资源描述
P a r t i W riting.D irection s:F o r thi s part,y o u a r e a 1 lo w e d 3 0 minut e s to wri t e a shor t es s a y entitled T he Civ i 1 S e r v a nt T e s t Cr a z e.Your essay sho u Id s t art witha b rief de s crip t i on o f th e p ic t u re.You sho u Id w r it e at least 150 wor ds b ut no m o re than 2 00 w o r d s.1 D i r ecti o ns:Fo r th i s p a rt,y o u are a Bowed 30 m i n utes to write ashor t e ss a y en t it 1 ed Th e C i v il Se r va n t Te s t C r a ze.Your essay sho u 1 d s tart w i th a b r i e f d es c r i ption o f the p i c tur e.Y o u s h o u Id w rite a t1 ea s t 150 w o rd s b u t no mo r e than 2 0 0 w ords.Tbe Ctvtl Servant Test Craze回答36-4 6 题:Women wi t h 1 o w lit e racy su f f er d ispropo r tionate 1 y mo re tha n m e n,encou nt e rin g more 36 in f inding a well-pay in g j o b an d be i ng t wi c e as 1i k e 1 y t o end u p i n t h e g roup of lowe s t wage e arners,a s tud y re 1 eas ed o n We d nes d ay said.An a lysi s by the Insti t ut e fo r W o mens Poli c y R e search(IWP R.fo u ndw o m e n at al 1 1 e vel s o f 37 tend to e a r n less tha n men,b ut its at t he lowe s tli t e rac y lev e 1 s t h at the wa g e gap betw e en g enders i s m o s t s tr i king.Worn e n with low 1 it e r a c y a r e twic e a s 38 as men at the s am e skill le v elto be a mon g th e 1 o west earn e rs,br i nging i n$3 00 a wee k o r less,t he r e po r t s a id.Bec a use women start of f so 1 o w in te r ms o f w ages,hav in g h igh e r 1 i t e racy and m o re s k ills real 1 y 39 a b i g differ e n c e,n sai d Kev i n Mi 1 1 e r,a 4O re searc h a s socia t e at IWPR an d co-a u t h o r of the stu d y.Women ne e d t o go 41 in th e i r t rain i ng a n d edu c at io n 1 evel to ea r n t he s a me a s m e n,M i Iler said.T h e 4 2 was bas e d o n 2023 Nati o n a 1 Ass e ssmen t o f Adul t Lite r acysurvey s,the m o st re c e n t d a ta 43,a nd f oc u se d on read i ng ski 1 Is,no twrit i ng a n d numeric lit e ra c y.T h at data was 44 f rom a nat i onally repres e ntativ e sampl e of 19,714 p e op 1 e a g e d l 6 a n d o l d e r,1 ivin g i n h ouseho1 d s o r prisons.Data show e d about on e-third of A meric a n ad u It s h ave low lite r acy lev e Is,and more tha n 36 pe r c e nt of men an d 3 3 p e r c e n to f women f all into t hat 45,the ins t i t ute s a i d.A.p a ttern I.c o nductedB.se n ior J.indepen d e n tC.longer K.l i t e r a c yD.dif f icu 1 t ies L.analysi sE.c a t e gory M.1 ike 1 yF.collecte d N.fur t herG p ositi o ns 0.makesH.a vailab 1 e3 6、37、3 8、39、40、4 1 _4 2 4 3、4 4、45、S e c tion BDirecti o ns:In t h i s sect i on,y o u are g o in g t o re a d a pas s age w i th t ens tatem e nt s at t ached t o it.E ach statement c o n t a i ns i n formation given in on eof t he p a r agraph s.Identify the p a r agrap h from which t h e i n f or mat i on isderived.Yo u may c h oose a p ar a gra p h more th a n once.Each par a gr a p h is m a rked with a lett e r.A n swer t h e que s ti o n s by marki n g the c orr e s p ondi n g letter onAnswe r Sheet 2.4 6、回答46-56题：A)T he legisla t io n c o nc e rni n g fi n ancial refb r m fo c u s e s o n helpi n g re g u 1 ators de t ect an d d efuse(减少.的危险性)the n ex t c r isis.B u t it d o es n,t a ddress m a ny of t he u n d e rl y i n g co n ditions t h at ca n ca u se problem s.B)Th e le g isl a ti o n gi v e s reg u lators t he power to ov e rsee s hadow b ank s and ta k e fa i li n g firm s apart,conven e s a co u ncil of s u p e rregu 1 a t ors to watch the m e ga f i rm s th a t p o s e a risk to t he full f in a n c ia ls y s t em,andmu c h els e.C)But t he b i 11 d o e s more to he 1 p re g ul a t ors d e tect t h e nex t finan cial cr i sis than to ac t u a 1 ly st o p it fr o m ha p pe n ing.I n th a t wa y,its like t hedifferenc e b e t wee n imp r o v in g pu b lie health a nd i mprov i n g med i c i ne:Thebill focu s e s o n he 1 p ing t he d oc t o r s wh o fi g ure o ut whe n yo u r e sick an d h o w to get you be t te r ra t her t h a n on t h e condi t io n s(sewe rs yst e ms and air quality and hyg i e n e s t a nd a rds an d so on)th a t contribu t e to whether you get s i ck in t he first pla c e.D)That i s t o say,many o f the wea k n e ss e s and imb a lances t h a t led to the f in a nc i al c risis wi 1 1 surv i v e o u r r e gulato r y response,an d i Cs importa n t to keep that i n mind.So h e re are five we sti 1 1 ha v e t o w a tch o u t f or：1.The Globa 1 Glut(供过于求)o f SavingsE)One of t he leadi n g indie a t ors o f a fina n cial c r isis is when you h ave asus t a ined surge in m o n ey f 1 owi n g into t he co u ntry w hich ma k es borr o wing chea p er and eas i e r,H sa y s Har v a r d ec o n omist Kenne t h R o go f f.Ourcrisis w a s no d i ffe r ent：Betw e en 1987 an d 1999,o u r current a c c ou n t d e f ic i t the me a s u r e of how much mon e y i s coming i n ver s us g o in g o u t flue tuated b e twe e n 1 and 2 pe r c e n t of gr o s s d o me s t i c pr o d uc t.By 202 3,it had hit 6 percen t.F)T h e s h a rp rise wa s driven b yand few inve s tment opport u n ities-t h i n kp e d e c onomies with less gr o w t h an dBut weve g o t ten out of the cri s i sfas t,exporting f a ste r,and s e n di n2.Household Debt-an d Wh y W e Needemerging econ o mies wit h lots of gr o w t hChi n a-f unn e 1 ing their mo n e y to d e velo1 o ts o f i nvestme n t o p port u n i t i es.witho u t fi x ing i t.Chin a i s still growingg t h e m o ney o v e r to U S.I tG)The f a c t t h at mone y i s ava i 1 a b 1 e to b o r r o w d o e s n*t expla i nwhy Ameri c a ns borrowed so mu c h of i t.H o u se h o ld de b t as a per c enta g e ofGDP wen t from a bi t le s s t h a n 60 p ercent a t the b egi n nin g o f t he 1990 s to a b it less th a n 10 0 p e r ce n t in 2 0 23.This is where I com e to i ncom e i neq u a lit y say s R a gh u r am Rajan,a n ec o nomist a t the U n iv e r s i t y ofChicago.A 1 a rge pa r t o f t h e pop u 1 ation s aw re 1 a tiv e 1 y s t a gnantincomes ove r th e 19 8 0 s and 199 0 s.Credit was s o we 1 come be c aus e i t kep tpeo p 1 e who wer e f a Hing b e hin d r e a s ona b ly h app y.You we r e k e e pi ng up,eve n if y o u r income was nt.H)I n comes,o f c our s e,a r e ev e n m o re sta g n ant n o w t ha t un e mplo ymen t i s a t 9 per c e n t.And t hat p ai n isnt b e i ng s h a red equa 1 1 y:i nequa 1 i t y has a c tu a 1 1 y risen since be f ore the re c ession,a s j o b lessness i sprovi n g s ticky among the poor,but r e c overy h as been swift for the ri c h.House hol d bor r ow i ng is still m o re than 90 p e r c e nt o f GDR and the c o nditio n s t hat dro v e it up th e r e a re,i f anything,worse.3.The S hado w Banking1 1 MarketI）T h e fi n ancial c r i s i s s t a r t e d out simi 1 a r ly severe,b u t i t was n*t,a t fi r s t,a c r i sis o f consumers.It was a c ri s i s o f ba n k s.It neve r be came a cr i s i s of c o nsumers bee a u s e consumer d epo s its are insur e d.B ut large i n vestors-pen s ion fu n d s,ba n ks,c o rporations,and ot h er s-are n t insured.But whe n t hey h e ar that t h eir co 1 lat e r a 1 （附属担保品）i s d r opping in va 1 u e,t h e y d em a nd t h e ir mon e y bac k.And when e veryone do e s that at o n ce,i t1 s 1 ik e a n old-fashioned bank ru n:The banks c a n tp ay e v e ryone off a t once,s o t h ey u n loa d all th e ir as s ets t o get c a p i tai,the a s s ets be c o me wort h 1 e ss because e v e ryone is t r y i n g to u nlo a dthem,and t h e ban k s coll a ps e.J）*T his is an i nhe r en t pro b lem o f priva t e 1 y e re a te d money,saysG a ry Gorton,an economist a t P r in c e ton U n iver s ity.nIt is v ul n e ra b 1 e tothe s e k i nds of run s This yea r,w e r e b rin g in g this s h adow b a nking s y s tem u n d er the c o n trol of regu 1 a t ors and giving them al 1 so r ts of i nformatio n o n it an d power over i t,bu t we re n o t doing anything l ik e d e posit insu r ance,where we simply m ak e t he dep o sits s af e so ru n s be c ome ananac h ronism.4.Ric h Bank sK）In the 1980s,t he f i nancial se c tor s shar e o f tota 1 corp o r ate p rof i tsra n ged from a b ou t 1 0 t o 2 0 perc e nt.By 2023,it was abo u t 3 5 pe r cen t.Simon Joh n son,a n econom i s t a t MIT,recal 1 s a co n v e r s a t ion he had witha f und mana g er.Th e guy s aid to m e,Simon,ifs s o little m o n ey!Y o u canswa y s enat o r s f o r$1 0 mi 1 lio n!?Johnson laughs ruefu 1 1 y（后悔地）.Thes e g u y s b ig i nvestors d o nt even th i nk in millions.Th e y th i n k inbillions.L）W h a t you get fbr that money i s favo r s.The 1 a s t f inan c ia 1 c r i s is fadesfrom memory and t h e p u b lie b e g ins t o f ocus on o ther thin g s.The n t he financegu y s beg i n nudging（游说）.The y hoi d som e fundra i ser s f o r p oli t i c ians,m a k e s o me friends,e xplain how th e re g u lat i o n s t h e yr e u nder are oner o us an d u nf a ir.A n d si o wly,surely,t hose r e g u lat i ons come u nd o n e.This f i n an c ia 1 crisi s wi 1 1 sti c k in o u r m i n d s f o r a while,but n o t fo rever.A nd after brief 1 y dr o pp i ng t o le s s than 1 5 p e rce nt o f cor p orat e profits,t h e fi n a nc i al sector has r e bounded t o more t han 30 pe r c e nt.They*1 1 have pl e n t y o f mon e y with which to h e Ip the i r friends forget this w h o len a s ty a f f ai r.5.L a x（不严格的）R e gul a torsM）Th e mo s t tro u b 1 ing p ros p ect i s the c h ance t h at thi s bill,i f we*d pa s s ed i t i n 2 0 2 3,wouldnt eve n h a ve p r evente d this f i n a n c i alc r i s is.Thats not t o u n d e r s ell it:1 t woul d*v e g i v en regu 1 at o r s moreinfo r ma t ion w ith w h ich t o p re diet t h e c ris i s.B u t t he y ha d enough info r m a tion,an d t hey ig n o r ed it.Th e y g e t c au g ht u p i n boom t imes j u st 1 ik e e veryone els e.A bub b 1 e,almost b y d e finit io n,a ffects the regu 1 at o rswit h t h e power t o p op it.N）I n 2 0 2 3,with h o usi n g price s ru n ning far,fa r ahead o f the historical trend,B e man k e said a hou s ing bub b le was a pretty un 1 ik e ly p ossi b ility.In 2 023,h e s a i d Fed o f ficials d o no t ex p ect sig n ific a nt spillove r s from the s ubprim e m a rk e t to t he rest of the eco n omy.*Alan G r e e nsp a n,1 o o kin g back at the f inancial c r is i s,a d mi t ted in Ap r i 1 tha t re g u la t o rs have h ad awoef u 1 r ecord of c h roni c fai 1 ur e.Hi s tory tel 1 s u s they can n ot i d ent i fy t h etimin g of a c r is i s,or a nt i c i p a t e e xa c tly wher e it will be lo c a t e dor h o w la r ge th e 1 o sses an d spill o v ers w i l l be.I n the 1 9 8 0 s and 1 9 9 0 s pe o p 1 e expe r i e n c ed n o subs t a n t i a 1 i n creasei n t erm s o f income,whic h brou g h t a b o ut the popu 1 a r i t y o f cr e d i t.47 F i n anc i al crisis is a c r i s i s of ba n ks in th a t shadow b a n k ing m ayc a use b a nks to f a i 1.4 8 T h e f inance g uy s mak e friend s wi t h p o ll t ici a ns in the ho p e ofmaking s o me burdensome and unfair r egula t i ons canc e 1 le d.49、Th e legisl a tion con c eming fi n a n c i a 1 ref o rm offe r s r e gu 1 ato r st h epowe r o f sup e rv i sing sh a d o w banks and disinte g rati ng c ompanies on th e ve rge o f ba n kruptc y.50、I n terms of t h e effe c t o f unemp 1 oym e n t,i t is more deeply fe 1 t bythe p oor t han b y t he rich.51、E ve n if there w as en o ugh in f o r m a t i on to pre d i ct t h ere woul d be f inancial c risis,t h e r egula t o r s s till cho s e to i g nor e i t.52 Em erg i ng e cono m i e s wit h insu f f i ci e n t i n vestment opp o r t unit i eshave i n v e s t e d m u ch money in d eve 1 o p ed c ountri e s.53、Re g ulator s w i th po w e r ten d e d to fail aga i n a n d aga i n conce r ni n g fo recasti ng a f i n a ncia 1 crisi s.5 4、A fu n d m an ager or 1 arge in v est o r is consid e r e d a b surdly r ich b y a n eco n om i st from MIT.5 5、L arg e investors depo s its c a n b e ma d e safer i f s h adow banking system isund e r t h e cent r o 1 of re g u 1 a tors.Sectio n CDirection s：T h ere a re 2 pa s s ag e s i n this s ec t i on.E ach passa g e is fo1 lo wed b y s ome q u e s t i ons o r u nfi n ish e d s t a teme n ts.For each o f them t her e are f our cho i c es marked A),B)，C)a n d D).You should dec i deon t h e best ch o i ce and mark the c o rresp o nding lette r o n An s w er Shee t 2 wit ha sing 1 e li n e through the c e n tr e.回答5 6-61题：Op i nion poll s a re now begi n n i ng t o s h o w a r e l u c ta n t c o n se n sus tha t,w h o e v e r is to bl a me and wh a tev e r ha p p ens from now o n,high unemployment is p r ob a bly here t o stay.Th i s mea n s we s h a llh a v e tofi n d w ays of sharing the a v aila b le e m p 1 oym e nt m o re widely.B u t w e need tog o fur t her.We mu s t a sk some f u n d amenta 1 questio n s about th e fu r or e ofwo r k.Sh o ul d we c on t in u e to tr e a t e m p lo y m e n ta s t h e n o rm?S houl dwe n o t rat h e r e n eo ura g e many othe r way s fb r self-res p e c ti n g peopl e t o w or k?Sh o u 1 d we not create co n d i t i ons in w h ich man y of us can work fo rour s e 1 v es,rath e r th an fo r an e mploye r 7 Should we no t a i m to re v i ve theho u s e h o 1 d a nd t h e neighbor h o o d,as w e 1 1 as t h e fact o ry and the o f fi c e,as c en t er s of pr o du c tio n a n d w o r k?T he in d ustrial a g e h a s b e en the only per i od o f human hist o ry i n wh i chmost pe o pie s work h a s t a ke n the f o r m of jo b s.The ind u st r ial ag e may now be c o min g to an e nd,and s o me o f the changes in w o r k pattern s wh i ch it brought may h a ve to be re v ers e d.Th i s seems a d aunting though t.B ut,infa c t,it coul d offer the p r os p ect of a b ette r f u t u r e for work.Universal emp 1 o ym en t,as i t s history show s,has n ot me a nt ec o nom i c f r eedom.Employ m e nt bee a me wid e s pre a d when the en c losure s o f th e 17th a nd 18th cent u r ies m a d e man y pe o pie dep e nde n t on paid w o rk by depri v ing themof t h e use of t he 1 and,an d t hu s of t h e mea n s to p r ovid e a livi n g for themse I v e s.The n the factor y sy s tem d e str o y e d th e cottage in d u s t r i es andremoved work from p eople s h o mes.L a t e r,a s t r a nsport im p rove d,first by rail and then b y m a d,peopl e com mu t e d 1 o n g e r distances to t he i r p 1 aces ofemplo y ment unti 1 ,e v e ntually,many p e o p Ies w o r k 1 ost al 1 c o nnecti o n withtheir h o m e 1 i ve s a n d the plac e s i n wh i ch they lived.Meanwhil e,e mpl o yment put women a t a disad v ant a ge.I n pre-industrialtimes,men a n d wome n had s h a r e d th e p r o d u ctive work o f t h e hou s eh o Id andvillage c omm u n i ty.Now it b e cam e c ustomary for the h usband t o g o o u t t opaid em p 1 oym e nt,1 e avin g the unpai d wor k o f t h e hom e and t he fam ily t o his w ife.Tax and be n e fit r e gul a ti o n s s t ill assume t h i s norm today,andrestr i c t more fl e x ibl e sh a ri n g of work r o les b e twe e n t h e s exes.I t w a s n o t o n ly worn e n wh o s e wor k st a t u s suf f e r e d.As employ ment b ec a me the d o mina n t form o f work,you n g p e ople an d old p e o p 1 e wereexclud e d a p r ob 1 em n o w,a s mo r e t eena g e rs become f rustr a ted at scho o 1an d more r etired p e ople want to 1 i v e active lives.Al 1 th i s m ay no w h a v e to change.T h e t i m e has c e r t ain 1 y come to sw i tc h some e f fort an d r e s o u r c e s awa y from t he utopi a n go al o f e re atingjobs f or al 1 ,to the u r g e n t p r ac t ical ta s k of he 1 p i n g many peo p le toman a ge without ful 1 time j obs.56 Acco r ding t o the auth o r,t h e u niver s a 1 e mplo y m e nt h a s.A.t urned out no t to b e the b est f o rm of jobsB.created a n a 1 t ema t i v e form o f jobsC,b u ilt the foundation o f a n economic le a pD.fail e d t o pro d uc e j o b oppor t unities for mo s tp e o p le57、Mo d e m f o rms o f transp o rtatio n have gr e a t 1 y enc o ur aged.A.the ph e nomen o n of depriv a t i on o f e mp 1 oy e e s 1 e isu r e tim eB the dis c onnectio n bet w een p e o pl es wo r k and t hei r f amily l i f eC.t h e commut a t i o n betwee n t he work i ng places a nd emp 1 oyees*homesD.peop 1 es de s i re t o work far away fro m where they we r e b o rn5 8、It can be inf e rr e d from t he pa s sage t h a t .A.wom e n c o uld h ave be e n more pro d u cti v e th a n men in a proper job s ystemB.wor k in p r e-i n dust r ial t i m e s h a s b een distrii b ute d e ve n 1 y bet w eenme n an d womenC.p a i d em p loym e n t has a ro u s e d seri o us s o c ia l p r ob 1 e ms in c urre n ts o c ietyD.women h ave bee n t reated u n fa i rly u nder the employm e n t s y s t em ofindu s t r ial ag e5 9、What is t h e pr o blem f or the yo u n g u n d e r th e em p lo y m e nt s ystem?A.They ar e 1 ess 1 ikely to c o mpe t e with t he age d.B.They are muc h worri e d ab o u t the generati o n gap.C.T h ey are more lik e ly t o suffer f r om un e mp 1 oyment.D.Th e ir academic performances seem u s el e s s for job hu n tin g.60、What is th e p o ss i ble change o f j o b fo r ms?A.F u 11-t im e e mplo y m e nt w i 1 1 n o t b e the dominant fo r m of wor k.B.M o st p e o p le can wo r k at home an d fbr thems e l v e s.C.The d i f f ere n ce s b e tw e e n me n and women w i l l disappear.D.AI1 people ge t e q u al job o ppor t u nities a nd equal pay.回答 T S E 题:B 1 ood ves s e i s runnin g a 1 1 t hro u gh the lungs c a rr y bl o od to e a ch a i r s a c （囊），o r a 1 v e o lus（肺泡），and then b ac k agai n t o t h ehea r t.Only the t h in wal 1 of th e air sa c and the t h in w a 1 1 of a capillary（毛细血管）are b e twe e n t h e a i r a nd the b lood.S o o x ygen ea s i 1 y d iff u ses fr o m t h e ai r sacs th r o u g h t h e walls i nto the bio o d,while car b on dioxid e e a sil y d i f f use s from t he b 1 o od th r o ug h the wa 1 1 s i nto the a i r sa cs.When bl o od i s s e n t to t h e lun g s by the h e a rt,it h as com e b ackfrom th e cell s i n t h e rest of t he b o dy.S o the bloo d t h a t g o e s i n t o the wall of an ai r sa c c ont a in s mu c h d issolved c a rb o n d i oxid e but very1 ittle oxyge n.At t h e s a me t im e,the a ir that goes into the a i r s a c cont a in s much oxyge n but v e ry 1 i ttl e ca r b on d i oxi d e.You ha v e 1 e amed thatdis s olve d m a ter i als a 1 ways d iff u se f rom where t here is mor e of t h em towher e there is less.Oxygen f r om th e ai r dissol v e s in th e moistur e o n th e I inin g o f t h e ai r sa c and d if f us e s through the 1 i nin g i nto the blood.M eanwhile,c a r b o n d ioxide d i ffus e s fro m th e b 1 o o d i n to the air sac.T heblood t h e n flows f rom th e lu n g s b a c k tothe h eart,wh i ch s ends i t out to all oth e r p a r t s of the b o dy.S o on a f ter ai r g o es int o a n air s ac,it gi v es u p some of its oxygen an d tak e s i nsome carbon di o x i de f rom the b 1 o od.T o keep diffusi o n going as it s h o u ld,th i s c a r b on d i oxide must b e go t ten r id o f.Br e a thi n g,w hich i scaus e d b y movements o f the ches t,f or c e s the u s ed a i r out o f th eair s a cs in y o u r 1 un g s and b r in g s in fre sh a ir.T h e bre a th i ng mus cles are c o ntr o lie d autom a tica 1 1 y s o t h at you b re athe at t h e pro p er r ot e t oke e p yo u r a ir s acs su p p 1 i e d wit h f r esh ai r.Ordinarily,you bre at h e a bouttwe n ty-two times a minute.Of co u r se,y ou br e a t he fast e r whe n yo u are exerci s ing a nd slower when you a r e resting.F r es h ai r is brou g h t i ntoyour 1 u ngs when y o u breat h e in,or inhale（吸入），whi 1 e used a ir i s forced out ofy our lungs w hen you b reath e out,or exh a le.Som e pe o p le th i nk t hat all t h e oxygen i s t a k en out o f the air in the lung s and that wh a t we b rea t h e out is pure c a r bon d io x ide.But these ideasare n o t correct.Air is a mixtu r e o f g ases that i s mo s tly n itro g e n（氮）.Th i sga s i s not used in t h e b o dy.So the amount o
展开阅读全文