第6章英汉翻译中的词类转换法

第六章第六章 英汉翻译中的英汉翻译中的词类转换法词类转换法6.0 引例引例nExchange of ideas is a constant and vital necessity.n思想交流是一种经常的和极其重要的必需。思想交流是一种经常的和极其重要的必需。n思想交流是经常而极端需要的。思想交流是经常而极端需要的。n思想交流应经常进行，也是必须的。思想交流应经常进行，也是必须的。n思想交流有必要经常进行。思想交流有必要经常进行。n有必要经常进行思想交流。有必要经常进行思想交流。Nominalization in English and Verbalization in ChineseEnglishnEnglish sentence contains no more than one predicate verbs in that predicate verbs in sentences are confined by many grammatical rules.nMeanwhile,nouns which are originated from verbs also indicate movements,actions,changes,sensations,state,etc.Compared with verbs,they are less marked and more flexibly placed in a sentence.nNominalization is a predominant feature in English.nPreponderance of nouns over verbsNominalization in English and Verbalization in ChineseChinesenIn Chinese,verbs are unmarked and less confined so that clusters of verbs are used to express an event in one sentence.nA frequent use of verbs is predominant in Chinese sentences.6.1 转译成动词转译成动词 n英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得比较英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得比较多，这是一个特点，往往在英语句子中只用多，这是一个特点，往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。如：或动词性结构连用。如：nHe admires the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job.n他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。钦佩。n汉语没有词形变化，但可以几个动词连用。汉语没有词形变化，但可以几个动词连用。因此，英语中不少词类（尤其是名词、介词、因此，英语中不少词类（尤其是名词、介词、形容词和副词）在汉译时往往可以转译成动形容词和副词）在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。词。6.1.1 名词转译成动词名词转译成动词 n1）由动词派生的名词转译成动词，在政论文体中）由动词派生的名词转译成动词，在政论文体中出现比较多。出现比较多。n The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israelis right to exist.n1967年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。决中东冲突。nRockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.n火箭已经用来探索宇宙。火箭已经用来探索宇宙。nThe mastery of a foreign language is difficult and requires painstaking effort.n要学好一门外语要学好一门外语是不容易的，非下苦功夫不可。nAfter some hesitation,he asked if I would arrange for him to be cremated after his death and then have his ashes sattered into the ocean.n犹豫犹豫了一番之后，他问我是否愿意在他死死后将他火化并将骨灰洒入大海。2）含有动作意味的名词（在记叙、描写文体中出现）含有动作意味的名词（在记叙、描写文体中出现较多）往往可以转译成动词。较多）往往可以转译成动词。nThe sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.n看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。我特别神往。n A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.n从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。和林肯纪念馆的全景。nHe turned talkative at the mention of tea.n一提到一提到茶，他的话就多起来。nShe jumped up for joy at the news of her husbands return.n听到听到丈夫要回来这个好消息，她高兴地跳了起来。nAdmission to the university is by examination and selection.Girls are admitted on equal terms with boys.n进大学要考试，择优录取。女生入学条件与男生一样。3）英语中有些加后缀）英语中有些加后缀-er的名词，有时可转换的名词，有时可转换为其对应的名词为其对应的名词n如如teacher教师，教师，thinker思想家等等，有时在句中并思想家等等，有时在句中并不指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味，在汉不指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味，在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。语中没有恰当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。nI am afraid I cant teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.n我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。nSea gulls are good flyers.n海鸥很善于飞行。海鸥很善于飞行。nTalking with his son,the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings.n在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。坏事。nShe is such a trouble-maker that no one likes to be in the same team with her.n她总是制造麻烦，所以没有人愿意和她一组。她总是制造麻烦，所以没有人愿意和她一组。4）作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译成动词）作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译成动词nThey took a final look at Iron Mike,still intact in the darkness.n他们最后看了铁麦克一眼他们最后看了铁麦克一眼它依旧安然它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。无恙地耸立在黑暗中。nThe next news bulletin,shorter than usual,made no mention of the demonstration.n下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。nWith the improvement of the living standard,now people attach great importance to health.n随着生活水平的提高，人们现在很重视健康。随着生活水平的提高，人们现在很重视健康。nBefore Chinas entry into WTO,there were fears that China would have to make too much concession.n在中国加入世贸组织之前，人们担心中国要做在中国加入世贸组织之前，人们担心中国要做出过多的让步。出过多的让步。nSuch laws will never be enough to put an end to centuries of discrimination angainst blacks.n对黑人的歧视已经存在了几个世纪，要结束这样的歧视，这样的法律远远不够。nAs Beijing becomes increasingly congested and polluted,there has a growing realization that action is needed to tackle these problems.n随着北京变得越来越拥挤，污染问题日益严重，人们更加意识到需要采取行动来解决这些问题。Have a try!nPrince Williams choice of St.Andrews is viewed as an unofficial royal recoginition of the university.The university announced a 44.4%increase in application.nFor some governments,qualifying for entry into the single currency is very much a matter of national pride.Indeed,in 1996 there were fears that France and Germany-the European Unions political and economic giants-would not be alble to meet the criteria.Have a try!nAll the medical advice in this case recommends selective abortion and many believe that the mothers refusal to abort some of her babies is being influenced by the offer of money from the newspaper.nWhen we arrived at home,Mary said she felt all right,and that she would like to return the house she shared with friends for that weekend,maybe even longer.I was doubtful about this,but she was the best judge of how she felt,and altogether it seemed a good idea to have a break from each other and the hospital circuit for a while.6.1.2 介词转译成动词介词转译成动词n“Coming!”Away she skimmed over the lawn,up the path,up the steps,across the veranda,and into the porch.n“来啦！来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。了门廊。nI barreled straight ahead,across the harbor and out over the sea.n我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。6.1.3 形容词转译成动词形容词转译成动词n英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态心理状态的形容词，的形容词，在系动词后作表语用时，往往可转译成动词。如：在系动词后作表语用时，往往可转译成动词。如：confident,certain,careful,cautious,angry,sure,ignorant,afraid,doubtful,aware,concerned,glad,delighted,sorry,ashamed,thankful,anxious等。等。nDoctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.n医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。nThe fact that she was able to send a message was a hint.But I had to be cautious.n她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。必须小心谨慎。6.1.4 副词转译成动词副词转译成动词nThat day he was up before sunrise.n那天他在日出以前就起来了。那天他在日出以前就起来了。nShe opened the window to let fresh air in.n她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。6.2 转译成名词转译成名词n6.2.1 英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词。译成汉语名词。n1）名词派生的动词）名词派生的动词nFormality has always characterized their relationship.n他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。nTo them,he personified the absolute power.n在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。n2）名词转用的动词）名词转用的动词n Most U.S.spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions.n美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。大气层中焚毁。6.2.2 有些英语被动式句子中的动词，可以译有些英语被动式句子中的动词，可以译成成“受（遭）到受（遭）到+名词名词”、“予（加）以予（加）以+名词名词”这类结构。这类结构。nSatellites,however,must be closely watched,for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun,moon and earth.n由于经常受到太阳、月亮以及地球引力的影由于经常受到太阳、月亮以及地球引力的影响，卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。响，卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。nThe company impressed itself greatly upon the mind of customers.n公司在顾客脑海中留下了不可磨灭的印象。公司在顾客脑海中留下了不可磨灭的印象。6.2.3 形容词转译成名词形容词转译成名词n1）英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉）英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉译时常译成名词。如：译时常译成名词。如：nThey did their best to help the sick and the wounded.n他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。nRobin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.n罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。n2）此外，根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词。如：）此外，根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词。如：nStevenson was eloquent and elegantbut soft.n史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。nThey were considered insincere.n他们被人认为是伪君子。他们被人认为是伪君子。6.3 转译成形容词转译成形容词n6.3.1 形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词。形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词。nThe pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.n她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。n The security and warmth of the destroyers sick bay were wonderful.n驱逐舰的病室很安全也很温暖，好极了。驱逐舰的病室很安全也很温暖，好极了。n He talked for some time with Bundy,and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts.n他同邦迪谈了一会，他提出的问题反映出他有很他同邦迪谈了一会，他提出的问题反映出他有很大的怀疑。大的怀疑。6.3.2 有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往可有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往可以转译成形容词。以转译成形容词。nThe blockade was a success.n封锁很成功。封锁很成功。nAs he is a perfect stranger in the city,I hope you will give him the necessary help.n他对这城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必他对这城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。要的帮助。n Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.n独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。6.4 其他词类转译其他词类转译n6.4.1 形容词与副词的互相转译形容词与副词的互相转译n1）英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形）英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形容词往往转译成汉语副词。容词往往转译成汉语副词。nOccasionally a drizzle came down,and the intermittent flashes of lightening made us turn apprehensive glances toward Zero.n偶尔下一点毛毛雨，断断续续的闪电使得我们不偶尔下一点毛毛雨，断断续续的闪电使得我们不时忧虑地朝着零区方向望去。时忧虑地朝着零区方向望去。n It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the Presidents reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue.n这篇发言清楚明白、心平气和地说明了总统希望这篇发言清楚明白、心平气和地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。开始中美对话的原因。2）英语动词译成汉语名词时，修饰该动）英语动词译成汉语名词时，修饰该动词的副词往往转译成形容词。词的副词往往转译成形容词。nHe routinely radioed another agent on the ground.n他跟另一个地勤人员进行了例行的无他跟另一个地勤人员进行了例行的无线电联络。线电联络。n The President had prepared meticulously for his journey.n总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。3）由于英汉两种语言表达方式不同，还有一些英语）由于英汉两种语言表达方式不同，还有一些英语形容词可译为汉语副词。形容词可译为汉语副词。nThis is sheer nonsense.n这完全是胡说。这完全是胡说。nBuckley was in a clear minority.n巴克利显然属于少数。巴克利显然属于少数。nBy dialing the right number,you may be able to select a play,golf lesson or lecture in physics,from a pretaped library in a remote city,for showing on your home screen.n只要拨对了号码，你就可以在家里电视机上选看到由只要拨对了号码，你就可以在家里电视机上选看到由远方城市一座图书馆发出的预先录制的一出戏、一堂远方城市一座图书馆发出的预先录制的一出戏、一堂打高尔夫球的讲课，或者一次物理学演讲。打高尔夫球的讲课，或者一次物理学演讲。6.4.2 名词与副词的互相转译名词与副词的互相转译n1）名词转译成副词名词转译成副词n When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist,his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.n只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来n The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.n新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。的一些好感。6.4.2 名词与副词的互相转译名词与副词的互相转译n2）副词转译成名词）副词转译成名词nThey have not done so well ideologically,however,as organizationally.n但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。得好。nHe is physically weak but mentally sound.n他身体虽弱，但思想健康。他身体虽弱，但思想健康。Ex.n1.I had the impression that your brother was the director of the company.n2.He was a regular visitor.n3.A successful scientist must be a good observer.n4.Telecommunication means so much in modern life that without it our life would be impossible.n5.He is full in vigor,but fails in carefulness.n6.Party officials worked hours on meager food,in cold caves,by dim lamps.n7.When the switch is off.the circuit is open and electricity doesnt go through.n1.在我的印象中在我的印象中,你哥哥是那家公司的董事长。你哥哥是那家公司的董事长。n2.他以前经常来。他以前经常来。n3.一个成功的科学家一定善于观察。一个成功的科学家一定善于观察。n4.电信在现代生活中的意义十分重大电信在现代生活中的意义十分重大,没有它没有它就不可能有我们现在的生活。就不可能有我们现在的生活。n5.他劲头十足他劲头十足,但不够仔细。但不够仔细。n6.党的干部吃简陋的饮食党的干部吃简陋的饮食,住寒冷的窑洞住寒冷的窑洞,靠靠微弱的灯光微弱的灯光,长时间地工作。长时间地工作。n7.当开关断开时当开关断开时,电路就形成开路电路就形成开路,电流不能电流不能通过。通过。