商务英语阅读Chapter2-A-Changed-Global-Reality-世界经济格局新变化

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Chapter2 A Changed Global Reality 世界经济格局新变化Say this for the young century:we live in interesting times.Not quite 2 12 years ago,theworld economy tipped into the most severe downturn since the Great Depression in the 1930s.World trade slowed sharply.Unemployment lines grew longer,especially in the old industrialeconomies.Financial institutions that had seemed as solid as granite disappeared as if they wereno more substantial than a bunch of flowers in the hands of an old-style magician.对于新世纪,我们得这样说:我们生活在一个有趣的时代。差不多两年半之前,世界经济陷入了20 世纪30 年代经济大萧条时期以来最惨重的低迷状态。世界贸易进程大幅放缓。失业队伍也越来越快,这在旧工业经济体系表现尤为突出。原来坚如磐石的金融机构也消失了,似乎还不如老套的魔术师变的花束看起来真实。Given that the scale of the downturn was so epochal,it should not be surprising that thenature of the recovery would likewise be the stuff of history.And it has been.As they make theirway to Davos for the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum(WEF)by helicopter,bus,caror train(which is the right way to do it),the members of the global economic and political elitewill find themselves coming to terms with something they have never known before.考虑到经济衰退幅度如此的跨时代,经济复苏进程会很慢也是理所当然的,对此我们不应该感到吃惊。事实也正如我们所料,复苏进程确实很慢。全球经济政治精英乘直升飞机、大巴、小汽车或是火车前往达沃斯参加一年一度的世界经济论坛会议,此次会议上,全球经济政治精英会发现自己开始接受一些闻所未闻的事情。The new reality can be expressed like this.For more than 200 years,since the IndustrialRevolution,the world has seen two economies.One has dominated technological innovation andtrade and amassed great wealth.The second much of it politically under the thumb of the first has remained poor and technologically dependent.This divide remains stubbornly real.Therich world the U.S.,Canada,Western Europe,Australia,New Zealand,Japan and the fouroriginal Asian dragons accounts for only 16%of total world population but nearly 70%ofworld output.当今的情况是这样的。自工业革命以来的二百多年间,世界出现了两大经济体。一个支配着技术创新和贸易,累积了大量财富。另一个在政治上主要受前者的控制,在经济上一直处于贫穷状态并且在技术上存在依赖性。两者的鸿亘古存在。发达国家-美国、加拿大、西欧、澳大利亚、新西兰、日本及亚洲四小龙,以世界总人口的 16%输出着世界将近 70%的产品。But change is upon us.The developed world of the haves is struggling to restart growth andpreserve welfare states,while the world of the once have-nots has surged out of the downturn.Bigemerging economies like China and India have discovered new sources of domestic demand.Partsof Africa are attracting real interest from investors.All told,the strength of the developing worldhas supported the global economy.The World Bank estimates that economic growth in low-andmiddle-income countries contributed almost half of world growth(46%)in 2010.世界形势正发生着变化。在发达国家的富人们努力重新刺激经济增长并维持社会福利的时候,曾经的穷人们却已经摆脱了经济困境。像中国和印度这样大的新兴经济体已经找到了国内需求的新来源。非洲的部分地区也正吸引着对他们真正感兴趣的投资者。总之,发展中国家的力量撑起了世界经济。据世界银行估计,2010 年,中低收入国家的经济增长约占世界经济增长的一半(46%)。A Sigh of Relief经济回暖,令人欣慰In the long term,this is nothing but good news.As billions of poor people become moreprosperous,they will be able to afford the comforts their counterparts in the rich world have longconsidered the normal appurtenances of life.But before we celebrate a new economic order,deepdivisions both between and within nations have to be overcome.Otherwise,the world could yettip back into a beggar-thy-neighbor populism that will end up beggaring everyone.We are not outof the woods yet.从长远看来,这真的是个好消息。随着几十亿的贫苦人们开始变得富有起来,他们也将能够支付得起发达国家的人们所拥有过的享受,而这些享受在富人们眼中仅仅是普通的生活附属品而已。但是,在庆祝一个新的经济秩序建立之前,我们必须克服国与国之间以及国家内部存在的深层分歧。否则,世界将会重新陷入以邻为壑的民粹主义,最终每个人都沦为乞丐,我们仍未脱离困境。First,though,lets assess how things stand.The world is in a much better state than manyexpected it would be a year ago.The double-dip recession some economists feared nevermaterialized.In the U.S.,which seemed to stall in the summer,there are early signs thatconsumers are spending and banks are lending again,while the stock market is at its highest pointin 212 years.Though Europe is wheezing under cascading sovereign-debt crises,it has so faravoided the worst-case scenarios a collapse of the euro,a debt crisis that spills from smalleconomies such as Greece and Ireland to much bigger ones like Italy and Spain,and bitter socialunrest in those nations that are having to massage wages down while cutting public budgets.不过首先让我们评估一下目前情况。现在世界的状况比一年前我们所想象的要好得多。一些经济学家一直害怕发生的“双底衰退”也从未出现过。2008 年的美国经济似乎一直停滞不前,但是现在一些早期迹象表明顾客开始消费了,银行也开始发放贷款了,同时股市也在经济萧条两年半之后达到了巅峰状态。尽管欧洲一直在一重接一重的主权外债危机下苟延残喘,但是它到目前为止已经避免了最糟糕的状况-欧元崩溃,欧元崩溃是一种债务危机,从希腊和爱尔兰这样小的经济体流窜到意大利和西班牙这样大的经济体,并且加剧了一些国家的社会骚乱,这些国家在缩减公共预算的同时不得不减少薪资。Amid all the encouraging news(or at least the absence of terrible tidings),Goldman Sachseconomists have turned practically giddy,recently upgrading their 2011 global-and U.S.-growthforecasts(to 4.8%and 3.4%,respectively).While 2010 was the Year of Doubt,2011,theyproclaim,will be the Year of Recovery.U.S.economist Nouriel Roubini,the Cassandra of thecrisis,reckons that if all goes right and nothing terrible goes wrong,the global economymightgrow nearly 4%this year.听到如此多鼓舞人心的消息(或者至少是没有很糟糕的消息),高盛经济学家几乎变得轻率起来,最近他们更新了2011 年全球和美国经济增长预测(分别是4.8%和 3.4%)。尽管 2010 年是“令人怀疑的一年”,但是高盛经济学家们宣称 2011 年肯定是经济复苏的一年,努里尔卢比尼-美国经济学家,这次经济危机的预言者,认为如果一切都顺利,并且没有更糟糕的事情发生,全球经济今年可能会增长将近4%。It must be said:not everyone agrees.Jim Walker,an economist at research firm Asianomicsin Hong Kong,predicts that 2011 will be a year of reckoning.The rebound in the U.S.,Walkersays,is a mirage created by excessive stimulus.He expects the U.S.to slip into the double dip itdodged in 2010.Even the less bearish worry that the global economy is far from healed.Mosteconomists expect the rebound to flatten out in 2011,with growth likely to be lower than in 2010.In mid-January,the World Bank estimated global GDP growth will slow to 3.3%in 2011 from3.9%in 2010.Stephen Roach,an economist at Yale University,believes that the world economy isstill digging itself out of the debt and distortions built up during the last boom.Its a really slowpostcrisis workout,Roach says.Im not prepared to give the global economy the green light.有人肯定会说:并不是每个人都同意这个观点。吉姆沃克-香港亚洲经济分析咨询公司的经济学家,预测2011 年将会是“清算之年”。沃克谈到,美国经济的反弹只是由过度刺激形成的海市蜃楼。他认为美国将会落入2010 年侥幸躲避过去的“双底衰退”之中。即使是不那么悲观的人也担心全球经济远没有恢复。大多数经济学家预计2011 年经济反弹会逐渐消失,经济增长也可能会低于 2010 年。一月中旬,世界银行估测全球GDP 增长将由 2010 年的 3.9%下降到 2011年的 3.3%。耶鲁大学的经济学家史蒂芬罗奇认为,世界经济仍会极力从上次经济繁荣期产生的债务和扭曲中脱身。“这真是一次缓慢的后经济危机考验。”罗奇说道,“我并不准备给经济复苏这个观点亮绿灯”。The caution is understandable.In the developed world,unemployment remains sickeninglyhigh(9.4%in the U.S.,10.1%in the euro zone).The private-sector debt crisis of 2008-09 hasmorphed into a public-sector debt crisis in 2010-11,a result of the debt and deficits amassed in theprocess of stimulating economies and bailing out banks during the downturn.这种谨慎是可以理解的。在发达国家,失业率仍然很高(美国是9.4%,欧元区是10.1%)。2008 年 9 月的私营部门债务危机到 2010 年 11 月已经演变为公共部门危机。这是由经济低迷期刺激经济和救助银行时所累积的债务和财政赤字造成的。Politicians are being forced to scale back spending even though the recovery remains weak.In Britain,deep cuts in the budget mandated by Prime Minister David Cameron will most likelycost hundreds of thousands of public-sector jobs.In the U.S.,the miserable condition of state andlocal governments budgets is likewise leading to a job-killing retrenchment.Europes impositionof austerity has led to heightened political conflict.Ballooning debts and feeble growth prospectsfor the advanced economies are reordering the investors perception of risk.Noting that the U.S.has no plan in place to stabilize and ultimately reverse the upward debt trajectory,Moodys inmid-January warned that the countrys AAA credit rating could come under pressure if debtcontinues to mount;a few days later,Moodys upgraded Indonesias rating.虽然复苏进程依旧疲缓,政客们仍旧被迫缩减开支。在英国,首相戴维卡梅伦大幅消减预算很可能会导致几十万人失业。在美国,国家和地方政府糟糕的预算同样也会导致工作岗位的紧缩。欧洲采取的财政紧缩政策也加剧了政治冲突。日渐高磊的债台以及发达经济体的疲软经济增长前景让投资者们开始重新审视风险。注意到美国“对于稳定和最终扭转不断向上的债务曲线是没有任何适合计划的”,穆迪于一月中旬发出警告:如果债务持续攀升,国家 AAA 级信用评级会面临被降级的危险。几天之后,穆迪更新了印尼的评级。The emerging economies face risks of their own.The most alarming is a sharp rise ininflation a result of strong domestic growth,stimulus policies,and commodity prices pumpedup globally by returning demand,fears of(or actual)supply constraints and the loose-moneypolicies of the West.In early January,Fatih Birol,chief economist at the International EnergyAgency,warned that oil prices,now over$90 a barrel,are entering a dangerous zone that couldthreaten the global recovery.The U.N.s Food and Agriculture Organization said its food-priceindex reached an all-time high in December,surpassing even the nosebleed levels of 2008s surge.Such spiking prices for the basics people need to survive are hard enough to swallow in thedeveloped world.Just at the point you start to see a recovery coming,you get hit by commodityprices that hit peoples incomes,says Stephen King,chief economist at HSBC.In emergingmarkets,the fallout can be much more severe.High food prices have already contributed to thecollapse of the government in Tunisia.新兴经济体也面临着自己的风险。最紧急的就是通货膨胀急速加剧-这是强劲的国内增长、刺激政策以及全球物价上涨的结果,而全球物价上涨则是由需求重返、实际供应紧张以及西方宽松的货币政策导致的。一月初,国际能源机构首席经济学家法提赫比罗尔发出警告:现在的石油价格每桶已经超过90 美元,世界经济正踏入一个危险的区域,可能会威胁全球经济的复苏。联合国粮农组织表示,食品价格指数在12 月份达到新高,甚至超过了2008 年那令人乍舌的高度。在发达国家,人们生存必需品价格如此暴涨,令人非常难以接受。“就在你刚刚看到经济复苏的曙光的时候,你立马被冲击人们收入的物价敲了当头一棒,”汇丰银行首席经济学家史蒂芬金如此说道。在新兴市场,其后果可能会更加严重。高物价也加剧了突尼斯政府的衰败。Fearing the consequences,policymakers throughout the developing world have switchedpriorities from holding up growth to fighting inflation.In mid-January,China raised thereserve-requirement ratio which forces banks to park more money at home for every loan theymake to a record high in an attempt to curtail credit and quell inflation,which rose at thefastest pace in two years in November.In India,raging food prices,galloping ahead by nearly17%from a year earlier,have become such a sensitive issue that when Pakistan temporarily cutoff some exports of onions to the country,it sparked a minor diplomatic row.The same measuresused to bust inflation,however,will also dampen growth.The World Bank predicts slowdowns forroaring China(from 10%growth in 2010 to 8.7%in 2011)and India(9.5%to 8.4%).由于担心造成类似的后果,发展中国家的决策者决定把优先保持经济增长转为优先抵抗通货膨胀。一月中旬,中国将存款准备金率上调至历史新高-强制银行每放一笔贷款就必须在央行存放更多的储备金,以期减少放贷、抑制通货膨胀,通货膨胀在十一月达到两年来新高。在印度,疯狂的物价较去年已飞速增长了近 17%,这已经成为了非常敏感的问题。以致于巴基斯坦在临时缩减对印度的洋葱出口时引发了轻微的外交争执。然而,消除通货膨胀的措施也会抑制经济增长。世界银行预测发展迅速的中国和印度的经济增长会放缓,因为中国的经济增长由 2010 年的 10%下降到 2011年的 8.7%,印度由 9.5%下降到 8.4%。Was It for This?这就是为了未来而进行的所谓的“合作”吗?Such numbers,of course,are beyond the dreams of workers and consumers in developedeconomies.Millions from Michigan to Madrid want to work but cant leading them to putcountless small dreams for themselves and their families on hold so the risk that the shift ofeconomic power will breed populist resentment rises.Many in the developed world are only nowbecoming aware that the globes economic future will be determined not just in London or NewYork City but in Beijing and New Delhi too.The problem that Western economies have is thatthey havent realized the full effect of the rise of the emerging world,says HSBCs King.当然,这样的数字是发达经济体的工人和消费者做梦都不敢想的。从密歇根到马德里,上百万的人们想要工作但却不能-这使他们将自己和家人的无数小梦想都暂时搁置-因此,由经济实力改变引起的民粹主义不满情绪的风险加大。发达国家的许多人就刚刚才意识到,未来的全球经济不仅仅由伦敦或纽约这样的城市决定,也同样由北京和新德里这样的城市决定。“西方经济体所面临的问题是:他们没有意识到新兴世界兴起的全面影响,”汇丰银行主席如是说。One suspects they soon will.The summit between U.S.President Barack Obama and ChinesePresident Hu Jintao in Washington took place in a highly charged atmosphere.China is tired ofbeing lectured to by those who seem unable to manage their own economies particularly well.U.S.politicians,with an ear to their constituents,are lobbying for protective tariffs if China does notallow its currency to appreciate.U.S.businesses,which have in the past been supportive of freetrade and engagement with China,are beginning to sing with different voices.Large technologyand industrial companies grumble that Chinas pursuit of indigenous innovation throughregulatory and procurement policies is freezing them out of potentially lucrative markets.有人猜测听他们很快就会意识到这个问题。美国总统巴拉克奥巴马和中国国家主席胡锦涛在华盛顿举行峰会,气氛高度紧张。中国厌倦了被那些连自己的经济都管理不好的国家讨伐。如果中国不允许人民币升值,愿意听从选民意见的美国政客们将会游说保护性关税。而且,那些过去大力支持与中国进行自由贸易和合作的商业家们也开始唱反调。In the U.S.and Europe,a certain helplessness in the face of huge economic forces is fueling adisaffection which makes itself felt in different ways in different societies with the globalfinancial elites and the policymakers who are thought to have connived with them.There was aparticularly poignant moment when Ireland,which cherishes its independence like a preciousjewel,was forced to go cap in hand to the E.U.for a bailout in November.Was it for this?TheIrish Times asked in a famous editorial on the humiliation.The question(though few outsideDublin got the reference)was an echo of a line from W.B.Yeats great poem September 1913,which excoriated a bourgeois capitalism whose merchants fumble in a greasy till/And add thehalfpence to the pence/And prayer to shivering prayer,until/You have dried the marrow from thebone.在美国和欧洲,面对巨大经济压力却无能为力的现象正激起着人们对全球的金融精英以及决策者的不满,认为金融精英与决策者们串通一气,这种不满在不同社会表现形式不同。视独立如珍宝的爱尔兰,11 月,为了得到救助,不得不求助于欧盟,这令人感到非常心酸。“这就是爱尔兰想要的吗?”爱尔兰时报在关于屈辱的著名社论中问道。这个问题(尽管只有爱尔兰人才能真正明白其中含义)与威廉巴特勒叶芝的著名诗作“1913 年 9 月”中的一行诗产生共鸣,它痛斥资产阶级资本主义,因为他们的商人“在满是油污的钱柜里摸索/一点一点地积攒/不停地祷告直到榨干工人们的最后一滴血。”How can a disaffection with global capitalism in the developed world be prevented fromturning into a backlash against it?It would help if there were mechanisms in place to manage thestresses in the international economy.Instead,there is something close to a breakdown in globaleconomic cooperation.The WEFs closely read Global Risks report identifies global governancefailures as an overarching risk facing the world.Global governance capacities are highlyfragmented,the report argues.There is a growing sense of paralysis in responding to globalchallenges.如何阻止人们对发达国家倡导的全球资本主义的不满演变为强烈抵制?如果有适当的机制来调控国际经济压力可能会起作用。而恰恰相反的是,全球经济合作接近崩溃。全球经济论坛倍受关注的全球风险报告指出当今世界面临的首要风险是“全球治理失败”。报告称,“全球治理能力高度分散,人们应对全球挑战越来越无力。”In the economic field,that is especially true.The Doha round of trade talks,for example,islike the emperors new clothes in Hans Christian Andersens famous tale:everyone knows theresnothing there,but nobody will say so.The spirit of camaraderie forged in the early days of thefinancial crisis all the hopeful meetings and optimistic communiqus of the G-20 hasbeen replaced by every-country-for-itself thinking.As nations scramble to protect their ownpeople from the continued fallout of the Great Recession,the threat of currency and trade wars hasbecome very real.Governments from Tokyo to Santiago have been intervening in currencymarkets,imposing measures to restrict capital flows and taking other steps to try to prevent risingcurrencies from denting export competitiveness.The currency war is a proxy for a jobs war,says Roach.In the mind of every policymaker looms at least,it should the disastrousspiral into protectionism that deepened the Depression in the 1930s.在经济领域,这种问题更加突出。例如,多哈回合贸易谈判就像安徒生著名的童话故事中皇帝的新装一样:每个人都知道谈判不会有什么结果,但是没有人说出来。早期金融危机铸就的互助友爱的精神-20国集团所有的充满希望的会议和振奋人心的公告-都被各国自私利己的想法替代了。由于各国面对日趋严峻的大萧条境况,都急于保护本国人民的利益,因此货币和贸易之战已成为非常现实的威胁。从东京到圣地亚哥的政府一直都在干预货币市场,采取措施限制资本流动,并尽力阻止不断升值的货币削弱出口竞争力。“货币之战其实就是工作岗位之战,”罗奇说道。决策者至少应该想到,这种灾难性的螺旋式保护主义曾加剧了20 世纪 30 年代的大萧条。Yet the unmediated rift between countries,each desperate to preserve its edge in the globaleconomic game,is not even the most serious division that policymakers have to contend with.That,rather,is what the WEFs Global Risks calls economic disparity.The benefits ofglobalization seem unevenly spread,reads the report.A minority is seen to have harvested adisproportionate amount of the fruits.Issues of economic disparity and equity at both the nationaland international levels are becoming increasingly important.Politically,there are signs ofresurgent nationalism and populism as well as social fragmentation.在这场全球经济竞技中,每个国家都誓死保持自己的优势,然而,这种国家间的即刻裂痕并不是决策者们需要应对的最严重分歧。其实,这种裂痕就是世界经济论坛全球风险所说的经济差距。“全球化带来的好处似乎分布不均衡,”报告表明,“小部分地区似乎付出与收获并不成比例。国内和国际水平的经济差距与公平越来越重要.政治上,有民族主义,民粹主义以及社会分裂抬头的迹象。”The warning is timely.In the rich world,the gains that the working class made during whatthe French call the trente glorieuses after 1945 decent health care,guaranteed pensions are seen as increasingly fragile.In the developing world,economic success sometimes seems to gohand in hand with growing inequality.报告为人们及时敲响了警钟。法国人称 1945 年之后的三十年为“辉煌三十年”,在这三十年里,发达国家的工人们创造了丰厚的收益-全面的医保,有保障的养老金,然而现在这些优越条件都在慢慢瓦解。None of these divisions between and within nations are ones that have to last forever.But it will take hard work and creativity both within discrete polities and in internationalforums if they are not to cloud what should be the happy prospect of a world in which many,many more people live lives that are fulfilling and comfortable.We can see that meadow at theend of the woods.But we arent in it yet.国际和国内的这些分歧,没有一个会永远存在。世界的前景是美好的-越来越多的人们生活得非常充实与舒适,如果不想破坏如此美好的未来,他们就必须在解决国际与国内事务上努力工作,发挥创造力。我们已经可以看到灌木丛深处的草木了,但是我们仍旧未进入到那个世界。Chapter4 The Incredible Shrinking Europe 难以置信的退缩着的欧洲It was supposed to be the moment Europe grew muscles.这本该是欧洲茁壮成长的时期。去年秋天,在结束了为简化决策制定,使欧盟在国内外更具实力更为强壮的十年努力之后,最后仅有的一些抵抗国家签署了总达1000 页的文件,就是世人熟知的里斯本条约。11 月,欧盟选拔了其第一任正式总统和外交部长。亲欧盟派们重温旧梦:一个新建的世界强权来安抚动荡地区,在能力可及之地给予援助和劝服,但同时准备在万不得已之时派遣军队。布鲁塞尔将率战反抗气候变化。欧洲经济将证明给北美和亚洲无情的自由市场,社会市场仍是摆脱经济危机的最佳方式。The dream didnt last a month.这个梦想连一个月都没撑过。在12 月哥本哈根的气候变化会议上,对最终决议竭力辩争的是中美两国,而欧盟则当了旁观者。欧盟的2010 年并非以一个外交政策的大胜利开头,而是毫不适宜的在争论是否要救助希腊,它的债务已经拖垮了欧盟的货币。同时,美国总统巴拉克奥巴马宣布并不会出席五月份在西班牙举行的欧美洽谈会。于无数迁就欧盟的会议来讲,这有点泄气。难怪欧盟发觉自己处在忧心忡忡的自疑的周期循环中。也难怪世界上其他人都在疑问:欧洲代表着什么?它哪里适应这个似乎被中美所主导的世界?如果它消失了,会有人注意吗?Lets get one thing straight让我们讲明一点:欧洲是个无与伦比的居住佳所。欧盟的许多成员国都在世界最富裕国家之列。欧洲的工人通常都享有漫长的假期,慷慨的产假和舒适的养老方案。普遍的健康保险被认作基本的社会契约中的一部分。欧洲政治稳定,而且是世界上最为慷慨的发展援助金捐献者。当然,税金很高,但大多数欧洲人似乎很愿意交纳更多的税金来换取更高且有保证的生活质量。去年,总部设在伦敦的“思想库”欧洲改革中心主任查理斯格兰特说到:“欧盟展现了一个极为吸引人的社会、经济、政治模式。”“它比世界上的绝大多数地方都要稳定、安全、环保、文化多元,这也是邻国及许多移民想加入欧洲的原因。”But the good life at home doesnt make Europe strong abroad.但国内的优质生活并没有造就一个在海外强大的欧洲。欧盟也许拥有世界上所有的软实力优势,但在重大场合它缺少对他人的权威和影响力。有时候它甚至不能说其所想。美国和中国时常在争辩,但美国可以将其对华政策恰如其分的表达出来:发展经济,鼓励民主,适当之时评判人权问题。简单的说,欧盟的对华政策是什么呢?The EU underwhelms on other big issues.欧盟在其他重大问题上也表现得不尽人意。格兰特在其以欧洲注定要作为强权失败吗?冠名的文章中写到:“欧盟在面对阿富汗、巴基斯坦或朝鲜等国际问题时,大部分时间要么沉默,要么缺席。”意大利前沿外交政策杂志Limes 编辑卢契卡拉却罗认为欧盟的困境是冷战的遗留问题。他解释说,在美国的安全保护伞下,二战之后对西欧而言是重建的黄金时期。这段时期结束后,欧洲进入休克期。“这一点我们予以否认,”卡拉却罗说到。“我们知道,委婉的说,美国并不对我们的利益感兴趣,我们就只自己实行鸵鸟政策。”卡拉却罗接着说,欧洲认为阿富汗、伊朗问题是美国事务。“任何重大危机都是在海外得以讨论的。我们对这个时代并没有责任。”The Lisbon Treaty,里斯本条约,建立了欧洲理事会主席和外交与安全政策高级代表的新办事处,应该改变这所有局面。然而实际上,新欧盟由包括四个轴心的复杂机制来管理:总统和外交部长;欧盟轮值主席国;欧洲委员会主席以及各国家政府元首。这种新建机制看起来就像欧盟糟糕的模仿,建立在最佳选择基础之上,即具官僚性又具复杂性,不像是采取行动制止圈地战争,倒像是要鼓励这些战争。Critics point to the selection of 批评者指出,选举 Herman Van Rompuy 以他平衡地方势力而著称,因为他在比利时举足轻重,并且试图哄骗反对欧盟的国家走向他们的阵营。毫无疑问,这是一个很有用的品质,但是这也很难使欧盟在国际舞台上有分量。Dominique Moisi说:“钱英国的贸易大臣 Ashton 和 Van Rompuy 给人的印象是他们的当选不是因为优点而是因为缺点。一个资深的欧洲官员对欧洲要凸显自己选的那两个人就让他们再当选5 年这件事感到烦恼。Its early days for the new team,对新团队的当选还是太早了,Van Rompuy 和 Ashton会使他们的反对者吃惊。Ashton 在上去年 1 月的时代周刊是说:“我们应该充满雄心壮志,除了这些野心,欧洲离回答基辛格的:我要打电话到欧洲,该打给谁呢?更远了,因此,什么能够解释他所说的外交雄心和他们自己的具体做法之间的差距,怎样来弥补这个鸿沟呢?没有欧洲,会怎么样呢?Start with history.从历史开始讲起,一个统一的欧洲的概念是在二战时形成的,它是建立在把德国的命运和法国等欧洲其它国家命运绑在一起可以使欧洲大陆免受侵略。如果单以这个标准来衡量的话,欧盟已经做到了,在很长一段时间里,欧盟的领导很乐于关注其内部政策,即在欧洲建立统一市场,统一货币,没有关税。难以让人理解的是欧盟的捍卫者就会反对欧盟成员国的建立有一个示范性的效应。正如希腊、葡萄牙和西班牙在1980 年希望通过加入欧盟区限制他们的内部权力,东欧和中欧国家也如此。Beyond its neighborhood 然而,欧盟很少在超出邻居范围的国家发挥出它的集体力量。然而,主要原因是因为它的成员国只想捍卫和追求自己的利益,而不是把自己融入一个多国的集体中。在欧洲也有大量这样的情况,欧洲现在要把目标定得很低。Moisi 说:“低一点比较明智。”“成员国几乎没有把欧盟看作一支世界力量,而把欧洲看作一个共同成分。”That argument begins to break down 那个争论开始破裂当你渴望去帮助修复世界。过去十几年,许多欧洲人喜欢吧欧盟看成是一支能与美国和中国相抗衡的力量,一个强大、富有但是更加仁慈的力量。问到 Catherine Ashton 对欧洲理念的理解,并且她渴望远离谦虚。“民主的、国家的人权”她说,“想要看到稳定、安全的国家,我们很高兴与他们进行政治对话和经济来往。”Europe is right to think big 欧洲正在思考怎么强大-即为了自己又为了其他一些国家的利益。世界很多国家都期望听到更加强大的欧洲的声音。从南非首都比勒陀利亚到美国华盛顿的欧洲盟友不断地提出更多的警告,由于去年负责欧洲和欧洲事务的助理国务卿Philip.H.Gordon 对美国众议院外事委员会说里斯本条约生效以后:“我们希望欧盟成员国加大投入能够使后里斯本条约机构更具有权威和权力来对我们所面临的全球的挑战作出具体贡献。”在非洲,印度,拉丁美洲,领导人心甘情愿的与欧盟建立更加亲密的关系,即给人印象是强大的,是愿意改变自己的价值观,就他们国家利益而言是愿意看到其他一些独立国的互动。But if Europe is to realize its own dreams但是如果欧洲想实现自己的梦想,还有帮其他国家实现梦想,他就必须改变他贸易的方式。(要形成一股绳)像真正的一个集团带来巨大的影响。Jean Pierre Lehmann,一个在瑞士国际管理发展学院的国际的政治经济学教授说。国际会议上的一个问题是“欧盟被其他成员国瘫痪”。一个资格较老的亚洲官员面露恼怒的描述在国际峰会上欧洲领导者们怎样喋喋不休的交流。他说:“他们非常善于交际。”这并不是一个赞美。Next,Europeans need to appreciate that 其次,欧洲人需要意识到理想并不能给你带来尊重。你必须赢得他人的支持。击中要害,这应该在哥本哈根会议上起作用的。欧洲在全球气候变幻政策的转换上,碳减排做了大量工作。引进了首批碳交易市场,引领开发绿色
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