高中英语语法总结-定语从句

高中英语语法总结-定语从句 概念&关系代词引导的定语从句 概念理解 1. 什么是定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的成分，它可以是一个词，短语或者句子。假设是一个句子，那么这个句子就是定语从句。 ? She is a beautiful girl. (beautiful是定语，用来修饰名词girl) ? I need a blue pen.blue是定语，用来限定名词pen 1) _先行词_ ：被定语从句所修饰或限定的词 2) _引导词_ ：一个用来引导定语从句的词 3) 从句局部 ：定语从句的内容局部 练习：请找出以下定语从句的三个局部: 1) The book that I am reading is very interesting 2) I still remember the place where I met her for the first time. 3) They helped the man whose car had broken down. 3. 定语从句的 引导词 有两种： 关系代词： who, whose, whom, which, that, as ; 关系副词: when, where, why; 关系代词引导的定语从句. 先行词类型 人 物 人和物 整个句子 作主语 who/that which/that that 作宾语 whom/who /that/省略 which/that/省略 that 作定语 whose whose which / as非限制性定语从句 1) This is the man who/that helped me. (先行词the man 在定语从句中作主语) 2) She is the girl who/whom/that/省略 we met yesterday. (先行词the girl在定语从句中作宾语) 3) My partner is a boy whose mother is a teacher. 先行词a boy在定语从句中充当定语，即“他的/她的/它的/他们的/它们的”，引导词用whose 4) The park which / that is near my home is very beautiful. 先行词the park 在定语从句中作主语 5) The letter which/that/省略 I received was from my father.先行词 the letter 在定语从句中作宾语 6) We talked about the persons and things that we could remember.先行词是 the persons and things，既有人又有物，所以只用that引导 7) He won the first place in the exam, which was very surprising. (先行词是前面整个句子) 练习： 1. Do you still remember the chicken farm _ we visited three months ago? 2. The room _ window faces north is my sisters. 3. He is the boy _ helped the blind woman cross the road . 4. Is this the man _you saw just now? 5. This is the very book _ I want to read. 6. We should everything _ is useful to people. 7. Her sister has bee a lawyer, _ was always her dream. 【注意以下特殊情况】 以下情况只能用that，不能用which . 先行词为不定冠词all, few, little, much, everything, nothing 等. All that you have to do is to practice every day. 你所要做的是每天训练。 There isnt much that I can do. 没有什么我可以做的。 . 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级所修饰时. The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten. 我第一次学的课我不会忘记的。 This is the best film (that ) I have ever seen. 这是我看过最好的一部电影。 . 先行词被all, any, every, few, little, no, some 等不定代词修饰时. I have read all the books (that) you gave me. 我已经读完你给我的全部书籍。 . 先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same 等修饰时. The white flower is the only one that I really like. This is the very book that I want to read. This is the same book that I want to read. (同一本书) . 当主句以who/ which/ what开头的 等特殊疑问句时,定语从句that 引导. Who is the man that is standing there ? Which of us that knows something about physics doesnt know this ? . 先行词既有人又有物时。 We talked about the persons and things that we could remember. . time做先行词，前面假设有序数词或 last 来修饰时，定语从句用 that 来引导或省略；假设没有序数词或 last 来修饰时，既可用 when 也可用that来引导。 This is the last time (that) I shall give you a lesson. The first time (that) I saw him was in 1972. 此外： . 不定代词(anyone, someone, everyone, those等 )指人时，通常用who引导，而不用that Is there anyone who knows the answer? (有没有知道这个答案的人呢？) I admire those who are willing to help others. 我欣赏那些乐于助人的人 . 先行词有such，the same修饰，通常用as引导 I have never heard about such a story as he told me. I want to have such a dictionary as he has . Such students as you have mentioned should be criticized. This is the same pen as I lost. 这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样。 This is the same pen that I lost. 这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支。 练习： 1. Ive read all the books _ our teacher asks us to read. 2. This is the biggest lab _ we have ever built in our university. 3. Who is the student_ was late for school today? 4. Tom is the first boy _ left the room. 5. God helps those _ help themselves. (自助者天助) 6. He _ laughs last laughs best. (谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。) 7. Anyone _ saw the accident should phone the police. 8. Is oxygen the only gas _ helps fire burn? 9. He saw a house _ windows were all broken. 10. I have never heard of such stories _ he tells. 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词在定语从句中做状语时间状语，地点状语，原因状语. 先行词类型 时间 地点 原因 作状语 when where why 1、先行词是时间，且在定语从句中作时间状语或定语从句是完好句子时，用when引导。 I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. when = on that day时间状语 Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm. (when = at that time时间状语) The story reminds me of last year when I traveled in Britain. (when = last year时间状语) 2、先行词是地点，且在定语从句中作地点状语或定语从句是完好句子时，用where引导。 This is the place where we lived for five years. where = in this place 地点状语 The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. ( where = in the factory 地点状语) 3、先行词是原因，且在定语从句中作原因状语或定语从句是完好句子时，用why引导。 I know the reason why he came late. (why = for the reason) The reason why he was late was that he was ill. (why = for the reason) 4、特殊情况：先行词假设是stage, point, situation, condition, position, case等，且从句局部是完好句子，此时习惯用where 引导。 Can you think of a situation where you once felt embarrassed? Its helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently. 把小孩处于一种让他们能不同地对待自己的情景，这他们是有帮助的。 综合练习，用正确的引导词来填空。 1. The man _ visited our school yesterday is from London. 2. Do you remember those days _ we spent along the seashore very happily? 3. Those _ want to go please sign your names here. 4. Who is the woman _ is sweeping the floor over there? 5. Do you work near the building _ color is yellow? 6. His father works in that factory _ puters are produced. 7. His father works in that factory _ produces bikes. 8. He is devoted to his career _ he can achieve his life goal. 9. He has reached a stage _ no one can change his mind. 你能想到一次你曾经感到为难的情形吗？ 10. This was the supermarket _ I bought this kind of tin. 11. The house _ we live is not big. 12. This is the place _ he works. 13. This is the place _ we visited last year. 14. This is the very film _ Ive long wished to see. 15. This is the fastest train _ is going to Nanjing. 16. We are living in an age _ many things are done on puter. 17. This is the boy _ English is the best in our class. 18. Those students _ want to use the puters must ask for permission first. 定语从句难点点拨： 先做几个题目比拟一下： 1. I can remember the days _ we spent together cutting school. I can remember the days _ we played together in the village. 2. This is the supermarket _ I bought this kind of tin. This is the supermarket _ you want to find. 3. This is the school _ I studied three years ago. This is the school _ I visited three years ago. 4. The reason _ he was absent from school was unknown. The reason _ he gave us was unbelievable. 【做题方法指导1】 要正确选择引导词，可分三步走： 第1步：正确断定先行词，以及先行词的类型人？物？人和物？时间？地点？原因？ 第2步：正确断定先行词在定语从句中充当什么成分主语？宾语？状语？ 第3步：确定由第1、2步所对应的引导词。注意特殊情况如：只用that不用which的情况 ? 假设先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，指人，用who/that；指物不管是时间、地点、原因，用which/that; ? 假设先行词在定语从句中作状语，或定语从句是一个完好句子不缺主语不缺宾语，此时假设先行词是时间用when；是地点用where，是原因用why 引导 【做题方法指导2】 注意，假设先行词是地点，此时它也“物”，到底填 which/that ，还是where，需要正确判断先行词在定语从句中作什么成份。 ? 假设定语从句缺主语或缺宾语，只那么考虑填 which/that He works in the factory that/which produces puters. (定语从句缺主语，故填that或which) ? 假设定语从句是完好句子，即先行词在定语从句中作状语，那么考虑填 where He works in the factory where puters are made. (puters are made是完好句子，故填where) 反过来，假设引导词是which/that/who/whom，那么先行词一定在定语从句中作主语或宾语。 【做题方法指导3】如何判断定语从句是不是一个完好句子？ 假设定语从句局部不缺主语也不缺宾语，那么是完好句子； He works in the factory where he enjoys his work very much. 假设定语从句局部的谓语是不及物动词(vi)，那么是完好句子； He works in the factory where his father has worked for 10 years. (work 是vi.，不能搭配 work the factory，只能搭配 worked in the factory，因此where是作地点状语) 假设定语从句是一个含有主语的被动语态句子，那么是完好句子。 He works in the factory where puters are made. 假设定语从句是一个there be句型，那么是完好句子。 He works in the factory where there are 1000 workers. 限制性和非限制定语从句 一、 概念讲解： 限制性定语从句 是修饰先行词必不可少的成分，去掉从句后句子的意义就不能成立或意思不清楚。如：A plane is a machine that can fly. 非限制性定语从句 只对先行词作进一步的说明，去掉从句后句子仍然可以成立。非限制性定语从句前一般用逗号将之与主句隔开。如：This note was left by Mary，who was here a moment ago. 1. who 指人，做主语。Yesterday I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very busy. as 引导的定语从句可放在主句前,也可放在主句后.在很多情况下已经构成固定搭配. As we can see，正如我们能看到的, As is known to all，众所周知 As you know 正如你所知, As I expected 正如我所意料， As is mentioned above 如上所说 As is reported 正如报道所说 As the saying goes, 正如俗话说， As is often said 正如经常所说， As is often the case, 这是经常发生的事 【特别提示】非限制性定语从句引导词 永远不能用that。 as和 which 引导的非限定性定语从句的比拟： 1. 非限定性定语从句位于句未，而且as 和which 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语时 可互换。He is a farmer, as/which is clear from his manner. This elephant is like a snake, as/which anybody can see. 2.which 引导的非限定性定语从句一般放在句未，而as 引导的非限定性定语从句 可放在句未，也可放在句中、句首。 放在句首时不能用which 交换。 Taiwan is part of China, as/which is known to all. 能翻译成“正如”可用as引导 Crusoe lost his dog, which made him very sad. 不用as，因为没有“正如”人含义 第 13 页 共 13 页