新世纪大学英语综合教程课件

“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。新世纪大学英语综合教程课件“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。Read and ExploreUnit 4 Work and CareerGet StartedListen and RespondOptional Classroom ActivitiesEnhance Your Language AwarenessRead and ExploreUnit 4 Work an新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4Unit 4Get Started3WatchingandDiscussionDiscussionQuotes“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。1.What do you think work can provide?2.What factors do you think one should take into account when choosing a career?3.What kind of job do you think will be suitable for you?Workinpairsorgroupsanddiscussthefollowingquestions.Getstarted-Discussion1.What do you think work can 新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4Unit 4Get Started4DiscussionQuotesWatchingandDiscussion“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。Study the following quotes about work and career anddiscussinpairswhatyoucanlearnfromthem.Getstarted-QuotesStudy the following quotes abo新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4Unit 4Get Started5DiscussionQuotesWatchingandDiscussion“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。Work is something you can count on,a trusted,lifelong friend who never deserts you.Margaret Bourke-White Interpretation:By this quote Bourke-White expresses her passion for her career.She compares her work to her lifelong trustworthy friend,which shows that she enjoys working and is fully dedicated to it.Getstarted-QuotesClick PictureWork is something you can coun新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4Unit 4Get Started6DiscussionQuotesWatchingandDiscussion“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。Youve achieved success in your field when you dont know whether what youre doing is work or play.Warren Beatty Interpretation:If you want to be successful in your career,you must love what you are doing passionately,devote yourself to it whole-heartedly,and treat it as if it were the only source of enjoyment and amusement in life.Thenand only then can you feel a sense of fulfillment.Getstarted-QuotesClick PictureYouve achieved success in you新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4Unit 4Get Started7DiscussionQuotesWatchingandDiscussion“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.Thomas Edison Interpretation:Most of the worlds geniuses worked very hard and failed thousands of times before they finally became successful in their inventions.By this quote,Edison advocates the virtue of hard work.Getstarted-QuotesClick PictureGenius is one percent inspirat新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4Unit 4Get Started8DiscussionQuotesWatchingandDiscussion“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。Far and away the best prize that life has to offer is the chance to work hard at work worth doing.Theodore Roosevelt Interpretation:By this quote,Roosevelt means that the best reward one can get in life is the chance to work at something worthwhile.One should feel blessed to have the chance to work and should treasure it as ones best possession.Getstarted-QuotesClick PictureFar and away the best prize th新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4Unit 4Get Started9WatchingandDiscussionDiscussionQuotes“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。Watch the following video clip“How to Choose the Right Career”and do the tasks that follow:videoclick hereWatch the following video clip新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4Unit 4Get Started10WatchingandDiscussionDiscussionQuotes“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。video1.Please decide whether each of the following statements is true(T)or false(F)based on the information in the video clip.()To choose the right career,you should firstly figure out your passions and interests.()You can increase your knowledge and develop new skills in order to have more career choices.()Making a list of your personal preferences and needs is helpful in choosing the right career.()You should take some qualification tests to get ready for your chosen career.()Before choosing a career,you should research the job market to see if you have the required skills.()The video is to persuade people to believe in themselves and aim high.Video-1TTFFFTvideoPlease decide whether eac新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4Unit 4Get Started11WatchingandDiscussionDiscussionQuotes“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。Video-22.Do you think the speakers suggestions helpful?Do you have more suggestions?(Open.)Video-22.Do you think the speUnit 4Listen and Respond12WordBankTaskOneTaskTwo新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。superior n.a person of higher rank,especially in a job 上级，上司besides ad.in addition;also 而且；还有ListenandRespondWordBanksuperiorn.ListenandResponUnit 4Listen and Respond13TaskOneWordBank新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4TaskTwo“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。Choosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestionsaccording to the information contained in the listeningpassage.L&R1ChoosethebestanswertoeachUnit 4Listen and Respond14TaskOneWordBank新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4TaskTwo“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。1.What is the main idea of the passage?_L&R1A)One should control his or her feelings.B)It is important to express ones thoughts and feelings.C)Attitude is the key to job success.D)Different attitudes bring about different results.WhatisthemainideaofthepUnit 4Listen and Respond15TaskOneWordBank新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4TaskTwo“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。A)Attitude is the way people think about their work.B)Attitude is the way people think about things and act toward others.C)Attitude is the way by which people gain their job satisfaction.D)Attitude is the way by which people enjoy their business performance.2.How does the speaker define attitude?_L&R1A)AttitudeisthewaypeopleUnit 4Listen and Respond16TaskOneWordBank新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4TaskTwo“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。3.What do employers think is the most important factor in job success?_L&R1A)A friendly cooperation.B)A good opportunity.C)A positive attitude.D)A good decision.WhatdoemployersthinkistheUnit 4Listen and Respond17TaskOneWordBank新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4TaskTwo“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。4.Which of the following is not mentioned as a positive attitude in ones job?_L&R1A)Being polite,cooperative and considerate with ones co-workers.B)Showing interest and enthusiasm in doing ones job.C)Viewing a new job as an opportunity to learn new things.D)Being open to suggestions and constructive criticism.WhichofthefollowingisnotUnit 4Listen and Respond18TaskOneWordBank新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4TaskTwo“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。5.What do people do if they hold a negative attitude in their job?_L&R1A)They tend to lay their own problems on others.B)They tend to criticize their superiors.C)They tend to be indifferent to their superiors.D)They tend to address the needs of others.WhatdopeopledoiftheyholdUnit 4Listen and Respond19TaskTwoWordBankTaskOne新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。L&R2Listentotherecordingagainandfillineachoftheblanksaccordingtowhatyouhaveheard.L&R2ListentotherecordingaUnit 4Listen and Respond20TaskTwoWordBankTaskOne新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。If you view a new job as an opportunity,a chance to learn new things,and act with interest and _,you are expressing a positive attitude.You also _ a positive attitude when you are polite,_ and considerate with your co-workers and _.People with a positive attitude view the world as a friendly place.They take _ for their decisions and have the ability to control their feelings.People with a positive attitude are easy to get along with.L&R2enthusiasmdemonstratecooperative superiors responsibility _ _ _ _ IfyouviewanewjobasUnit 4Listen and Respond21TaskTwoWordBankTaskOne新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。They are honest in _ their thoughts and feelings.And they are open to suggestions and _ criticism.As you begin your new job,_ against a negative attitude.People with a negative attitude frequently _ and have careless work habits.They always blame others for their own problems.Besides,they are critical and _ to the needs of others.L&R2expressing constructive guard complain indifferent _ _ _ _ _ Theyarehonestin_Unit 4Read and Explore TextADiscoveringtheMainIdeasIn-DepthStudyVoicingYourViews22新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。1.How does the author define a laborer and a worker?2.What is the difference between the attitudes of workers and laborers towards leisure according to the author?3.What are the results technology and the division of labor have brought about according to the author?4.Why do workers seldom commit acts of violence according to the author?5.What is the authors attitude towards workers and laborers?MainIdea-1Exercise 1:Answer the following questions with theinformationcontainedinTextA.1.HowdoestheauthordefineUnit 4Read and Explore TextADiscoveringtheMainIdeasIn-DepthStudyVoicingYourViews23新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。MainIdea-2Exercise2:TextAcanbedividedintothreepartswiththeparagraphnumber(s)ofeachpartprovidedasfollows.Writedownthemainideaofeachpart.MainIdea-2Exercise2:TextAUnit 4Read and Explore TextADiscoveringtheMainIdeasIn-DepthStudyVoicingYourViews24新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。MainIdea-2PartParas.Main IdeaOne1-3Two4Three5MainIdea-2 The author explains his understanding of work,labor,and play.Whether one is a laborer or a worker has little to do with whether he or she is doing a physical or a mental job but with the attitude he or she takes towards the job he or she does.In the authors eye,the majority of people in a modern technological society are laborers rather than workers.The author stresses the two negative aspects of technology and the division of labor,that is,by eliminating the need for special skills,they turned enjoyable work into boring labor and by increasing productivity they give people excessive leisure time.MainIdea-2PartParas.MainIdeaUnit 4Read and Explore TextADiscoveringtheMainIdeasIn-DepthStudy25新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4VoicingYourViews“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。We go to work every day and we think we are workers.However,after reading Audens discussion about work,labor,and play,the majority of us may find that we are no longer“workers”.What are we then?In-DepthWegotoworkeverydUnit 4Read and Explore TextADiscoveringtheMainIdeasIn-DepthStudy26新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4VoicingYourViews“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。1 So far as I know,Miss Hannah Arendt was the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor.To be happy,a man must feel,firstly,free and,secondly,important.He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing,or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance.In-DepthWork,Labor,andPlayWystanH.Auden1SofarasIknow,MissHanUnit 4Read and Explore TextADiscoveringtheMainIdeasIn-DepthStudy27新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4VoicingYourViews“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。In a society where slavery has been,whether what a man does has social value depends on whether he is paid money to do it,but a laborer today can rightly be called a slave.A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family.In-Depth2 The opposite to labor is play.When we play a game,we enjoy what we are doing,otherwise we should not play it,but it is a purely private activity;society could not care less whether we play it or not.necessityearning a livingin the strict senseabolishedwageInasocietywhereslaveryUnit 4Read and Explore TextADiscoveringtheMainIdeasIn-DepthStudy28新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4VoicingYourViews“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。3 Between labor and play stands work.A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do;what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play.Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends,not on the job itself,but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it.The difference does not,for example,coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job;a gardener or a cobbler may be a worker,a bank clerk a laborer.Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure.To a worker,leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently.He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much;workers die of heart attacks and forget their wives birthdays.To the laborer,on the other hand,leisure means freedom from compulsion,so that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring,and the more hours he is free to play,the better.In-Depthvoluntaryclassified3BetweenlaborandplaystUnit 4Read and Explore TextADiscoveringtheMainIdeasIn-DepthStudy29新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4VoicingYourViews“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。5 Technology and the division of labor have done two things:by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill,they have made a very large number of paid occupations which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor,and by increasing productivity they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours.It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population,that is to say,its laborers,will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy.When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved,the prospect is not cheerful.Indeed,the problem of dealing with boredom may be4 What percentage of the population in a modern technological society are,like myself,in the fortunate position of being workers?At a guess I would say sixteen per cent,and I do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future.In-DepthformerlydivisionAt a guess5TechnologyandthedivisiUnit 4Read and Explore TextADiscoveringtheMainIdeasIn-DepthStudy30新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4VoicingYourViews“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。even more difficult for such a future mass society than it was for aristocracies.The latter,for example,ritualized their time;there was a season to shoot grouse,a season to spend in town,etc.The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which changes as often as possible in the economic interest of certain people.Again,the masses cannot go in for hunting,for very soon thereIn-Depthwould be no animals left to hunt.For other aristocratic amusements like ,dueling,and warfare,it may be easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving,drug-taking,and acts of violence.Workers seldom commit acts of violence,because they can put their aggression into their work,be it physical like the work of a smith,or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist.The role of aggression in mental work is aptly expressed by the phrase“getting ones teeth into a problem”.go in forones teeth into a problemmassfashioncommitgettinggamblingonly toohuntingsenselessevenmoredifficultforsuchaUnit 4Read and Explore TextAVoicingYourViews31新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4In-DepthStudyDiscoveringtheMainIdeas“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。1)Do you accept the authors definitions of“worker”and“laborer”?2)Do you believe that it is bad for laborers to have more leisure time?3)Do you think that workers will be definitely happier than laborers?voicingWork in pairs or groups and discuss the question:“Whatwould you like to be in your future careera worker or alaborer?”The following questions may help develop yourideas.(Open.)1)DoyouaccepttheauthorsUnit 4Read and Explore TextBKeyWordsandExpressionsDifficultSentencesComprehensionQuestions32新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。KeyWords(B)Key Words for Text Bencouragement previously typically ethnic declaration abstract coordination moderately slight extremely KeyWords(B)KeyWordsforTexUnit 4Read and Explore TextBKeyWordsandExpressionsDifficultSentencesComprehensionQuestions33新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。KeyWords(B)Expressions for Text Bgo through rule out stand a chance KeyWords(B)ExpressionsforTUnit 4Read and Explore TextBKeyWordsandExpressionsDifficultSentences34新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4ComprehensionQuestions“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。我我指指导过的的许多多人人在在决决定定职业时，没没有有审视过自自己己认为最最有有价价值的的东西西是是什什么么，也也没没有有考考虑过在在选定定的的职业中，是否能中，是否能够实现这些价些价值。1.Many people Ive counseled regarding career decisions havent looked at what they value the most and whether these values can be attained in their chosen vocation.(Para.1)2)Please translate the sentence into Chinese.When people come to me for advice on choosing a job,most of them have no idea about what they want most from the job and whether they can obtain it from the job.Sentences1)What is the meaning of the sentence?我指导过的许多人在决定职业时，没有审视过自己认为最有价值的东Unit 4Read and Explore TextBKeyWordsandExpressionsDifficultSentences35新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4ComprehensionQuestions“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。2.In this regard,choosing a vocation can be thought of as a public declaration of the kind of person we see ourselves as being.(Para.3)2)Please translate the sentence into Chinese.在在这一一点点上上，选择职业可可以以被被认为是是我我们把把自自己己定定位位为某某类人的公开宣言。人的公开宣言。Different professions require different personal qualities.The profession we select reflects the kind of qualities we want to show in public.Sentences1)What is the meaning of the sentence?2.Inthisregard,choosingaUnit 4Read and Explore TextBKeyWordsandExpressionsDifficultSentences36新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4ComprehensionQuestions“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。3.It is difficult for people to feel positively about themselves or their occupation if they have to accept an occupation they perceive as low in status.(Para.5)2)Please translate the sentence into Chinese.要要是是人人们不不得得不不接接受受他他们认为是是地地位位低低下下的的某某种种职业，那就很那就很难让他他们对自己或自己的自己或自己的职业有信心。有信心。People will have a negative image of themselves or of their work if they think the job they are doing has a low status in society.Sentences1)What is the meaning of the sentence?3.ItisdifficultforpeopleUnit 4Read and Explore TextBKeyWordsandExpressionsDifficultSentences37新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程4ComprehensionQuestions“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。4.Interestingly,most studies show little direct relationship between measured aptitudes and occupational performance and satisfaction.(Para.7)2)Please translate the sentence into Chinese.有有趣趣的的是是，大大部部分分研研究究表表明明，在在评估估出出的的才才能能与与职业工作表工作表现及及满意度之意度之间几乎不存在直接关系。几乎