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* of 18 Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. 1.1 The Themes of Microeconomics 1.2 What Is a Market? 1.3 Real versus Nominal Prices 1.4 Why Study Microeconomics? C H A P T E R 1 Prepared by: Fernando Quijano, Illustrator 绪论 Preliminaries 1.1 微观经济学的主题 1.2 什么是市场 1.3 实际价格和名义价格 1.4 为什么要学习微观经济学 ? CHAPTER OUTLINE 2 of 18 Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. microeconomics Branch of economics that deals with the behavior of individual economic units consumers, firms, workers, and investors as well as the markets that these units comprise. 微观经济学 研究经济个体的行为，这些个体包括：消费者、工人、投资者、土 地所有者、企业 -事实上，微观经济学的研究对象包括了任何参与经济运行的 个人和法人。 macroeconomics Branch of economics that deals with aggregate economic variables, such as the level and growth rate of national output, interest rates, unemployment, and inflation. 宏观经济学 研究经济总量，如：国民产出的水平和增长率、利率、失业和通 货膨胀。 LY: 只见森林与不见树木。 不是简单相加。 一生的幸福不是过好每一天，吃的苦中苦，方为人上人！ 3 of 18 Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. CONSUMERS Consumers have limited incomes, which can be spent on a wide variety of goods and services, or saved for the future. (no investment) 消费者 的 收入 是有限的，它可以用来 购买 许多商品和服务，也可以 储蓄 待下一期 再消费。 The Themes of Microeconomics 1.1 Trade-Offs 4 of 18 Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. WORKERS Workers also face constraints and make trade-offs. First, people must decide whether and when to enter the workforce. Second, workers face trade-offs in their choice of employment. Finally, workers must sometimes decide how many hours per week they wish to work, thereby trading off labor for leisure. 工人经常要面临各种约束并在约束下做出各种权衡取舍。首先，他们必须决定是否进入劳动力市场以及什么时候进入该 市场。其次，工人在就业的时候要面临权衡取舍。最后，工人还得不时权衡取舍他们所愿意的每周工作时间，这里是工 作时间和闲暇时间的权衡取舍。 The Themes of Microeconomics 1.1 Trade-Offs 5 of 18 Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. Microeconomics describes how prices are determined. In a centrally planned economy, prices are set by the government. In a market economy, prices are determined by the interactions of consumers, workers, and firms. These interactions occur in markets collections of buyers and sellers that together determine the price of a good. 微观经济学描述了 价格的决定 机制。 在一个中央计划经济中，价格是由政府制定的。 在一个市场经济中，价格是由消费者、工人和企业之间的交互作用所决定的。这 些交互作用在市场中产生 -市场是买方和卖方的集合体，他们一起决定某种商品 的价格。 Prices and Markets 6 of 18 Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. Theories and Models In economics, explanation and prediction are based on theories. Theories are developed to explain observed phenomena in terms of a set of basic rules and assumptions. A model is a mathematical representation, based on economic theory, of a firm, a market, or some other entity. 经济学中的解释和预测都需要以理论为基础， 理论依靠一系列基本原理和假设来 解释观察到的现象。 模型就是一个依赖于经济学理论的数学陈述 ，模型的对象可以是企业、市场或者 其他实体。 positive analysis Analysis describing relationships of cause and effect. 实证分析 -描述因果关系 normative analysis Analysis examining questions of what ought to be. 规范分析 -什么才是应该的？ LY: positive analysis： empirical and theretical analysis 7 of 18 Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. market Collection of buyers and sellers that, through their actual or potential interactions, determine the price of a product or set of products. 买方和卖方的集合，通过他们实际或潜在的相互作用来决定一种或多种商品的 价格。 market definition Determination of the buyers, sellers, and range of products that should be included in a particular market. 确定一个具体的市场应包括哪些买方和卖方。 arbitrage Practice of buying at a low price at one location and selling at a higher price in another. 人们在一个地方低价买进，然后在另一个地方高价卖出。 What Is a Market? 1.2 8 of 18 Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. Competitive versus Noncompetitive Markets perfectly competitive market Market with many buyers and sellers, so that no single buyer or seller has a significant impact on price. 完全竞争市场 存在许多买方和卖方，所以任何买方和卖方对价格都没有显著 的影响力。
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