ZY英语词汇学chapter3

Chapter 3Morphological Structure of English WordsObjectives:1.Discuss morphemes,their classification and identification;2.Explain the relationship between morphemes and word-formationTeaching focus:1.Definition of morphemes2.Definition of allomorphs3.Types of Types of morphemes free morpheme bound morpheme4.Definitions of root,stem and base 1.MorphemevWhat is a morpheme？It is the minimal meaningful unit of language.Or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.e.g.decontextalization -de con text al iz(e)ation2.Morph and allomorphThe definition of morphs：The phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed morphs.语素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。Morphs are actual spoken,minimal carriers of meaning.形素是口语中最小的意义载体。What is an allomorph?vAn allomorph is one of the variants of the same morpheme.v语素语素/形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。vthe plural marker scat cats/s/dog dogs /z/horse horses /iz/s/z/iz/are the allomorphs of morpheme s.Morpheme,morph and allomorph Morpheme/would/morph morph morph morph allomorph /wud/w d/d/d/3.Classifications of morphemes vFree vs.bound morphemes in terms of their capacity of occurring alonevDerivational vs.inflectional morphemes applying to affixes onlyvContent/lexical vs.grammatical morpheme on a semantic and syntactic basisFree morphemes vs.bound morphemes自由语素与粘着语素自由语素与粘着语素Free morphemes:Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free.Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.自自由由语语素素是是能能独独立立运运用用的的语语素素，它它有有完完整整的的意意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。E.g.,man,wind,open,tourFree morphemes vs.bound morphemesvBound morphemes:Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound.They are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.v粘粘着着语语素素不不能能独独立立成成词词，只只能能依依附附于于其其他他语语素素上上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。vRe-,-ion,-ist,en-Differences between free vs bound morphemesvFree morphemes are all roots/free roots E.g.man,wind,open,tour vBound morphemes consist of either roots(bound roots)or affixes.E.g.,bound root:-dict-,-ced-affix:-ion,-ist,-ic A multitude of words made up of merely bound morphemes,eg:ante-ced-ent.-ced-root，接近，ante-prefix，在前，-ent suffix，人，物，Derivational vs.inflectional morphemes派生语素与派生语素与屈折语素屈折语素Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words when they are added to another morpheme.In English derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes.pre+war,sub+way,north+ward,clear+ancevInflectional morphemes indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers.Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes.v-s(-es),v-edv-er,estv-sv-ing InflectionalDoesnt change meaning or part of speech of the stem.(workworks)Indicates syntactic relations between different words in a sentence.(grammatical meaning)Occurs with all members of some large class of morphemes.Occurs at margins of words.(radioradios)DerivationalChanges meaning or part of speech of the stem.(like-dislike,sleepasleep)Indicates semantic relations within the word.(specific lexical meaning，e.g.,un-)Occurs with only some members of a class of morphemesOccurs before any inflectional suffixes added.Differences between inflectional and derivational morphemesContent/lexical vs.grammatical morphemesLexical 词汇/content实义 morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound words(e.g blackbird),and derivational morphemes such as ship,-ize.Grammatical morphemes function primarily as grammatical markers.They encompass both inflectional affixes(e.g.books)and free morphemes(in,and,do,have,they functional words)3.4 Identifying Morphemesidentifiable by their forms,meaning and distribution.e.g.mono-morphemic:sky double-morphemic:chill+y,boy+ish triple-morphemic:un+dress+ed,care+less+ness four-morphemic:un+fruit+ful+ness over-four-morphemic:un+gentle+man+li+ness1)Inconsistent in form and meaning:singer(one who)er clearer(the comparative degree)eraser(one object)2)Meaningless in isolation but meaningful in some words cran-huckle-berry boysen-In what situation do morphemes mismatch between form and meaning?In what situation do morphemes mismatch between form and meaning?v3)Difficult to define the meaning -ceive in conceive/perceive/receivev4)some forms are meaningful,but not morphemes:vfl meaning moving light in flash,flame and flicker vgl meaning static light in glow,glisten and glitter.3.5 Morpheme and Word-formation In word-formation,morphemes are labeled root,stem,base and affix.在构词法中在构词法中,语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。AffixAffixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.All affixes are bound morphemes.词词缀缀都都是是粘粘着着语语素素，依依附附在在词词根根上上构构成成新新词词或或表表示示词的语法意义。词的语法意义。Two types of affixes:Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes 屈折词缀和派生词缀屈折词缀和派生词缀Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes 屈折词缀和派生词缀屈折词缀和派生词缀vInflectional affixes(or inflectional morphemes)serve to indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers.vThey express the following meanings:PluralityThe genitive case The comparative and superlative degreesThe verbal endings-s in chairs,pens;-es in boxes,tomatoes;-en in oxen -s in boys,childrens-er in words like smaller;-est in words like smallest.-(e)s in words like eats,teaches-ing in words like eating-ed in words like workedInflectional affixes and Derivational affixes 屈折词缀和派生词缀屈折词缀和派生词缀vDerivational affixes are derivational morphemes,and can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.Prefix and suffixv(1)Prefixes are affixes before the root.e.g.unjust,rewrite.vmost prefixes modify the meaning of roots,but not their parts of speech.v(2)Suffixes are affixes after the root.e.g.liberation,modernize.vBy the addition of the suffix,the word is usually changed from one part of speech into another.Root,Stem,BasevA root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity,generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.vA root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.Root,Stem,BasevA stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handshake.vA stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.Root,Stem,BasevA base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind(both derivational and inflectional)can be added.It can be a root or a stem.词根、词干、词基词根、词干、词基v词词根根是是所所有有屈屈折折词词缀缀和和派派生生词词缀缀被被去去掉掉后后所所剩剩余余的的那部分。那部分。v词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。v词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。它它与与词词根根有有区区别别，因因为为它它是是可可以以从从派派生生角角度度进进行行分分析析的的形形式式，在在上上面面可可以以加加上上派派生生词词缀缀。但但是是词词根根则则不不容容许许做做进进一一步步的的分分析析。词词基基与与词词干干也也是是不不同同的的，因因为为派派生生词词缀缀和和屈屈折折词词缀缀都都可可以以加加在在词词基基上上，而而只只有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。Task:Analyse the word in terms of root,stem and base.ve.g.,(root/base)(derivational suffix)v desire ablev (derivational prefix)(base)v un desirable(a.)(stem/base)(inflectional suffix)v undesirable(n.)s (root/stem/base)(inflectional suffix)v desire(v.)dv1.desire(v.):是是词词根根（不不可可再再分分解解），是是词词干干（可可以以加加屈屈折折词词缀缀，如如过过去去时时态态-ed），是词基。是词基。v2.desirable(adj.):不不是是词词根根（可可再再分分解解）；不不是是词词干干（不不可可以以加加屈屈折折词词缀缀），是是词词基基（既可以加词缀，又能再分解下去）。（既可以加词缀，又能再分解下去）。v3.undesirable(n.):不不是是词词根根（可可再再分分解解）；是是词词干干（可可以以加加屈屈折折词词缀缀，如如名名词词复复数数-s），也是词基），也是词基。Assignment Answer the question:What is the difference between grammtical and lexical morphemes,and inflectional and derivational morphemes?Give examples to illustrate their relationships.Complete the following sentences with proper words according to the text.v1)Structurally,a word is not the _ unit because many words are analyzable or segmentable.v2)The morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of _.smallestwordsComplete the following sentences with proper words according to the text.v3)Morphemes fall into different classes by different criteria of classification.Now people tent to group morphemes into groups:_ and _.v4)According to the functions of affixes,we can put them into groups:_ and_.free morphemes bound morphemes inflectional(affixes)derivational(affixes)Complete the following sentences with proper words according to the text.v5)The number of inflectional affixes is _and _,which makes English one of the easiest languages to learn.v6)Derivational affixes can be further divided into _and _.small stable prefixessuffixes Complete the following sentences with proper words according to the text.v7)A _,whether free or bound,generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.v8)A _ can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.root stem The EndThank you!