汉英翻译课件

Chinese-English Translation Chinese-English Translation CourseCourse汉英翻译理论与实践汉英翻译理论与实践Teachingobjectivesv(1)TohaveageneralunderstandingofTfromC-Ev(2)TounderstandhowChinesetraditionalcultureinfluencestheprocessofTv(3)TomakeTaccurate,smoothandfluentv(4)TomasterthebasicprinciplesandmethodsoftheC-Etranslationsoastomakehighlyconcise,accurateandequivalenttranslationsCourseBookvCourse Book(s):v1）Main textbooks：vA New Coursebook on Chinese-English TranslationvShang Hai Foreign Language Education pressv2)ReferencesvAcollegiateCourseinChinese-EnglishtranslationvShangDongUniversitypressvCourse Contents and Teaching Plan:vThepresentcourseconsistsoftheoriesandpracticesoftranslation.ThetheoriesvwillbedirectedtoanintroductiontovarioustheoriesofC-Etranslation,focusingonthestudiesofvariousC-Etranslatingprinciplesandmethods,anddevelopinganawarenessofprocessofC-Etranslation.UnitonevC-ETranslationPrinciplesv汉语译成地道英语的难度，出现各种各样的缺失：“中国式”英语（解决办法，阅读大量原作，观察、揣摩、总结并模仿英语的特点、规律和表达方法）。1Threeprinciplesv1)TmustcomplywithEgrammarvvvThreemajorstructuresvStructureonea.主系表结构(S+V+P)Examples:a)人类在地球上已存在多久了？Howlonghasmanbeenonearth?b)牛奶变酸了。Milkturnssour.vb.Therebe结构(表示存在有的概 念，seem(appear)to be,seem,appear,arise,comea)计算机有点毛病。Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer.b)随着国民经济和国防事业的发展，对通信提出了新的要求。Asournationaleconomyandnationaldefensedevelop,therearisesanewdemandforcommunications.c)从理论上讲，供应这么多水似乎不成问题。In theory there seems to be noprobleminsupplyingthisamountofwater.c.主-谓-宾结构(S+V+O)a)主谓(SV)(主语不及物动词)车轮转动。Wheelsturn.b)主谓宾人们转动车轮。peopleturnweelsvc)主谓宾(SVO)1)我昨天看了一部电影。2)你读过这个故事吗?3)他们很容易找到他们的家。vd)主谓宾宾补(SVOC)v1)他们使这个女孩生气了。v2)我发现他出去了。v3)他们发现沙地上有脚印。v4)他们发现那天她心绪不宁。v5)他们感到汽车行驶得很快。v6)人们闻到食物烧焦的味道。v2)TmustbeincompliancewithEnglishusageandavoidchinglish.贫穷大小Big&smallHow is Chinglish produced by Chinese English learners?vNewmarkandhisexplanation.vNewmarktranslationscholarandresearcherfromGBvHe(onewhospeaksorwritesinaforeignlanguage)willbe“caughtout“everytime,notbygrammar,whichisprobablysuspiciouslybetterthananeducatednative,notbyhisvocabulary,whichmaywellbewider,butbyhisunacceptableorimprobablecollocations.v-PeterNewmarkvDefinitionofChinglish:vChinglishis,ofcourse,amishapenandhybridlanguagethatisneitherEnglishnorChinese,butthatcanbedescribedasEnglishwithChinesecharacteristics.vExamplesv1）经济发达国家vTheeconomicallydevelopedcountriesv2)一小撮捣乱分子vAtinyhandfuloftroublemakersv3)学习知识vStudyknowledge/learnknowledgev4)犯错vCommitamistakev5)犯罪vmadeacrimevCommit+crime,offense,suicidemurderv6)成功的原因，取得进步的原因vThecauseofsuccess,thecauseofprogressvThecauseoffailure,thecauseofanxiety,thecauseofaccident,thecauseofconcernv7)精神文明vSpiritualcivilization/ethicalandculturalprogressv8)宣传vPublicity/propagandav9)方便面vConvenientnoodles/?v10)街道妇女vStreetladies/womenv3)译文应体现英语遣词造句的特点，同时又应因文体而有变化。a.名词使用频率高，特别是含有动作性质的抽象名词等，可以既包含丰富的信息又十分简洁。b.被动形式使用率高，表现能力强。c.语法要求严，一般来说句子较长。d.介词、非谓语动词、形容词和独立结构非常活跃Unit2vDictionofTranslation1.AcomparisonbetweencwandewvA)Partialequivalencev山hill,mountainv鸡：hen,chick,cock,roosterv借borrow,lendv青blue,greenv兔hare,rabbitv你，您youv江，河riverv父，母parentv兄，弟brotherv嫁，娶marriagevB)full-equivalencev生态系统ecosystemv哲学philosophyv数码相机digitalcamerav食物链foodchainvC)Crossingequivalencev大头头条新闻v烟头流氓头子v笔头功夫领头羊v头儿头等舱v零头头胎v头脑头绪v甜头念头vD)aChinesewordisthecombinationoftwocharactersthatareoppositeeachotherintermsofmeaningv1)大小bigandsmall/?v2）高矮highandshort/?v3）长短longandshort/?v4）冷暖coldandwarm/?v5）东西eastandwest/?v6)粗细thickandthin/?v7）是非yesandor/?v8）先后frontandback/?v9）轻重lightandheavy/?2.WordstranslationsvSomeSkillsinWordTranslation:常用技巧v1.properwordselection(正确选词）例1“意思”:这篇文章的中心意思是什么？你说这话是什么意思？集邮很有意思。他这个人很有意思。我的意思是不去为好。“够意思！不过，我的意思你还是收下，不要不好意思。”译文vWhatisthemainideaofthisarticle?vWhatdoyoumeanbysayingthat?vStamp-collectingisalotoffun.vHeisratherhumorous.vInmyopinionitsbetternottogo.v“Reallykindyouare!ButIinsistthatyoushouldreceiveit.Dontfeelembarrassed.”v例2“抓”v狗把他的手抓了。vThedogscratchedhishand.v抓住机会vgrasptheopportunityv抓生产vattachimportancetoproductionv抓住机遇vvalue/seizeopportunities例3“国”v此物生南国。v很多人都从未出过国门。v美国是当今唯一的超级大国。v葡萄牙是一个比西班牙小的国家。v大沼泽地(Everglades)国家公园是美国最大的荒原。v国将不国，何以为家。v。译文vItgrowsinthesouth.vManypeoplenevergoabroad.vTheUSAistheonlysuperpowersatpresent.vPortugalisasmallercountrythanSpain.vEvergladesNationalParkisthelargestsubtropicalwildernessinAmerica.vWhenourfatherlandisingreatdanger,thereisnousetotalkaboutsweethome.vContext:linguisticcontext/non-linguisticcontext;v“Eachwordwhenusedinanewcontextisanewword.”(J.R.Firth,1890-1960)（1）specificwording(用词要具体）Chinese:vague,generalEnglish:concrete,exact例1要在不到十年中实现小康小康目标，任务是很艰难的，因为中国人口众多，底子薄底子薄，各地发展不平衡。译文GivenChinashugepopulation,low economic starting levelandunevendevelopmentindifferentpartsofthecountry,a relatively comfortable standard of livingwillnotbeeasytoreachbeforethenextcentury.例2他出去了；母亲和我却叹息他的景况景况：多子、饥荒、苛税、兵、匪、官、绅，都苦苦得得他像一个木偶人了。译文Afterhehadgoneout,MotherandIbothshookourheadsoverhishard life:manychildren,famines,taxes,soldiers,bandits,officialsandlandedgentry,allhadsqueezedhimasdryasamummy.v（2）exaggeration（避免过度夸张）1)世界上公认他是最伟大的政治家（社论）。v*Heiseverybodyschoiceastheworldsgreateststatesman.vHe is generally acknowledged as the worldsgreateststatesman.2)和这里的人们一样，他也喜欢吃土豆。v*Likeallpeoplehere,helikestoeatpotatoes.vLikemostpeoplehere,helikestoeatpotatoes.3）汉字在历史上有过不可磨灭的功绩。ThesystemofChinesecharactershasplayedaninvaluableroleinourhistory.4）该市的人都赞成。Almosteveryoneinthecityisinfavourofit.5）我们的目的，一定能够达到。Ourgoalwillbeattained.6）今年我省在引进工作方面又取得了重大成就。Muchmorefruitfulworkhasbeendoneinourprovincethisyearinimportingadvancedtechnologyandequipmentandinattractingv（3）narrowandbroadmeaning(词的狭义和广义）例1农林牧副渔相结合的方针译文theprincipleofcombiningfarming,forestry,animalhusbandry,side-occupationsandfishery例2农业是国民经济的基础。译文Agricultureisthefoundationofthenationaleconomy.v（4）wordscollocation(注意词的搭配）学习知识learnknowledge严密控制closecontrol一张好票agoodticket强硬政策strongpolicy完成任务finishatask交通拥挤Thetrafficiscrowdedv4.1habitualcollocation(惯用搭配）学习知识acquire/attainknowledge（而非learnknowledge）严密控制strict/rigidcontrol（而非closecontrol）一张好票agoodseat（而非agoodticket）强硬政策toughpolicy（而非strongpolicy）完成任务fulfillatask（而非finishatask）交通拥挤Thetrafficisheavy/busy.(而非Thetrafficiscrowded.)价格很贵/便宜Thepriceisexpensive/cheap.把中国建设成一个强大的国家tobuildChinaintoapowerfulcountry根据某人的意见accordingtosbsopinion赢了某人winsb欢迎你来北京WelcomeyoutoBeijing.)换件新衣服tochangeanewdress)价格很贵/便宜Thepriceishigh/low.Thepriceisexpensive/cheap.)把中国建设成一个强大的国家toturn/transformChinaintoapowerfulcountry(而非tobuildChinaintoapowerfulcountry)根据某人的意见accordingtosb./insb.sopinion(而非accordingtosb.sopinion)赢了某人beatsb.(而非winsb.)欢迎你来北京WelcometoBeijing.(而非WelcomeyoutoBeijing.)换件新衣服tochangetheolddressforanewone(而非tochangeanewdress)v4.2grammaticalcollocation（语法搭配）1）英语当中有些动词后面直接跟宾语，而无需像汉语那样加上介词。v为人民服务serveforthepeoplev与结婚tomarrywithsbv跟离婚todivorcewithsbv在地震中幸存下来tosurviveintheearthquakev为人民服务servethepeople(而非serveforthepeople)v与结婚tomarrysb.(而非tomarrywithsb.)v跟离婚todivorcesb.(而非todivorcewithsb.)v在地震中幸存下来tosurvivetheearthquake(而非tosurviveintheearthquake)2)“抓、打、拍、拉的身体部位”：动词+某人+介词+具体部位v拍的肩膀toslapsb.ontheshoulderv抓的胳膊toseizesb.bythearmv打的头tostrikesb.ontheheadv打的眼睛/胸口/肚子tostrikesb.intheeye/thebreast/thebelly3)在表示“抢夺、剥夺、解除”等意义时，习惯搭配是：动词+某人+of+具体内容v抢夺的手表torobsb.ofsb.swatchv剥夺最基本的权利todeprivesb.ofhismostbasicrightsv（5）synonym（近义词的选择）v例1“笑”v微笑-smilev大笑-laughv露齿而笑-grinv吃吃地笑-gigglev傻笑-chortlev窃笑-sniggerv狂笑-roarv轻声笑-chucklev例2“走”v走-walkv踱步-pacev蹒跚学步-staggerv溜达-strollv大踏步走-stridev跋涉-trudgev徘徊-wanderv例3怀疑的、可疑的v例4哭cryweepsobblubberwail泣不成声暗暗哭泣哭孩子放声大哭恸哭v例5“羡慕、嫉妒”1)学生们很羡慕他的博学。Studentsadmirehimforhiswiderangeofknowledge.2)安有了一个非常好的工作，我很羡慕她，而汤姆很嫉妒安，因为他认为他本应该得当那份工作。Annhasgotaverynicejob-IenvyherandTomisjealousofAnnbecausehethinksthatheshouldhavegotthejob.v（6）negative&positivemeaning(词的贬义和褒义）例1“有名的”1）他是一位有名的翻译家。2）黄金荣是旧上海有名的大流氓。v例2“经验”v1）她毫无生活经验。v2）我们应该从这里得出一条经验。v1）她毫无生活经验。vShehadnoexperienceoflifeatall.v2）我们应该从这里得出一条经验,就是不要被假象所迷惑。Weshoulddrawalessonhere:Dontbemisledbyfalseappearances.例3“想象力”:1）诗人应该具有丰富的想象力。Apoetshouldhaverichimagination.2)真遗憾，你的想象力太丰富了。Whatapity!Youvegotintowildflightsoffancy.v(7)勿望文生义勿望文生义v1）我不会说话，真对不起vIcantspeak,Iamsosorry.v2)清理三角债vTocleanupthetriangledebtsv3)使中央委员会领导年轻化vTomakethemembersoftheCentralCommitteeyoungerv1）我不会说话，真对不起vIshouldnthavesaidthat,Iamsorry.v2)清理三角债vBreakupthechaindebts.v3)使中央委员会领导年轻化vTobringyoungcomradestotheleadingpostsofthecentralcommittee.2.Amplification(Addingword)&Omission(Omittingword)(词的增减词的增减)2.1Amplification1）Amplificationofthesubjectandpersonalpronoun(增加主语和人称代词）例1凭舟极目望去，远处是黛色青山和五彩斑斓的田野。译文Leaningagainsttheboat,youcanseedarkgreenmountainsandgorgeousfieldsinthefardistance.(增补人称代词)v例2大作收到，十分高兴。vIamverygladtohavereceivedyourwriting.例3孩子们天天带午饭到学校去吃。Thechildrentaketheirlunchtoschooleveryday.v例4我们的心永远向着祖国。vOur hearts are always towards ourmotherland.v1)没有调查就没有发言权。v2)把这些故事看完以后，用你自己的话讲一遍。v3)她用手蒙住脸，好象是为了保护眼睛。v4)这个小孩饭前都洗手，然后用餐巾纸擦干。v2)Amplificationoftheconnectives,relativepronouns,adverbsorpreposition(增加连词，关系代词，关系副词或者介词）v例1虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。vModestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereas conceitmakesonelagbehind.例2跑了和尚跑不了庙。Themonkmayrunaway,butthetemplecantrunawaywithhim.v例3我妈妈来了，我得回去了。vMymotherhasarrived,soIhavetoleavenow.v例4我们应该逐步消灭城乡差别。vWeshouldtrytoeliminatethedifferencesbetweentownandcountry.v例5那我们山脚见吧。vLetsmeetatthefootofthehill.v3）Amplificationofindefinite/definitearticle(增加定冠词或者不定冠词）v例1安培是电流的单位。vTheampereistheunitofelectriccurrent.v例2她不把他当干爸，而当作亲爹。vSheconsideredhimnota godfatherbut afather.v例3我们对问题要作全面的分析，才能解决得妥当。vWemustmakea comprehensiveanalysisofproblembeforeitcanbeproperlysolved.v4）Amplificationoftheannotations(增加注释性词语）例1我们的古人林黛玉讲译文LinDaiyu,acharacterinaclassicalChinesenovel,said:v例2她可真是东施效颦啊。vShesTungshihimitatingHsishih,whichisnotoriginalbutrathertiresome.(Note:HsishihwasafamousbeautyintheancientKingdomofYue.Tungshihwasanuglygirlwhotriedtoimitateherways.)v2.2Omission(省略词语）v1）OmissionofthewordsrepeatedinChinese(省略去中文中重复的词语）例2沉默啊，沉默啊！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。（鲁迅：纪念刘和珍君）译文Silence!Silence!Unlessweburstout,weshallperishinthissilence.例3中国人民珍惜同各国人民的友谊与合作，也珍惜自己经过长期奋斗而得来的独立自主权利。译文TheChinesepeoplecherishcherishitsfriendshipandcooperationwithotherpeoples,aswellastheirrighttoindependencetheyhavewonthroughthestruggles.v1）郭末若同志曾说：“中国人民历来是勇于探索、勇于创造、勇于革命的。v2）质子(proton)带正电，电子(electron)带负电，而中子(neutron)既不带正电，也不带负电。v3)小男孩望望母亲，又望望其他的人，没有再哭下去了。v2)Omissionofthewordsrepeatedinthemeaning(减去在意思上重复的词语）v例1要不然时叫他趁早回心转意，有多少好处。（曹雪芹：红楼梦，第四十六回）译文Otherwise,thesoonershechangeshermindthebetterforherv例2大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。（2002年英语专业八级考试汉译英部分。v译文ThebountyofNatureisequaltoeveryone,richorpoor,andthereforeallmenarestronglyattachedtoher.v3）Omissionofthecategorywords(省略范畴词）vSuchas“情况、状态、问题、制度、局面、现象”等v1范畴词是一些具有概括意义、表示人或事物分类范畴的词语，常用在具体词的后面，对其进行分类总括，以便与其它词语搭配。汉语中范畴词的使用要比英语广泛得多，已经成为我们的语言习惯。但当它们翻译到英语中，不但不增加任何实质内容，反而会成为冗赘。这是因为在英语里，具体词语直接就能起到汉语范畴词的作用。v2所谓范畴词，是指一些具有概括意义、表示人或事物分类范畴的词语，常用在具体词的后面，对其进行分类总括，以便与其它词语搭配。比如：“劫机事件”中的“事件”，“再就业问题”中的“问题”，“发展情况”中的“情况”等等，在汉译英时可以省略不译，译出来反而累赘。v例1在人际关系问题上我们不要太复杂。（2004年英语专业八级考试汉译英部分）译文Weshouldnotbetooromanticininterpersonalrelations.v例2讨论的范围涉及中美关系，中俄关系v译文ThediscussioncoversSino-U.S.relation,Sino-Russianrelationv例3总之，就全国范围来说，我们一定能够逐步顺利解决沿海同内地贫富差距的问题问题。v译文Inshort,takingthecountryasawhole,wearecertainlyabletosettlethe problem regarding the wealth gapbetweenthecoastalandhinterlandareasgraduallyandsmoothly.v改译Inshort,takingthecountryasawhole,Iamconfidentthatwecangraduallybridgethegapbetweencoastalandinlandareas.v（1）计划工作工作中的严重失误va.aseriousmistakeintheworkofplanning(No)vb.aseriousmistakeinplanning(Yes)v“计划”本身就是一种工作。v（2）经济领域领域的改革vreformsinthesphereoftheeconomy(No)vreformsintheeconomy(Yes)v“经济”本身即表示一个领域。v3）密切合作的关系关系vtoensurearelationshipofclosecooperation(No)vtoensureclosecooperationbetween(Yes)v“合作”即是一种关系。v（4）我们必须反对铺张浪费行为行为。va.Wemustopposethepracticeofextravagance.(No)vb.Wemustopposeextravagance.(Yes)v(5)浪费国家资源的状况状况必须停止。va.Thisstateofaffairsconcerningthewasteofthemostpreciousresourceofthestatemustbeeliminated.(No)vb.Thiswasteofthestatesmostpreciousresourcemustbeeliminated.(Yes)（6）我们的部队采取了采取了缓慢前进的办法办法。va.Ourtroopsusedthemethodofslowadvance.（No）vb.Ourtroopsadvancedslowly.(Yes)（7）为做到这一点，将采取采取逐步过渡的办法办法。va.Inordertoaccomplishthis,anapproachofgradualtransitionwillbeadopted.(No)vb.Weshallaccomplishthisbyagradualtransition.(Yes)v1)见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景情景。v2)据说他对邓的灵活态度态度印象很深。v3)那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局势局势。v4)这项措施将对投机倒把活动起到起到限制作用作用。v5)他们没有达到达到攻占长沙的目标目标。v6）我们必须采取采取“知之为知之，不知为不知”的态度态度。v7）我们采取采取了撤退的政策政策。v8）大熊猫的数量数量很少。v9）这些困难的性质性质是暂时的。v10）多年来那个国家一直有严重的失业现象现象现象现象。3.ConversionofpartsofspeechvConversion:Conversion is also a commonpracticeinChinese-Englishtranslation.Itistochangethepartsofspeechintoanother.v借刀杀人vmurdersb.withaborrowedswordv徐悲鸿画马画得特别好！vXusdrawingsofhorsesareexceptionallygood.(1)汉语动词(verb)转化为英语名词(noun)例1采用这种新装置可以大大地降低废品率。译文Theadoptionadoptionofthisnewdevicewillgreatlycutdownthepercentageofdefectiveproducts.例2汉语的特点之一是动词占优势。译文OneofthecharacteristicsoftheChineselanguageisthepredominancepredominanceoftheverb.v(2)汉语动词动词(verb)(verb)转化为英语介词介词(preposition)(preposition)例1现在经过十年寒窗之苦以后，她已获得了哈佛大学教育学院的硕士学位，并终于摆脱了救济。译文Now,tenyearslater,shehasgainedhermastersdegreefromHarvardsSchoolofEducationandisfinallyoffwelfare.v1)政府支持这个项目。v2)我们全体赞成他的建议。v3)这种人闹闹什么东西呢？闹闹名誉，闹地位，闹出风头。v4)孩子们都上同一个学堂。v(3)汉语动词(verb)转化为英语形容词(adj)或副词副词(adverb)v例1他们怀疑怀疑他是否能负担得起。vTheyare doubtfulwhetherhecanaffordit.例2他们迫切地想弄到消息。想弄到消息。译文Theywerenews-hungry.例3他们不满足满足于现有的成就。译文 We are not content with our presentachievements.v(4)汉语形容词(adj)转化为英语名词(noun)例1我们发现解决这个复杂的问题是困难的。译文Wefounddifficultyinsolvingthiscomplicatedproblem.例2取得的经验对我们将很有价值的。译文Theexperiencegainedwillbeofgreatvaluetous.(5)汉语名词转化为英语动词、形容词或副词例1那个年轻人是李明的哥哥，他的相貌言谈像一个明星。译文Theyoungman,wholooksandtalkslikelooksandtalkslikeafilmstar,isLiMingsbrother.例2该产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。译文Theproductsofthisfactoryarechieflycharacterizedbycharacterizedbytheirfineworkmanshipanddurability.例3生产成本的差异与能源密切相关。译文Thedifferentproductioncostiscloselyassociatedwiththesourcesofpower.例4汤姆身体强健，但智力差。译文Tomisstrongphysicallybutweakmentally.(6)汉语副词转化为英语形容词例1在科学研究、设计和经济计算方面广泛地应用电子计算机可以使人们从繁重的计算劳动中解放出来。译文Thewideapplicationofelectronicmachinesinscientificwork，indesigningandineconomiccalculationswillfreemanfromthelaborofcomplicatedcomputations.4.Positiveexpression&Negativeexpression(词的正反译法词的正反译法)v1.游泳必须戴泳帽。v2.办公场地，游人勿进。v乱发（正说）raggedhair（正说）uncombedhair（反说）v冷酷的心（正说）stonyheart（正说）remorselessheart（反说）v非同寻常（反说）outoftheordinary（正说）unusual（反说）原文黄鼠狼给鸡拜年，不怀好心。译文1Theweaselgoestopayrespectstothehennotwiththebestofintentions.译文2Theweaselpaysacourtesyvisittothehenwithevilintent.v例1她非常勉强地来了。（副词）译文Shecameveryunwillingly（副词）例2学生们现在面对大量生僻的英语词汇和惯用法犹豫起来，因为这些都是教材中未涉及到的内容。（形容词）译文ThestudentshesitatewhenconfrontedwiththevastuntouchedareaofEnglishvocabularyandusagewhichfallsoutsidethescopeofbasictextbooks.（形容词）v例3这家机构因公正在国际上享有声誉（名词）译文Theagencyenjoysaninternationalreputationforimpartiality（名词）例4欧妮铺上一块洁净的白桌布，又去取来些葡萄。(动词)译文Eugenieunfoldedacleanwhitetableclothandwenttofetchsomegrapes(动词)例5她光着脚走进了房间。（动词）例6他决不会说这样的话。有些词语表面上是肯定的，但却隐含有否定的意思1）名词:absence,failure,refusal,ignorance,neglect,exclusion等等.例1我不在的时候，办公室由卡罗琳负责。译文Carolinewillbeinchargeoftheofficeduringmyabsence.例2公司的财务状况一直对工人隐瞒，他们对财务的事一无所知。译文Theworkerswerekeptincompleteignoranceofthecompanysfinancialsituation.2）动词：fail,miss,lack,ignore,refuse,withhold,refrain(from),neglect,deny,overlook,exclude等等。例1如果谷物收成不好，将会出现严重的粮荒。译文Ifthecropsfailtherewillbeaseriousfoodshortage.例2他朝它开了枪，但未射中。译文Heshotatit,butmissed.3）形容词和形容词短语：few,little,freefrom,farfrom,safefrom,shortof等等。例1他的作文几乎没有语法错误。译文Therearefewgrammaticalmistakesinhiscomposition.例2他的讲话毫不重要。Hisspeechisoflittlesignificance.例3我对你的表现很不满意。译文Imfarfrompleasedwithyourbehaviour.4）副词和副词短语：little,otherwise,tooto等等。例1她说这是真的，但我们不那样认为。译文Shesaysitsgenuine,butwethinkotherwise.例2我根本不知道他会遇到什么麻烦。译文Ilittleknewwhattroublehewasgoingtohave.v5）连词：unless,before,until,(rather)than,or等等。例1如果政府不同意提供更多的资金，这剧院将不得不关闭。译文Unlessthegovernmentagreestogiveextramoney,thetheatrewillhavetoclose.介词和介词短语：without,above,except,beyond,insteadof,inplaceof,outof等等。例1人人都累了，只有约翰不累。译文EveryoneexceptJohnwastired.v7)英语中含有半否定语气的词有：seldom,hardly,barely,scarcely,rarely等。例1她近乎连一个英文单词都不会讲。译文ShespokescarcelyawordofEnglish.例2我伤心得近乎说不出话来。译文Icouldhardlyspeakfortears.5.AdjustmentofWordOrder(词序的调整）词序的调整）v1)左右vrightandleftv2)前后vbackandforthv3)水陆vlandandwaterv4)钢铁vironandsteelv5)衣食vfoodandclothingv6)血肉vfleshandbloodv7)贫富vrichandpoorv8)迟早vSoonerorlaterv9)华东vEastChinav10)东北vnortheastv11)西南vsouthwestv东西南北north,south,eastandwestv喜怒哀乐anger,grief,joyandhappinessv手疾眼快quickofeyeanddeftofhandv新郎新娘thebrideandthebridegroomv三三两两intwosandthreesv此时此地hereandnow国际金融中心(internationalfinancialcenter)中国传统戏曲(traditionalChineseopera)勤劳勇敢的人民(abravehard-workingpeople)社会主义的现代化强国(amodern,powerfulsocialistcountry)国际经济新秩序(anewinternationaleconomicorder)一张木头小圆桌(asmallroundwoodentable)一位美国现代优秀作家(anoutstandingcontemporaryAmericanwriter)6Positionofattributivev6.1PositiontakenbyAttributivesvAttributivesvvvWords,expressionsorclausesvWordsaspremodifier/the modified/expressionsorclausesaspostmodifierA:Wordsaspremodifier+themodified（形容词一般前置）v1)他走了很远。vHewentalongway.v2)这是一本很有趣的书。vThisisaveryinterestingbook.vB:Themodified+expressionsorclausesaspostmodifierv1)他是适合作这项工作的人。vHeisthemansuitableforthejob.v2)这是一个难以解决的问题。vItsaproblemdifficulttosolve.v3)你要见的那位教授已经来了。vTheprofessorwhomyouwanttoseehasalreadycomevC:Themodified+Wordsaspostmodifier(形容词语后置）vThemodified+wordsaspostmodifier(后置形容词）v1.whenusedtomodifysomething/anything/everything/someone/somewherev1)他想找一个可靠的人帮助工作。v2)今天报上有什么重要的消息吗？v3)咱们到一个安静的地方去吧。v4)医生为救病人，尽到了一切必要的努力。v5)这个句子没有什么不对的地方。v2.predicativeadjectivescanonlybeusedaspostmodifiers(做表语的形容词必须后置）v1）他是那时唯一醒着的人。v2）他是当今最伟大的诗人。v3）到场的学生中有一些是其他学院的。v3.Insomesetphrasesv总数thesumtotalv秘书thegeneralsecretaryv某些以ible或able结尾的形容词用作定语时，与every，theonly，或形容词最高级连用来修饰名词时，也常放在名词后v1)我们一定要用一切可能的办法来帮助他们。v2)这是这儿能找到的唯一参考书。v某些分词用作定语时，也须后置v1)他们收下赠送的礼物，十分高兴。v2)那些唱歌的人大部分是妇女。v3)他要求有关的人员都积极参加这项工作。v4)想去的人请站起来好吗？.Transliteration(音译法)v较常见的方法是：1）直接用汉语拼音拼写；2）模仿英文单词的拼写，又能体现汉语词汇的发音；3）在音译的基础上加意译。如：1）直接用汉语拼音拼写：v饺子jiaozi油条youtiao衙门yamen武术wushu唢呐suona2）模仿英文单词的拼写，又能体现汉语词汇的发音：v叩头kowtow孔子Confucius秧歌yangko舢板sampan3）在音译的基础上加意译：v唐装tangzhuangclothing“稳得福”酒楼WonderfulRestaurantv）中文姓名翻译为英文对应表v白-Pai，邓-Teng/Tang/Tungv董/东-Tung/Tong郭/Kwokv何/贺-Ho黄-Wong/Hwangv金-King阮-Yuen王/汪-Wongv张-Chang李Lee辛-Hsingv肖-Shaw/赵Chao钱-Chienv周/邹-Chau/Chou/ChowUnit3TranslationofIdioms习语的翻译习语的翻译v(p110-119)inthetextbookv1)idiom（成语）v2)commonsaying（俗语）v3)proverb（谚语）v4)atwo-partallegoricalsaying（歇后语）v5)maxim（格言）v6)pun（双关）（一）（一）直译法直译法1成语的直译例1旁边一人鼓掌大笑曰：“此事易如反掌，何必多议！”（三国演义）译文Thenoneofthoseabouthimsuddenlyclappedhishands,crying.“Itsaseasyasturningoveroneshand!Whysomuchtalk!”例2处理人民内部的矛盾，必须坚持和风细雨的方法，坚持“团结批评团结”的方法。（邓小平关于整风运动的报告）译文Itisessentialtopersistinusingmethodsasmildasadrizzleandasgentleasabreeze,andtoadheretotheformulaof“unity-criticism-unity”,indealingwithcontradictionsamongthepeople.例3于是金荣忍气吞声，不多一会，也自睡了。（红楼梦）译文ChinJunghadtoswallowhisangerandholdhistongue,andverysoonheturnedin.例4牢不可破译文tobesostronglybuiltastobeindestructible例5石沉大海译文astonedroppedintotheseav1.求同存异v2.扑朔迷离v3.遣词造句v4.能者多劳v5.顺水推舟v6.画饼充饥2谚语的直译例1千里送鹅毛，礼轻情意重。译文Thegiftitselfmaybeinsignificantasagoosefeather,butsentfromafar,itconveysdeepfeelings.例2一个是水中月，一个是镜中花。（红楼梦）译文Oneisthemoonreflectedinthewater,theotherbutaflowerinthemirror.v例3古人说得好，有钱能使鬼推磨。vThereisalotoftruthintheoldsaying:“ifyouhavemoneyyoucanevenmakethedevilturnyourmill.v1人多力量大，柴多火焰高。v2.若要人不知，除非己莫为。v3.衙门自古朝南开，有理无钱莫进来。v4.到什么山唱什么歌。v5.人为财死，鸟为食亡。v6.饱汉不知饿汉饥。歇后语的直译v1）一条绳拴着两蚂蚱，谁也跑不了。twograsshopperstiedtoonecord:neithercangetaway!”v2）瞎子点灯白费蜡。vasuselessasablindmanlightingacandle.v3)老虎吃天-无从下口。（二）直译结合意译法例1做一天和尚撞一天钟译文Onegoesontollingthebellsolongasoneisamonk-takeapassiveattitudetowardsoneswork.例2他原想她会同意嫁给他，现在他看到，那是竹篮子打水一场空。译文Hehadthoughtshewouldagreetomarryhim.Butnowhesawthathehadbeendrawingwaterwithabamboobasket-allwasinvain.v3狗咬耗子,多管闲事vHeslikeadogworryingamouse,cantmindhisownbusiness!(三三)套译法套译法/归化法归化法vAdaptationordomesticationvSchleiermacherandhisadaptation/foreignizationtheoryvThetranslatorcaneitherleavethewriterinpeaceasmuchaspossibleandbringthereadertohim,orhecanleavethereaderinpeaceasmuchaspossibleandbringthewritertohim.vAdaptationvv归化是采用民族中心主义态度，是外语文本符合译语的文化价值观，把原作者带入译语文化。v1）对牛弹琴tocastpearlsbeforeswinev2)冰冻三尺，非一日之寒vRomeisnotbuiltinaday.v3)如坐针毡vLikeafishoutofwaterv4)一箭双雕vKilltwobirdswithonestonev5)不辞而别vtakea