考研翻译讲义

翻译篇翻译篇第一章考研英语翻译标准解析评分原则1 .五个翻译试题每题2分，总分10分。2 .如果一道题只译出部分词语，或整句译错，部分词语译对，给分最多不超过0.5分。3 .如果考生就一个题目提供了两个或两个以上的译法，并且都译对了，给满分：如果其中一个译法有错，应根据错误的扣分。4 .中文错别字不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错别字扣0.5分，无0.25扣分。第二章：翻译过程详解1、通读全句、准确理解2、分析成分、划分意群3、选择词义、贴切表达4,适当调整、工整书写第三章：翻译技巧：词类转换1 .转换成汉语动词A.名词转换成动词(1)具有动态意义的名词；(2)由动词派生出来的名词1 I admire your decision to fight for the difficulties in preparing the examination.你决定在备考中与困难做斗争，对此我很羡慕/赞赏！2 Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用于探索宇宙。Apply使用；申请ApplicationApply to 适用于Apply for 申请Applicable 适用的Applicant申请人Economy经济；节约 Economic经济的Economical 节约的Industry工业、行业；勤奋Industrial 工业的Industrious 勤奋的Explore3 We must place stress on the prevention of disease.我们必须重视预防疾病。4 In China, there is a lot of emphasis on politeness.在中国，人们都注重礼节。5 A careful study of the original text will give you a better translation.仔细研究原文，你会翻译得更好。B.形容词转换为动词6 I am anxious about his health.我很担心他的健康。7 Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.科学家们坚信所有物质都是不灭的。DestroyDestroyer破坏者；驱逐舰DestructionExclude 排除Exclusive排他的Exclusive news 独家新闻Include 包括Inclusive包括性的InclusionConclude 总结ConclusiveConclusion英语汉语英语汉语Destru ctive of.破坏Differ ent from同不EExclusi排除Full充满ve of (from)of.Paralle1 to (with )平行于Peculiarto .艮 KT 局于Respon sible for负JZJ *Scaree of缺乏Similar to.相似于Short of缺乏;缺少Subject to .服从于Worth y值得of.Relativ e to .与有关Famili ar with熟悉C.副词转换为动词8 The test was not over yet.这次测试尚未结束。9 An exhibition of new products is on there.那里正在举办新产品展览会。10 The experiment in chemistry was ten minutes behind.这项化学实验推迟了10分钟。11 The electric current flows through the circuit with the switch on.开关一开，电流就会流过线路。12 He took the machine apart yesterday.昨天他把这台机器给拆了。D.介词转换成动词13 The volume of a gas becomes smaller when the pressure upon it is increased.当作用于气体的压力增大，气体的体积变小。14 No body at rest can be set in motion without a force being acted upon it.没有外力作用于它，物体不会移动。15 Many laboratories are developing medicines against AIDS.许多实验室正在研发治疗艾滋病的药物。2 .转换成汉语名词A.动词转换成名词(1)具有静态意义的动词(2)从名词派生出来的动词16 Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter.气体不同于固体/气体与固体不同，因为前者比后者具有更大的压缩性。17 The electronic computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computations. Character性格，特征；汉字这台计算机的主要特征是，精确而快速的运算。18 Mercury weighs about thirteen times as much as water.汞的比重大约是水的13倍。19 Smith aims to become a computer expert.史密斯的目标是成为一名计算机专家。20 The university aims at the first rate of the world.这所大学的目标是成为世界一流大学。Pink slip 解雇Blue蓝色的；忧郁的Blue ribbon 蓝丝带The Order of Garter 嘉德勋章袜带Blue-brick universityRed-brick university 非一流大学Blue blood贵族血统Blue chip蓝筹股Blue film色情电影 Once in a blue moonB.形容词转换成名词21 He was eloquent and elegant-but soft.他口若悬河，姿态优雅，但性格软弱。22 His whole family were religious.他的全家都信仰宗教。c代词转换成名词：还原代词所指23 We need frequencies even higher than those we call very high frequency.我们需要比我们称作超高频频率还要高的频率。24 According to a growing body of evidence, the chemicals that make up many plastics may migrate out of the material and into foods and fluids, ending up in your body.越来越多的证据显示，这种构成塑料的化学物质会从物质中分解出来，并且进入食物和液体，最终进入人们的身体。25 For nearly two thousand years it was mistakenly believed that all heavy objects fell faster than light ones.Galileo伽利略几乎两千年以来，人们错误地认为，重物体比轻物体下降的速度要快。D.副词转换成名词26 It is officially announced that China has successfully launched her fist manned spaceship.官方宣布，中国已经成功地发射了他的第一艘载人飞船。3.转换为汉语形容词 A.副词转化成形容词27 This film impressed him deeply.这部电影给他留下了深刻的印象。B.名词转换成形容词。28 This issue is of vital importance.这件事很重要。Be+of+nThe conference is of great significance.29 The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.她苍白的脸色清楚地显示了她当时的感受。30 Our performance was a success.我们的表现非常成功。31 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.独立思考在研究中绝对是必须的。4.形容词转副词32 We must make full use of existing technical equipment.我们必须充分利用现有设备。5.介词转连词33 With all its shortcomings this composition is regarded as the best.尽管有缺点，这篇作文被认为是最好的。第四章：翻译必考考点：定语从句1.前置法注意事项：在理解定语从句时;在翻译简短的定语从句时适用刖置法。1 He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。2 Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.进而，人类有改造他们居住环境的能力，因此会让其它生命形式服从他们自己独特的想法和想象。Following the dog, the teacher came in.狗在前Followed by a group of pupils, the teacher came in.老师在前 Weather permitting, we would go out for a walk.分词结构做状语时，它的逻辑主语往往要与主句的主语保持一致；如果不一致时，要将它的逻辑主语直接放在分词结构之前，构成分词的独立主格结构。服从的to主语、主题、子民SubjectAt the age of 6, my father taught me English.upright3 But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.但更为重要的是，它是科学家们能看到的最遥远的过去，因为他们看到的是存在了150亿年的星云和结构。4 The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.科学研究的方法只不过是人类大脑工作必要模式的表达；简单地说，它也是一种模式，通过它所有现象都得到推理并且对此提供精准的解释。2.后置法(1)重复先行词5 I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.我把这个故事告诉了约翰，约翰又将它告诉了他的弟弟。6 They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that he had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.他们不得不背负恶名度过余生，他贸然地采取了行动，这个行动破坏了首脑会谈，并且有可能引发一场核战。7 Christmas carols are loved by all who hear and sing it every year.圣诞赞歌为人们所喜爱，人们每年都要歌唱它。(2)省略先行词8 It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.是他收到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。9 World War II was, however, more complex than World War I , which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.然而，第二次世界大战比第一次世界大战复杂得多，第一次世界大战是帝国主义列强争夺市场、资源和领土的战争。10 After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.饭后，四位主要谈判代表继续和谈，一直谈到深夜。Resume 继续 resumption resumeassume 假定 assumption presume 假定 presumption consume 消费 consumption3.融合法：There be句型或者对术语进行界定时的定语从句，常常适用融合法；融合法是指将定语从句翻译成主句的谓语。11 There are many people who want to read the book.有许多人想读这本书。There is a pretty lady downstairs who wants to see you.楼下有一位美女想见你。I12 Home workers are people who have made decisions regarding their careers and life-styles.在家工作的人根据他们的事业和生活方式做出决定。4.状译法：阅读理解时常常使用(1)译成表示“时间”的分句13 A driver who is driving the bus mustnt talk with others or be absent-minded.司机在开车时，不许与他人交谈也不许心不在焉。(2)译成表示“原因”的分句14 He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs. Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable.他不想再与史密斯夫人交谈，因为史密斯夫人现在异常地粗鲁与不合作。(3)译成表示“条件”的分句15 Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.男人们都急于找到一份工作，什么工作都可以，只要能够养家糊口就行。(4)译成表示“让步”的分句16 He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for.他坚持要再买一幢房子，尽管他并没有这样的需要。(5)译成表示“目的”的分句17 He wishes to write an article that will attract the public attention to the matter.为了引起公众对这个事件的关注，他想写一篇文章。18 He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument.为了证明他的观点，他正在收集确凿的材料。(6)译成表示“结果”的分句19 They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country.他们力图镇压反抗，结果反抗愈演愈烈，遍及了全国。(7)译成表示“转折”的分句20 She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.他对孩子很有耐心，但他的丈夫却很少这样。21 Actually, it isnt, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.事实上，它不是这样，因为它假定有一个关于人权的通用的陈述，但世界上并没有这种陈述。I.五个基本句型 II .英汉差异：形合(Hypotactic)与意合(Paratactic)=葡萄vs竹竿2 3 4 5 6 7 III .理解总策略：结构+意群the1 The Mr. Palomar telescope is placed on a mountain not so much to bring it nearer to the heavens as to put it where the air is purer and clearer noises and vibrations of cities are avoided.32帕拉马望远镜安装在了一座山上，与其说是让它更接近天空，不如说放在那里，空气更加清新，并且远离了城市的喧嚣。不定式可以表示目的状语In order toIn order not toSo as toSo as not toAs tall asAs/so much asNot as/so much as 否定前面与其说不如说Of后面修饰限定前面The egg and tomatoThe egg and the tomato词法：词义+词性句法：主谓宾定状补同I am teaching British English.定语：修饰限定名词结构的结构状语：(1)修饰限定动词、副词或者形容词的结构She is very beautiful.She is exceedingly pretty.(2)修饰限定整个句子的结构Because you are exceedingly pretty, I love you.补语：补充说明We elected Trump president.He made me angry.同位语：具有同指关系首都北京I got the news that he was killed by his roommate.同位语从句I got the book that she bought for me in the States.定语从句IV .考研英语句式特点:1 .主语偏长/主语复杂化2 One of the most heartwarming aspects of people who are born with a facial disfigurement, whether minor or major, is the number of them who do not allow it to upset their lives, even reaching out to help others with the same problem.2 .状语偏长3 Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope-all came together in a decisive moment when he 1 opened the Bible,2told his father that the first line (that) he saw would settle his fate, and 3read the magical words:Come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people.”当他打开圣经，告诉他的父亲他读到的第一行将会决定他的命运,然后他读到了充满魔力的语言：“如果从他们中间走出来，不要触摸不净之物，我将是你的上帝，你将是我的子民。”在这一决定性的时刻，性的困惑、经济上的挫败感和宗教的希望全部涌现在了一起。祈使句+and+完整的句子，其中祈使句表示条件Follow me and you willsucceed.4 As someone who has worked for the past eight years as a reader of freshman applications to the University of California at Berkeley, and as the director of an SAT-preparation center, I know that a score on the SAT or ACT is the only data point that is an apples-to-apples comparison.3 .修饰结构复杂5 Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seals to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives, which can extend 500 meters below the oceans surface and last for over 70 minutes.4 .隔离结构6 It*s notable that those who wish to see the SAT drastically altered or disappear as a college-admissions requirement do not work for colleges or universities with a large number of applicants.7 The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined一in the presence of chlorophyll and with energy derived from light一to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant.8 The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.9 The main burden of assuring that the resources of the federal government are well managed falls on relatively few of the five million men and women whom it employs.第五章：真题演练2005年真题It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and ones impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism.46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed - and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene.47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multimedia groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market.48) This alone demonslrates that the television business is not an easy world lo survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.49) Creating a “European identity that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecling fabric of ihe Old Conlinenl is no easy lask and demands a strategic choice that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank fbr Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs.50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say ,United we stand, divided we fall and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.一 A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.2006年真题Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual?46) I shall define him cs an individual who has elected as his primary duly and pleasure in life Ihe activity of ihinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept Ihe obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible Ihe course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals - the average scientist, for one.48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has nol been charged wilh ihe lask of approaching any bul ihe factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties - he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports.49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more ihan a businessman is expecled lo dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.50) They may leach very well and more than earn Iheir salaries, bul most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in “public and illustrious thoughts,M as Emerson would say, is something else.2007年真题The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such instilutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the inleHectual eauipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom.47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and commenl on ihe news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalists intellectual preparation for his or her career.48) Bui the idea Ihal the joumalist must understand (he law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be.49) In fact, it iv difficult to see how journalists who d。no have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a comDetent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.2008年真题In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes ihal this very difficull may have had Ihe compensaling advanlage of forcing him lo ihink long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley.(47) He asserted, also, ihal his power lo follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limiled, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.(48)0n the ether hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics ihat while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species“ is one long argument from the beginning to the