigorate the English language by overcoming the“six centuries of derivative convention and loose usage that have obscured the exact significances of phrasesEzra Poundinvigorate the Engli32Roman JakobsonRussianAmericanlinguistandliterarytheoristformalistRoman Osipovich Jakobson(18961982)Roman JakobsonRussianAmerican33Roman JakobsonSixfunctionsoflanguage:1.TheReferentialFunctioncorrespondstothefactorofcontextanddescribesasituation,objectormentalstate.Thedescriptivestatementsofthereferentialfunctioncanconsistofboth definite descriptions and deictic words,e.g.Theautumnleaveshaveallfallennow.Roman JakobsonSix functions of34Roman Jakobson2.ThePoeticFunctionfocuses on the message for its own sake(thecodeitself,andhowitisused)andistheoperativefunctioninpoetryaswellasslogans.Roman Jakobson2.The Poetic Fu35Roman Jakobson3.TheEmotive(alternativelycalledExpressiveorAffective)Functionrelates to the Addresser(sender)and is bestexemplified by interjections and other soundchangesthatdonotalterthedenotativemeaningofan utterance but do add information about theAddressers(speakers)internal state,e.g.Wow,whataview!Roman Jakobson3.The Emotive(36Roman Jakobson4.TheConativeFunctionengagestheAddressee(receiver)directlyandisbestillustratedbyvocativesandimperatives,e.g.Tom!Comeinsideandeat!Roman Jakobson4.The Conative 37Roman Jakobson5.ThePhaticFunctionis language for the sake of interaction and istherefore associated with the Contact/Channelfactor.The Phatic Function can be observed in greetingsandcasualdiscussionsoftheweather,particularlywith strangers.It also provides the keys to open,maintain,verify or close the communicationchannel:Hello?,Ok?,Hummm,Bye.Roman Jakobson5.The Phatic Fu38Roman Jakobson6.TheMetalingual(alternativelycalledMetalinguisticorReflexive)Functionis the use of language(what Jakobson callsCode)todiscussordescribeitself.Roman Jakobson6.The Metalingu39Roman JakobsonthesignifierandthesignifiedTheequivalencebetweenthesignifierandthesignifiedisdecidedbythecontext.thesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguageRoman Jakobsonthe signifier an40Roman JakobsonThe structure and terminology of languages are more important than transmitting information.Roman JakobsonThe structure an41Eugene NidaEugene A.Nida(1914 2011)AmericanlinguistDynamic-equivalence(FunctionalEquivalence)Eugene NidaEugene A.Nida(19142Eugene NidaTwotypesofequivalence:formal and dynamic(1)formal equivalencefocuses attention on the messagemessage itself,in both form and content with aims to allow readers to understand as much of the SL context as possible.Eugene NidaTwo types of equiva43Eugene NidaTwotypesofequivalence:formal and dynamic(2)Dynamic equivalence(2)Dynamic equivalenceemphasizes more on the effecteffect the receiver receives the message with the aim to“relate the receptor to modes of behavior relevant within the context of his own culture”Eugene NidaTwo types of equiva44Eugene NidaApplicationofDynamic-equivalence:BibleTranslationThe target language wording will trigger the same impact in its hearers that the original wording had upon its hearers.We always want a hearer to understand the same meaning as did hearers of the source text.Eugene NidaApplication of Dyna45Eugene NidaThe meaning of“meaning”:a bundlemeanings of parts of words(morphemes);words themselves;how words connect to each other(syntax,grammar);words in communication contexts(pragmatics);Connotation.Eugene NidaThe meaning of“mea46Eugene NidaInefficiency of Dynamic Equivalence Theory overlynarrowfocusupontheresponseofhearersattheexpenseofotherfactorsTheeffectmaybecausedbymultiplereasons.Eugene NidaInefficiency of Dyn47Eugene NidaFunctionalequivalence(paraphrasing)Thetranslatortriestomakethetargetlanguagefunction the same way the original languagefunctionedfortheoriginalreaders.Eugene NidaFunctional equivale48Eugene NidaFunctionalequivalence(paraphrasing)Atermcanbeomittedifnoequivalencecouldbefound.makebooksreadableonunintendedlevelsEugene NidaFunctional equivale49George SteinerFrancis George Steiner(1929-)French-bornAmericanliterary critic,essayist,philosopher,novelist,andeducatorHermeneuticapproachGeorge SteinerFrancis George S50George SteinerHermeneuticapproachEtymologyof“hermeneutics”oldGreekLatin:“hermeneuein”,meaningtounderstandMiddleages:theology,theinterpretationofthedecreesofGodandrecordsofantiquityRenaissance:semanticexplanationsinrhetoricandpoeticsRomanticism:explanationoftextsGeorge SteinerHermeneutic appr51George SteinerHermeneuticapproachoftranslationUnderstanding is translation.George SteinerHermeneutic appr52George SteinerHermeneuticapproachoftranslationis the investigation of what it means tounderstandapieceoforalorwrittenspeech,andtheattempttodiagnosethisprocessintermsofageneralmodelofmeaningItgivesthesubjectoftranslationafranklyphilosophicaspect.George SteinerHermeneutic appr53George Steinerfour moves of four moves of translationtranslation(1)initiativetrust(2)aggression(orpenetration)(3)incorporation(4)reciprocityorrestitutionGeorge Steinerfour moves of tr54George Steinerfour moves of four moves of translationtranslation(1)initiativetrust“Allunderstanding,andthedemonstrativestatement of understanding which is translation,starts with an act of trust”,the translatorscomprehensionandexpressionofthesourceideas,assubjectivityisunavoidable.George Steinerfour moves of tr55George Steinerfour moves of four moves of translationtranslation(2)aggression(orpenetration)“ItisHeideggerscontributiontohaveshownthatunderstanding,recognition,interpretationare a compacted,unavoidable mode ofattack.”“Thetranslationinvades,extracts,andbringshome.”George Steinerfour moves of tr56George Steinerfour moves of four moves of translationtranslation(3)incorporation“Butwhateverthedegreeof“naturalization”,theactofimportationcanpotentiallydislocateorrelocatethewholeofthenativestructure.”George Steinerfour moves of tr57George Steinerfour moves of four moves of translationtranslation(4)reciprocityorrestitutioninordertorestorebalancetothemoralsoftranslationtocompensatethelossofmeaningandtheviolenttransport.George Steinerfour moves of tr58
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