考研语法知识

第一篇语法结构第一章时态内容提要一般现在时表示现在、经常或习惯的动作或状态和普遍现象、常识或客观真理；一般过去时用于过去某一时间内发生的或过去习惯性的动作或状态；一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，将来打算做的事情；现在完成时表示过去发生的动作造成目前的结果和对现在造成的影响或表示从过去延续至今的动作、状态和习惯等；将来完成时表示将来某时之前业已完成或发生的事情；过去完成时表示过去某时间之前已经发生的动作或状况，即过去的过去。注意每种时态与其他时态的交叉使用情况。英语共有十六种时态，其表现形式如下（以study 为例）:一般时进行时完成时完成进行时现在study studiesam studying is studying are studyinghave studied has studiedhave been studying has been studying过去studiedwas studying were studyinghad studiedhad been studying将来shall study will studyshall be studying will be studyingshall have studied will have studiedshall have been studying will have been studying过去将来should study would studyshould be studying would be studyingshould have studied would have studiedshould have been studying would have been studying但考试中出现的一般有以下几种。第一节一般现在时、表示一般性或经常发生的动作或状态1. In general A , newspapers emphasize current news, whereas B magazines dealt C more with D background materials.2. The adult mosquito usually lives for about A thirty days, although B the life span varied C widely with temperature, humidity, and other D factors of the environment.3. Industrial buyers A are responsible B for supplying C the goods and services that an organization required D for its operations.二、表示习惯性动作和状态或普遍的现象或常识4. It is an accepted A custom in west countries that B men removed C their hats when a woman enters D the room.5. Certain layers of the atmosphere have special names .A which indicated their character properties B whose characteristic properties were indicatingC what characterize their indicated properties D that indicate their characteristic properties三、表示客观事实、客观规律和客观真理。在宾语从句中，即使主句的谓语动词用了过去时，只要从句表示的是客观真理，从句的谓语动词也要用一般现在时6. The teacher told them since A light travels faster than B sound, lightning appeared C to go before D thunder.7. As A a child, I was told that B the planet earth, which has C its own satellite, the moon, moved D round the sun.四、祈使句必须用动词原形，其否定结构用dont+动词原形，如：Go and fetch some water. / Donf t do that.五、在反义疑问句中，如果主句用肯定句，那么，反问句用否定形式；如果主句用否定形式，那么，反问句就用肯定形式。而且前后在时态匕耍一致。日祈使疑问句用wont you?进行反问。如：See a film tonight, won t you?WT6BZ注：祈使句后边可用附加疑问句，以加强语气。如果祈使句用肯定形式，附加疑问句用否定形式；如果祈使句用否定形式，附加句用肯定形式；如：Come here next Sunday, won t you? / Don* t tel 1 it to anyone, will you?但如果祈使句的前一句有了表示强烈ZZ（肯定ZZ）的语言环境，即使祈使句用了肯定形式，其附加成分也可以用“will you（表示肯定，如果是在口语中用降调）。如:Give me the book, will you? 六、例题解析1. C错。“in general”表示“一般，所以主句用一般现在时，并列从句的谓语也是表示一般性，所以C处也应用一般现在时，故将其改为deal,而不是过去时dealt。2. C错。本句的主从句中的“usually”表示“经常”，用一般现在时；而让步状语从句的谓语也是表示同一情况，所以也应当用一般现在时。故把C处的varied改为varies。3. D错。本句表述的是一般状况，前面的主句用的是现在时，后面的定语从句也应用现在时，应将required改为 requires,.4. C错。这里“it”是形式主语，代表主语从句“that，既然主句表示习惯(“an accepted custom0 ),那么谓语就应当用般现在时，而不能用过去时。所以将C处的removed改为remove。5. D为正确答案。本句表述的也是自然现象，主句和从句都应用一般现在时，故A和B都不对；C不合语法，以“whal”引导的从句不能作定语，只有D正确，这里“that”引导定语从句，修饰前边的名词“names”。6. C错。本句宾语从句所表述的是客观事实，即“light travels faster than sound, M虽然主句谓语动词用的是过去式lold，从句也要用一般现在时，所以把C处的appeared改为appears。7. D错。虽然主句的主语用了过去时“was told,其宾语从句表示的是“地球绕着太阳转”这一客观一般现在时。第二节一般过去时规律，所以将D处的moved改为moves。注意：不能将C处的has改为had,因为这也是表示客观事实，也得用一、一般过去时主要表示过去某一时刻发生的动作或情况，句中通常有表示过去某一!寸刻的状语a day ago, last week, in 1996, during the night, in anceint times等，表示“过多少时间之后”用after,但在现在完成时中用 in,如 in the past few years 等1. How many peop 1 e remember A listening B to Orson Wei les, 1938 rad i o broadcast C , “The War of the WorldsM , which convince D thousands that space aliens（外星人）had invaded theEarth?2. The instructor had gone over A the problems many limes B before C the students will lake D the final examination.3. Anthropologists agree A that our primitive ancestors B who inhabit C the tropics probably have natural protection against D the Sun.二、例题解析1. D错，改用过去时convinced,因此处表述的是过去(1938年)所发生的情况，而现在则不是这样。 “which” 引导的从句修饰“1938 radio breadcastw 2. D错。由于主句使用的是过去完成时，表示在过去的某一动作发生之前，木句中的“before”从句引导一个表示过去的时间状语。所以状语从句的谓语应用过去时态，应把将来时“will take”改为一般过去时took,以便和主句的过去完成时呼应。3. C错，改为inhabited,既然是“我们的祖先居住的热带地区”，“居住”这一动作发生在过去， 所以要用过去时。这里也要提醒大家：做语法题不仅要看特定的提示词如时间状语等，关键还在于读懂句子的意思。如，虽然本句的主语还是同一表示过去的名词主语“primitive ancestors,其谓语动词就用现在时 “have”。“我们的祖先有”，这里的“有”，是现在我们看来的一种事实，所以用一般现在时。第三节一般将来时一、一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或状况1. But the weather experts A are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected B by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that would C possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning D of fuels. （92 年阅读理解题）2. If traffic problems are not solved soon A , driving B i_n C cities becomes D impossible.二、在表示时间和条件的状语从句中，一般现在时代替一般将来时。这些时间副词有when, as soon as等，表示条件的连词有if, as long as等（参见“第十四章第二节）.3. A desert area that has been A without water B for six years will still C bloom when rain will come D .4. Come and see me whenever . （84 年考题）A you are convenientB you will be convenientC it is convenient to you ） it will be convenient to you5. The task is extremely difficult. If no one able to do it, we wi 11 have to find somebody else.A were B was C is D would注意：如果这些副词或连词引导的是名词从句作宾语而不是状语从句时，这些名词从句的谓语动词则用该用的时态：I dont know when he come.而且表示将来的助动词will还可以用以条件从句中，译为“愿意、肯” 等。三、一些表示方向及变化的瞬间动词可用进行时或现在时表示将要发生的动作We leave （are leaving） for California the day after tomorrow.我们（计划）后天动身去加利福尼亚州。 May I have your attention please. The plane for Wuhan is about to take off.请注意，飞往武汉的飞机就耍起飞了。四、另外，“be +to +动词原形”也可表示打算做的事，还可表示责任、意向和可能性You are to fol low the doctor* s advice.你应遵从医嘱。No shelter was to be seen.找不到避难处。五、例题解析1. C错，改为will。本题有表示将来的时间状语“in the next fifty years”,所以谓语用一般将来时。2. D错。由于从句中有表示时间的状语“soon”（不久，不远的将来），主句的谓语也是在这一时间发生， 所以要用将来时，那么D改为will becomeo3. D错。本句主语是A desert areawill still bloom,状语从句是由when引导,表示“雨季到来时”,从句的谓语应用一般现在时表示将来，所以将C处的will come改为comes。4. 正确答案为C。本题除了时态上的问题（即不用一般将来时）之外还涉及到主语和它的表语的逻辑问题。根据上述语法特点，首先排除B和D：题中convenient是“方便的”之意。虽然汉语“在你方便的时候”， 似乎“方便”的主语是“你”，但在英语中就不是那么回事儿，convenient”的英文的解释是M （sth） suited to personal ease or comfort or to easy performance of some act or functionw （某事或物对某人来说感到舒适或容易作），其主语应是“物”而不是“人”。本题应选C。所以学英语时，不仅要懂英语单词的汉语译文，更重要的是掌握英语单词的内涵与用法。建议身边备个“英英”字典，0Longman Dictionary of Comtempory English。5. C为正确答案。理由同上。 第四什一、现在完成时的构成式是have （has） +动词的 ED分词1. Research A in molecular（分子的）biology has demonstrate B phenomenal similarities C between D humans and apes （类人猿）.2. Gore Vidal has steadi ly pursue A a I iterary career B remarkable C for its productivity, versatility（多样性）and unpredictability D（多变性）.3. For centuries large communities of people have living A on houseboats in parts B of the world where C the climate is warm and the waters are calm D .二、现在完成时表示丽在为止的段时间内发生的情况或动作，强调的是对现硒影响，可能是已完成的动作， 也可表示多次动作的总和，或习惯性的行为和持续的动作4. Ninety eight percent of all animal species A in B history had C died out D.5. The domestic A dog, considered to be the first tamed animal, is coexisting B with human beings since C the days of the cave dwellers D（居住者）.三、如果句中有表示到现在为止这段时间的状语时，用现在完成时，这些时间状语有now, today, this week, this month, this year,现在完成时不和表示具体的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year等，但可以和always, before, just, in / during the past （few weeks, years, fifty years）连用,这时 in 表示过去多少时间”, 不能用after6. 【ndustrial A management is the aspect B of business C management that was Dmost prominent in the United States in the past eight years.7. Learning a foreign language is especially A difficult for those B who had C never learned one before D .四、在有already, as yet, yet, ever, just, never这类副词作状语的情况下，用现在完成时8. In just A the last B few years, football is become C more popular than baseball in that country D.9. Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has been possible before.A ever B everest C more D most10. President Andrew Jackson was a controversial A figure in his own B day and is one C ever since D.五、有“since不丽点，for+一段时间”引导的状语时，主句谓语用现在完成时态11. Jekyll Island has been one A of Georgia * s stale B parks C 史 0 1954.12. HeA in this country now B for five years, but he makes C no attempt to speakD our language.13. The Browns A are living a hard B life because Mr. Brown has been unemployed C since D half a year.六、现在完成时用于将来的情况，即主语为一般将来时，时间和条件从句中的谓语用现在完成时（而不能用将来完成时）表示将来某时完成的动作14. Smith is to study medicine as soon as he military service.A will finish B has finished C finish D would finish15. Once you that brand of whisky, you will never want to drink any other.A drunk B have drunk C wi11 drink D drank 七、例题解析LB 错，改为 has demons tratedo 2. A 错，改为 pursued。 3. A 错，改为 have livedo4.C错。本句的汉语意思是“历史上90%的动物种类已经灭绝”，表示到现在为止“已经”发生的事，而且还在延继卜去。所以时态应该用现在完成时。表示在过去的某一时间之前已经完成的动作才用过去完成时，所以本题应把C处的had改为have。5.B错。应改为现在完成时has coexisted,因为本句表示到现在为止这段时间内发生的情况（持续性的），最关键的是抓住句中的状语“sincedwellers”（自从到现在）。6.D错，改为has been。 7.C错，改为have。 8.C错，改为has become。 9. A为正确答案。10. C错。since在本句中是副词，意思是“从那时到现在“，ever亦为副词修饰since,起强调作用，因此木句应用现在完成时，将“is one”改为“ has been one”。U.D错。in 1954表示的是确定的某个时刻（过去），但由于句中的谓语动词所使用的是现在完成时，所以应将介词in改为“since。“ since 1954”表示“从1954年以来”，本句的谓语动词用现在完成时。12 . A 错，改为 has been。13.D 错，改为 for。14 .正确答案是B。主句用的是将来时be about to,时间状语从句由as soon as引导，四个选项中，用现在完成时表示将来要完成的动作最合适。所以B为正确答案。15 .正确答案是B。由于主句用的是一般将来时，“Once”引导的时间状语从句中应该用现在完成时，所以B 为F确答案。第五节将来完成时和过去完成时一、将来完成时表示将来某时业已发生的动作和情况，或已经存在的状态1. By the end of this month, the generating set for a who1e year.A will run B has run C runs D will have run二、过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻之前业已发生了的动作或现象，句中通常会出现有表示过去某一时刻的时间状语2. Al though she law for only a little over eight years* Florence Allen became in 1922 thefirst woman to sit on a state supreme court.A will practice B practices C had practiced D has been practicing3. Before 1970 many A technological advances have been made B in the field of computer science, which C resulted in more efficient D computers.三、例题解析1. 正确答案是D。“By the end of this month表示将来的某一时间，到那时业已完成的动作应用将来完成时，所以选D为正确答案。2. C为正确答案。本句的主句有表示过去某刻的时间状语in 1922,用的是过去时，而空白处应填入在1922 年前已发生的动作（从事律师业8年多），故应使用过去完成时。3. B错，改为had been made,因第里却去某静之黑before 1970）业已发生的情况。 一、现在进行时表示现在或现阶段进行的动作，但也和always, con；lanlly, forever等频度副词连用表示一个经常进行的动作或现在存在的状态1. Because of A the effects of tidal friction（摩擦力），the earth* s rotation, which forms B the basis for time units,於C gradually slow down D.2. All things A consist of B atoms or molecules, which be C constantly moving D. 二、瞬间动词和一些表示状态及感觉的动词一般不用进行时,而用一般现在雨或一般过去时代替。这些动词包括： appear（显然），arrive, be, come, desire, go, find, hate, hope, join, know, leave, like, love, join, possess, start, sail, see, suggest, taste, think（认为），understand 等，类似的动词还有 belong to consist of, seem（似乎）等3. He was seeing A somebody creeping B into the house through CJ the open D window last night.4. Among A the most important B jazz innovators C in the twentieth century are being D Louis Armstrong, Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, and Dizzy Gillespie.三、过去完成进行时过去完成进行时表示到过去的某一时间点或某一时间段里一直在进行的动作或行为5. They received the parcel that they for a long time.A expected B have expected C had been expecting D had expectedThere is a well known incident in one of Moliere s plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose during the whole of his life. (93 年翻译) 四、例题解析1.D错。slow只有作为不及物动词用时才与up或down连用，表示“慢慢向上”或“慢慢向下”。所以我们说， 这里的slow是动词而不是形容词，应将动词slow后边加上“ing” ,改为(is) slowing down,构成现在进行时。 2.C错，改为are。 3. A错，改为saw。 4.D错，改为are。 5. C为正确答案。第一篇语法结构第二章被动语态内容提要英语中的语态分主动语态和被动语态两种。英语中只有及物动词、动词短语和某些成语才能构成被动语态。 被动语态的构成形式为“be+动词的ED分词”。在下列情况卜.用被动语态：不知道或不必要提出动作的执行者；强调动作的承受者；“get+动词ED分词”是被动词的特殊形式；某些系动词用主动表示被动；表示状态或特征的及物动词没有被动语态。总吉型整甥噂堂懿嬴照别的。被动语态的构成形式为“be+动词的 ED分词”，随时态的不同，“be”发生相应的变化，下表是be在英语八种被动时态中的变化形式现在am, is, are + toldhave(has) been + toldam, is, are + being told过去was, were+toldhad been + toldwas, were + being toldA4. rAplay B played C to play 11 take down your name and address in are needed B will be needed CDcaseneedplayingyou as a witness.D will need5. Cottage cheese, an American favorile Acan made easily B al home C from milk D ,will (shall) be + told|过去将来 |wouId (should) be + told第二节被动语态的用法-、当我们不知道动作的执行者时1. Colorful posters were in San Francisco in the 1960s to publicize rock shows.A print B prints C printed D printing2. The main A stream of a river frequently is dividing B into two or more C branchesnear its moulh D.二、当我们不必要指出动作的执行者时with small felt sticks.3. The tenor drum(小鼓)is used primarily in military bands and is normally1emon, juice, and salt.三、当我们强调或侧重动作的承受者时,这时我们通常用by引出动作的执行者to produce the desired blend of sounds6.The seating of musicians in an orchestra is arrangedfrom the various musical A the conductor of B 7. The bridge was hillingsections.from the conductorC the conductor and D by the conductorA by a large ship during B a sudden C storm last D week.四、“get+ed分词”的被动语态，这时习惯固定用法，这种结构往往更强调动作的结果而非动作的本身8. Your daughter has two children, doesn* t she?” That s right. She in 1970. ”A did marriage B was married C had married D got married9. Supposing you five bottles of beer, do you think you would get drunk?A were drinking B have drunk C were to drink D drink五、主动形式表示被动意义，如某些系动词如cook, feel, prove, smell和laste等其主动语态表示被动的意义10.The patted shoes that my wife bought me comfortable.A felt B feels C was felt D is felt11. As A the proverb says B , “ Good medicine is lasted C bitter to D the mouth. 0 六、没有被动语态的词，表示状态或特征的及物动词如contain, cost, fit, have, lack, suit等没有被动形式，另外，诸如happen, occur, take place, break out等不及物动词或短语以及诸如result from（缘于）， belong to, consist of等只用主动语态，而不用被动语态12. Some critics maintain that when A a work of literature is lacked B reference to C the general experience of mankind, it fails as art D .13. The book that I bought A the day before B yesterday is cosled C me twenty and a half yuan D.注除此之外，某些词如反身代词和相互代词以及ING和不定式不能作为被动语态的主语；某些被动语态没有相应的主动语态如“I was born in 1966. w o另外有些 ED分词已失去了被动的含义，它们和主语及“be” 一起构成了主系表结构,如：be interested in, be concerned about, be based upon, be qualified for, be surprised at等。穿着某种颜色的衣服一般说be dressed in”,而不说dress black clothesw ,但可以说“wear black clothes o这些请大家在复习过程中也应加以注意。七、例题解析1. C为正确答案。我们不清楚是谁印的“彩色海报” O2. B错，改为is dividedo具体是谁把它分成两三个分支，我们并不知道。3. B对。其实演奏小鼓的应是军乐队的人，但我们没必要提出来。4. B为正确答案。“我”或“他人”需要“你”做证人，但“我”或“他人”没必要指出来，这里强调的是“需要”动作的承受者，而不是动作的使动者，所以用被动语态。5. B错，改为can be made easily。制这种cottage cheese（酪农干酪）的人是家庭主妇或是做饭的人，这里我们也没必要指出。6. D对。这里强调的是“交响乐中乐队队员的座位”是由指挥来安排的。这里不强调指挥，所以用被动语态。7. A错。改为was hit。这里强调的是“桥”被撞坏后的情况，所以用被动语态，被动语态的构成是“be+ ED分词”，而不是+ ING”分词，所以A错。如果只表述“撞”这件事，那就不用被动语态。8. D为正确答案。这里不选B就是因为get+ ED分词是惯用法。假设在没有D的情况下是可以选B的。9. C为正确答案。我们需要说明的是句末的“you would get drunk是惯用法，同时也是虚拟语气。那么虚拟式中的条件句应该用“be+动词原形”表示将来，所以选C（关于虚拟语气将在下一章讲述）。10. B为正确答案。这里的“穿起来舒服”是人穿起来舒服，那么鞋只能是被穿，但如果有上述系动词作谓语， 英语习惯上用主动表示被动。11. C错。改为tastes。“良药苦口”的“药”是被人吃的，但英语在由taste做谓语时也用主动语态表示被动。 11. B错。改为lacks,因为lack没有被动语态。12. C 错。改为 costs.,第三节不同时态下的被动语态-、-般现在时的被动语态1. When overall exports A exceed imports B , a country said C to have a trade D surplus.2. Are all telephone numbers in the directory?A list B listed C listing D being listed 二、一般过去时的被动语态3. The first zoological garden A in th。 United States B had estabilshcd C in P hiladelphia in 1874 D.4. Pluto, the outermost planet of the solar system,photographically in March 1930.A discovered B was discovered C by discovery D when discovered三、一般将来时的被动语态5. My pictures until next week.A won* t develop B aren1 t developing C don* t develop D won t be developed6. Upon your graduation from school, how wel1 wi11 you for the job that lies ahead?A prepare B prepared C be prepared ） are prepared 四、现在完成时的被动语态7. Farm animals A have been regardless B by nearly all societies as a valuable C economic resource D.8. How many wounded A soldiers are left out B there who haven I operated C on D yet?71、过去完成时的被动语态9. Experiments in the photography of moving objects in both the United S tates and Europewell before 1900.A have been conducting B were conducting C had been conducted D being conducted10. Gregory told Mary that he what he was doing during the vacation.A had just been asked B had just asked C was just asked D just asked 六、现在进行时的被动语态11. The advantages of computerized typing A and editing B are now being extending C to all the written D languages of the world.12. Conservative philosophers argue A that the vory structure of society is threatening B by civil disobedience, while C humanists stress D the primacy of the individual conscience.七、将来完成时的被动语态13. Radio represtents a large part of the electromagnetic spectrum and more types of radio waves early by next century anywhere in the Galaxy.A discovers B will discover C will have discovered D will have been discovered 八、被动结构句子中，动作的执行者由介词by引导短语14. A letter of credit is often used to A companies to finance B the movement C of goods ） between countries.15. All sewing was done with A hand until B the invention of C the sewing machine in D the nineteenth century.16. The ceremony A of marriage in the B United S tates can be C performed from D a justice of the peace.九、例题解析1. C错。被动语态的构成为“be+ ED分词”，故C应改为“（a） country is said，由于是一般现在时， 故be相应地变为iso2. B为正确答案。空档处缺的是 ED分词。3. C错。应改为was establishedo这时表示过去（in 1874）的被动语态。4. B为正确答案。（理由同上）5. D为正确答案。6. C为正确答案。当prepare”做“使有准备，为做准备”讲时，一般用被动语态，如：Be prepared against war, be prepared against natural disaster, and do everthing for the people. 备战备荒为人民。 be wel 1 prepared for sth.对做某事有充分准备。prepare sb. to hear the news使某人对这消息有思想准备。7. B错。改为regarded。be regarded as “被当做”，用被动语态，再者，B后有被动语态引导使动者的介词 by。8. C错。改为have not been operated-这里who引导的是定语从句修饰soldiers”,同时它也是soldiers 的先行词.伤兵是被做手术，所以用被动语态。9. C对。“实验”（experiments）只能被人做，故只能用被动语态，符合此条件的只有C,而D构成上有误。本句的时间状语为before 1900”，因此从时态上说选C,应当用过去完成时。10. A为正确答案。因为主:句谓语动词用了过去式，宾语从句中应该用过去完成时，同时乂是被动语态，所以选A。 1LC错。改为ED分词extended”,本句为现在进行时的被动语态，故其构成为am / is / are being+ ED分词”。12. B错。本句应用被动语态，因为“社会结构（structure of society）本身不可能发出威胁”这个动作，它只能受到外界的威胁，注意后面“by短语”的提示，故B应改为“is being threatened”（现在进行时被动态）， 也可改为is threatened”（一般现在时被动态）.13. D为正确答案。这里指的是“无线电波”能体现出大部分电磁信号频谱，到下世纪初，更多的.到那 时刻业已能做的事，要用将来完成时，又是被动语态，所以选D。14. A错。改为“used by ”，因为“companies （公司）”是使用“letter of credit（信用证）”的行为者，故应用表行为者的介词“by” .15. A错。改为by。16. D 错。改为 performed by第四节被动语态的特殊结构一、情态动词的被动结构由“情态动词+be+ ED分词”构成1. Ground plans and contour （等高线）maps of the Earth from aerial photographs.A can be drawn B can draw C to draw D drawn2. When A a spinning bal 1 bounces some of B the energy contained in its rotation can Iransferr C to its energy of forward motion D.3. Orchestral instruments under the following types： strings, woodwind, brass, and percussion （打击乐器组）.A grouped B can group C can be grouped D to be grouped 二、成语动词的被动语态这里的成语动词包括“动词+介词”，“动词+副词”和“动词+副词+介词”4. After a heated A discussion for B a long time that afternoon, a suggestion pulled forward C by D the head of the committee.5. It was quite obvious that A those problems were never paid B attention C by D designers.三、主动语态与被动语态的混淆6. Highly preci s。 A measurements have been shewn B that variation in C the Earth * s rotation is largely controlled by climatic conditions D .7. Great changes in the city, since the reform and opening to the outside world, and a lot of factories .A have been taken place, have been set up B have taken place, have been set up C have taken pla