美国文学史Unit16海明威ppt课件

Outline for Earnest Hemingway His Life Lost Generation His Important Works His Style,Theme,Code hero,and Iceberg Theory Study of the TextEarnest Hemingway(1899-1961)Spokesman of the Lost Generation 海明威出生于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥的奥克帕克.Hemingway was born in the United States in Chicago,Illinoiss g parkerErnest Hemingway(1899-1961)Life story.Born in Oak Park,near Chicago.His father is a physician.His mother is a domineering woman,a singer.Early Life In 1917,he graduated from high school and worked as a reporter.Rejected for army service in WWI,he volunteered to serve as a driver for an American ambulance unit in France,then to Italian front,where he was seriously wounded.After the war,he worked as a reporter abroad.He got married in 1921.In 1927,he left his first wife and son,for a wealthy young woman.Life storyIn 1937,he became a foreign correspondent covering the Spanish civil war.He met a young reporter and they got married in 1940.His third marriage was troubled from the beginning.In 1944,in anticipation of the allied landing in France,Hemingway secured a job of reporter.He landed in France in Aug,1944 and advanced to Paris.In London at the end of 1945,He was more than ready to fall in love again,this time with another young journalist.In the early 1950s,Hemingway showed some symptoms of physical deterioration.In 1954,he was awarded the Nobel Prize.But he was too ill to go to Stockholm but sent a message there.Finally in 1960,there was a real breakdown.At the end of Nov,1960,he was hospitalized and at the end of June,1961,he was released and returned to Ketchum,Idaho.Early next morning he killed himself with his favorite shotgun.But man is not made for defeat,a man can be destroyed but not defeated.只要不计较得失，人生便没有什么不能克服的!海明威 As long as they do not care about gains and losses,Nothing in life should not be overcome 这位诺贝尔文学奖的获得这位诺贝尔文学奖的获得者，一直是人们心目中不屈不者，一直是人们心目中不屈不挠硬汉精神的象征。正如一位挠硬汉精神的象征。正如一位美国教授所说：美国教授所说：“崇拜我们不崇拜我们不屈不挠的欧内斯特总比迷恋好屈不挠的欧内斯特总比迷恋好莱坞的那些小白脸强。莱坞的那些小白脸强。”欧内斯特欧内斯特海明威海明威 “人生来就不是为了被打人生来就不是为了被打败的。人能够被毁灭，但是败的。人能够被毁灭，但是不能够被打败。不能够被打败。”-海明威海明威 海明威美国上个世纪海明威美国上个世纪最著名的小说家和短篇故最著名的小说家和短篇故事作家之一。他是事作家之一。他是“迷惘迷惘的一代的一代”的杰出代言人，的杰出代言人，也是也是第六个获得诺贝尔文第六个获得诺贝尔文学奖学奖(1954(1954年年)的美国人。的美国人。海明威被誉为美利坚海明威被誉为美利坚民族的精神丰碑，并且是民族的精神丰碑，并且是“新闻体新闻体”小说的创始人，小说的创始人，他的笔锋一向以他的笔锋一向以“文坛硬文坛硬汉汉”著称。著称。这是一个酷爱打猎、钓鱼的作这是一个酷爱打猎、钓鱼的作 家。他到过第一、家。他到过第一、第二次世界大战的战场。他的身上中过第二次世界大战的战场。他的身上中过237 237 片弹片。片弹片。他的头上缝他的头上缝 过过5757针。他曾在非洲两度飞机失事，严重针。他曾在非洲两度飞机失事，严重的脑震荡使他的视力和健康每况愈下。的脑震荡使他的视力和健康每况愈下。这就是海明威这就是海明威,他的经历，孕育出他那硬汉的性格。在他的经历，孕育出他那硬汉的性格。在他的小说中，反复出现他的小说中，反复出现 了拳击、斗牛、狩猎、捕鱼、了拳击、斗牛、狩猎、捕鱼、战争等题材。这些都是力量的象征。当然，还杂揉着战争等题材。这些都是力量的象征。当然，还杂揉着 酒、暴力、性、孤独和死亡。酒、暴力、性、孤独和死亡。海明威一生写真海明威一生写真(一一)高中毕业照高中毕业照年轻的海明威年轻的海明威海明威一生写真海明威一生写真(二二)西班牙內戰西班牙內戰在狩猎途中写作在狩猎途中写作钓马林鱼钓马林鱼海明威六十岁海明威六十岁获诺贝尔文学奖获诺贝尔文学奖海明威一生写真海明威一生写真(三三):婚恋婚恋 初恋情人初恋情人:艾格妮絲艾格妮絲 第一任妻子第一任妻子:赫德莉赫德莉 第二任妻子第二任妻子:宝琳宝琳第三任妻子第三任妻子:玛莎玛莎第四任妻子第四任妻子:玛丽玛丽Marriage 美国著名作家海明威的故居坐落在美国著名作家海明威的故居坐落在美国佛罗里达州南端的基韦斯特岛上。美国佛罗里达州南端的基韦斯特岛上。该岛在美国的最南端，距离古巴该岛在美国的最南端，距离古巴90英英里。里。1928年海明威来到这个小岛，并年海明威来到这个小岛，并购置了房屋，直到购置了房屋，直到1961年去世前，他年去世前，他经常住在这里。现在这里已经改成海经常住在这里。现在这里已经改成海明威纪念馆。明威纪念馆。这是美国最南端的位置标志。这是美国最南端的位置标志。这是海明威生前的创作室。这是海明威生前的创作室。海明威曾经阅读过的书籍海明威曾经阅读过的书籍至今仍按原样摆放在那里。至今仍按原样摆放在那里。海明威故居海明威故居 有人用有人用“现代英雄神话现代英雄神话”来来概括海明威传奇的一生。他痴迷概括海明威传奇的一生。他痴迷拳击而永久伤害了一只眼睛；他拳击而永久伤害了一只眼睛；他两次参加世界大战，获过十字军两次参加世界大战，获过十字军功章、银质奖章、勇敢奖章和铜功章、银质奖章、勇敢奖章和铜星奖章。星奖章。他因膝盖被打碎而开过他因膝盖被打碎而开过1212次刀，次刀，取出取出237237块碎弹片；他擅长钓鱼，块碎弹片；他擅长钓鱼，曾钓过曾钓过7 7米多长的大鱼；他喜欢冒米多长的大鱼；他喜欢冒险，斗牛、打猎样样在行，去非险，斗牛、打猎样样在行，去非洲打猎时飞机失事，成为生前能洲打猎时飞机失事，成为生前能读到自己讣告的极少数作家之一；读到自己讣告的极少数作家之一；他塑造了一系列打不垮的硬汉英他塑造了一系列打不垮的硬汉英雄，自己却用心爱的双管猎枪打雄，自己却用心爱的双管猎枪打飞了下巴自杀。飞了下巴自杀。这就是海明威的人生和个性。他这就是海明威的人生和个性。他用自己的一生及作品诠释着用自己的一生及作品诠释着“硬硬汉汉”的含义。的含义。“海明威魔咒海明威魔咒”多少年来，一代文豪海明威家族成员几乎无多少年来，一代文豪海明威家族成员几乎无一善终。令人不可思议的是，海明威家族成员不一善终。令人不可思议的是，海明威家族成员不是死于酗酒、怪病，就是死于抑郁症。美国公众是死于酗酒、怪病，就是死于抑郁症。美国公众将这一现象称为将这一现象称为“海明威魔咒海明威魔咒”。海明威的父亲海明威的父亲自杀；自杀；海明威吞枪自杀海明威吞枪自杀；一个一个妹妹妹妹、一个弟弟一个弟弟死于非命；死于非命；幼子格雷戈里酗酒、幼子格雷戈里酗酒、闹事、裸奔闹事、裸奔,做过变性手术，做过变性手术，猝死女子监狱猝死女子监狱；孙女孙女马尔戈马尔戈吸毒吸毒自杀于自杀于19661966年，当时她是全球模特中年，当时她是全球模特中的影响、报酬之最。的影响、报酬之最。海明威热经久不衰海明威热经久不衰 从从19611961年海明威去世至今，美国出现了一个经久不衰的年海明威去世至今，美国出现了一个经久不衰的“海明海明威热威热”。出版商查尔斯。出版商查尔斯斯克莱纳说：仅在美国，海明威的作品每斯克莱纳说：仅在美国，海明威的作品每年销售量达年销售量达100100万至万至125125万册。他的作品已被译成万册。他的作品已被译成4040多种语言。据多种语言。据不完全统计，从海明威去世至今，有关他的论文达不完全统计，从海明威去世至今，有关他的论文达37003700多篇。多篇。19801980年美国学者发起成立了年美国学者发起成立了“海明威研究会海明威研究会”，当时会员仅，当时会员仅140140人，人，今天已发展到今天已发展到18001800多人，遍布世界各地。研究会办了学术刊物多人，遍布世界各地。研究会办了学术刊物海明威评论海明威评论，19921992年成立国际顾问委员会（杨仁敬教授一直年成立国际顾问委员会（杨仁敬教授一直是该委员会委员），每两年举行一次海明威国际会议。是该委员会委员），每两年举行一次海明威国际会议。海明威的橡树园诞生地、基韦斯特的故居、古巴海明威的橡树园诞生地、基韦斯特的故居、古巴望田庄以望田庄以及在意大利、法国、西班牙和肯尼亚住过的地方、常去的酒吧和及在意大利、法国、西班牙和肯尼亚住过的地方、常去的酒吧和咖啡厅都成了许多美国国内外学者追寻海明威足迹的好去处，常咖啡厅都成了许多美国国内外学者追寻海明威足迹的好去处，常年游客络绎不绝。海明威的亲友还成立了海明威公司，用他的名年游客络绎不绝。海明威的亲友还成立了海明威公司，用他的名字给钓鱼杆和猎装命名出售，并把海明威的外号字给钓鱼杆和猎装命名出售，并把海明威的外号PapaPapa作为手枪的作为手枪的商标，吸引了大量顾客。商标，吸引了大量顾客。他的早期长篇小说他的早期长篇小说太阳照样升起太阳照样升起（19271927）、）、永别了，武器永别了，武器（19271927）成为表现美国）成为表现美国“迷惘的一代迷惘的一代”的主要的主要代表作。代表作。3030、4040年代他转而塑造摆脱迷惘、悲观，为人民利益而英年代他转而塑造摆脱迷惘、悲观，为人民利益而英勇战斗和无畏牺牲的反法西斯战士形象勇战斗和无畏牺牲的反法西斯战士形象（剧本（剧本第五纵队第五纵队19381938），），长篇小说长篇小说丧钟为谁而鸣丧钟为谁而鸣（19401940）。）。5050年代后，他继续发展年代后，他继续发展2020年代短篇小说年代短篇小说打不败的人打不败的人和和五万大五万大洋洋的宁折不弯主题，塑造了以桑提亚哥为代表的的宁折不弯主题，塑造了以桑提亚哥为代表的“可以把他消灭，可以把他消灭，但就是打不败他但就是打不败他”的的“硬汉性格硬汉性格”（代表作中篇小说（代表作中篇小说老人与海老人与海19501950）。）。在艺术上，他那简约有力的文体和多种现代派手法的出色运用，在在艺术上，他那简约有力的文体和多种现代派手法的出色运用，在美国文学中曾引起过一场美国文学中曾引起过一场“文学革命文学革命”，许多欧美作家都明显受到，许多欧美作家都明显受到了他的影响。了他的影响。作品及其影响作品及其影响厄内斯特海明威是第一次世界大战以后对欧美文坛最有影响的著名美国小说家之一。他曾于1941年来中国采访，对我国人民英勇的抗日斗争深表同情。他的小说艺术造诣极高，所塑造的人物形象具有强烈的个性（即所谓的“硬汉性格”）。他的文笔清新流畅，描写精当，刻画入微。他的语言风格和创作技巧是众口交誉的。特别是那言简意赅的文风，在西方文学史上独树一帜，构成了“海明威风格”。Homosexual tendency“我丈夫和海明威他们两个人！哼，他们俩在一起的我丈夫和海明威他们两个人！哼，他们俩在一起的样子简直就像是一对情侣！样子简直就像是一对情侣！”泽尔达泽尔达菲茨杰拉德菲茨杰拉德Zelda Fitzgerald菲茨杰拉德的妻子菲茨杰拉德的妻子Suicidal tendency（一）家长有自杀倾向（一）家长有自杀倾向（二）暴力倾向的父母（二）暴力倾向的父母（三）家庭的危机（三）家庭的危机（四）抑制情绪（四）抑制情绪（五）侵犯或冲突（五）侵犯或冲突（六）外控个性（六）外控个性（external locus of control）（七）低幻想力（七）低幻想力（八）解决困难能力较弱（八）解决困难能力较弱（九）冲动个性（九）冲动个性（十）过往自杀纪录（十）过往自杀纪录世界自杀率列表（前十名）世界自杀率列表（前十名）每年每每年每10万人中的自杀人数（世界卫生组织万人中的自杀人数（世界卫生组织 WHO 数据）：数据）：1 立陶宛立陶宛 40.2 人人2 白俄罗斯白俄罗斯 35.1 人人3 俄罗斯俄罗斯 34.3 人人4 哈萨克斯坦哈萨克斯坦 29.2 人人5 匈牙利匈牙利 27.7 人人6 圭亚那圭亚那 27.2 人人7 韩国韩国 26.1 人人8 斯洛文尼亚斯洛文尼亚 25.6 人人9 拉脱维亚拉脱维亚 24.3 人人10 日本日本 24.0 人人A man of ironThe Sun Also Rise一代过去，一代又来，地却永远长存。一代过去，一代又来，地却永远长存。A generation goes,and a generation comes,but the earth remains forever.日头出来，日头落下，急归所出之地。日头出来，日头落下，急归所出之地。The sun rises and the sun goes down,and hurries to the place where it rises.风往南刮，又向北转，不住的旋转，而且返回转行原道。风往南刮，又向北转，不住的旋转，而且返回转行原道。The wind blows to the south,and goes around to the north;round and round goes the wind,and on its circuits the wind returns.江河都往海里流，海却不满；江河从何处流，仍归还何处江河都往海里流，海却不满；江河从何处流，仍归还何处 All streams run to the sea,but the sea is not full;to the place where the streams flow,there they continue to flow -Ecclesiastes The Lost GenerationThe term“lost generation”was coined by Gertrude Stein,a lost generation writer herself,after World War I.It was between the first and second World Wars.Speaking to Ernest Hemingway,she said,you are all a lost generation.Lost Generationrefers to those writers who were devoid of faith,values and ideals and who were alienated from the civilization the capitalist society advocated.这一群人在经历了第一次世界大战的冲击波后，精神上失去了平衡，从而感到惶惑、苦闷、无所适从。这一批迷失了生活方向的青年便成了海明威观察、剖析的对象，并以之为素材写出了短篇小说集在我们的时代里和1926 年问世的长篇小说太阳照常升起。书中引用了美国女诗人格特鲁德斯坦的一句话“你们全是迷惆的一代”作为扉页的题间。从此“迷惘的一代”便成了这些精神空虚的青年的集体代号，也成为一个代表这种思想倾向的新的文学流派的称呼，在太阳照常升起中，海明威不遗余力地揭露并谴责人类之间的互相残杀、暴力行径和灵魂的堕落。通过小说主人公杰克巴恩斯的形象和性 格，作者不仅显示了“迷惘的一代”青年们空虚的精神世界，而且也反映出他本人消极的世界观，实际上,书中的巴恩斯正是海明威的自我写照。It includes the writers such as (Hemingway,F.S.Fitzgerald,Thomas Wolfe,and Louis Bromfield)and poets(like Malcolm Cowley,E.E.Cummings,Archibald Macleish,and Ezra Pound),who rebelled against former values and ideas,but replaced them only by despair or a cynical hedonism快乐主义；快乐主义；快乐论快乐论.They were totally frustrated by the WWI and returned from that“Great War”to their own country only to find the grim reality that the social values and civilization were hollow and affected if compared to the cruel realities of the battleground.They felt alienated from American civilization,which was conveyed in their lives of exile and expatriation.Lost GenerationThey had cut themselves off from their past and old values in America and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad.They wandered pointlessly and restlessly,enjoying things like fishing,swimming,bullfight and beauties of nature,but they were aware all the while that the world is crazy and meaningless and futile.Their whole life was undercut and defeated.They cast away all past concepts and values in order to create new types of writing,which was characterized by disillusionment with ideals and further with civilization the capitalist society advocated.They painted the post-war western world as a waste land,lifeless and hopeless due to ethical degradation and disillusionment with dreams.His Important Works代表作品代表作品1926年年太阳照常升起太阳照常升起（The Sun also Rises）1929年年永别了，武器永别了，武器（A Farewell to Arms）1940年年丧钟为谁而鸣丧钟为谁而鸣(For Whom the Bell Tolls)1952年年老人与海老人与海（The Old Man and the Sea）短篇小说集1923年：年：三个故事和十首诗三个故事和十首诗（Three Stories and Ten Poems）1925年：年：雨中的猫雨中的猫（Cat in the Rain）1925年：年：在我们的时代里在我们的时代里（In Our Time）1927年：年：没有女人的男人没有女人的男人（Men Without Women）1932年：年：乞力马扎罗的雪乞力马扎罗的雪（The Snows of Kilimanjaro）1933年：年：胜者一无所获胜者一无所获（Winner Take Nothing）1938年：年：第五纵队与第五纵队与49个故事个故事（The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories）1972年：年：尼克尼克亚当斯故事集亚当斯故事集（The Nick Adams Stories）1987年：年：海明威短篇故事全集海明威短篇故事全集（The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway）1995年：年：海明威故事选集海明威故事选集（Everymans Library:The Collected Stories）成名作成名作19261926年发表成名作年发表成名作太阳照样升起太阳照样升起，作品表现战后青年作品表现战后青年人的幻灭感，成为人的幻灭感，成为“迷惘的一代迷惘的一代”的的代表作。代表作。u在第一次世界大战期间获得银制勇敢勋章在第一次世界大战期间获得银制勇敢勋章（medaglia dargentomedaglia dargento）u因在第二次世界大战期间当非官方的军事因在第二次世界大战期间当非官方的军事通讯记者而在通讯记者而在19471947年获得铜星勋章（年获得铜星勋章（Bronze Bronze Star MedalStar Medal）u19531953年凭年凭老人与海老人与海获得普利策奖获得普利策奖 u19541954年凭年凭老人与海老人与海及一生的文学成就及一生的文学成就获得诺贝尔文学奖获得诺贝尔文学奖styleHemingways vocabulary is easy and his sentence patterns are easy,but they are extremely difficult to be fully understood.His lean,economical style of writing is striking:sentence short,uncomplicated,but active;words simple but filled with emotion;few modifiers,and great control of pause with action of the story continuing during the silences.Reasons 1.Hemingways lean style first was influenced by Ezra Pound.“use no superfluous word,no adjective which does not reveal something.”“the proper and perfect symbol is the natural object.”2.journalism:A brief apprenticeship as a reporter taught him economy and directness.3.the art of painting.Cecelia Tichi credits Hemingway with bringing engineering values into prose style.“His style was essentially the achievement of the engineers aesthetic of functionalism and formal efficiency.He reduced the sentence to its essential,functional components.”Themes War,death(physical,emotional and psychic death),courage(mans grace under pressure,faced with the threat of ones values.),life values.Hemingways view on life:life is one of perpetual annihilation.The aura of mortality had been a noticeable feature of his work.Code hero He is sensitive and intelligent.He is a man of action and of few words.He is alone even when with other people.He is somewhat an outsider,keeping emotion under control,stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place when one can not get happiness.In a world which is essentially chaotic and meaningless,a Hemingway hero fights a solitary struggle against a force he does not even understand.The awareness that it must end in defeat,no matter how hard he strives,engenders a sense of despair,but Hemingway hero possesses a kind of despairing courage.It is this courage that enables a man to behave like a man,to assert his dignity in face of adversity.This is the essence of a code of honor in which all of Hemingways heroes believe.硬汉形象指具有一种百折不挠、坚强不屈的性格，硬汉形象指具有一种百折不挠、坚强不屈的性格，面对暴力和死亡，面对不可改变的命运，都表现面对暴力和死亡，面对不可改变的命运，都表现出一种从容、镇定的意志力，保持了人的尊严和出一种从容、镇定的意志力，保持了人的尊严和勇气。勇气。桑提亚哥的名言桑提亚哥的名言“一个人并不是生下来就给打败一个人并不是生下来就给打败的，你尽可以把他消灭掉可就是打不败他的，你尽可以把他消灭掉可就是打不败他!”!”所表现的即是这种所表现的即是这种“硬汉硬汉”形象的精神境界。形象的精神境界。这种独特的人物形象深刻体现在这种独特的人物形象深刻体现在印第安营地印第安营地、五百万五百万、丧钟为谁而鸣丧钟为谁而鸣、老人与海老人与海等作品中。等作品中。Hemingways Iceberg TheoryIceberg TheoryIf a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader,if the writer is writing truly enough,will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.The dignity of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.(Death in the Afternoon,p192)Iceberg Theory Think of an iceberg:The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.(冰山移动冰山移动的尊严在于它仅有八分之一露出水面。的尊严在于它仅有八分之一露出水面。)The same is true with Hemingways writing.His sentences only give one small bit of meaning.The rest is implied.One must go very deep beneath the surface to understand the full meaning of his writing.iceberg principle one eighth seven eighths;left for readersdiscover(体察体察);taste(品味品味)所谓所谓“冰山原则冰山原则”，就是用简洁的文字塑造出，就是用简洁的文字塑造出鲜明的形象，把自身的感受和思想情绪最大限度鲜明的形象，把自身的感受和思想情绪最大限度的埋藏在形象之中，使之情感充沛却含而不露、的埋藏在形象之中，使之情感充沛却含而不露、思想深沉而隐而不晦，从而将文学的可感性与可思想深沉而隐而不晦，从而将文学的可感性与可思性巧妙的结合起来，让读者对鲜明形象的感受思性巧妙的结合起来，让读者对鲜明形象的感受去发掘作品的思想意义。去发掘作品的思想意义。简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、丰富的情感和深刻的思想丰富的情感和深刻的思想是构成是构成”冰山原则冰山原则”的四个基本要素。的四个基本要素。一个干净明亮的地方是海明威一篇简单而令人感动的小说，通篇由简短的对话构成，大部分采用的是这种客观的全知叙事视角客观的全知叙事视角，叙述者就如一架摄像机，对事件进行单纯的拍摄。但是在文章的结尾处当年长侍者离开餐馆后却出现了一大段中年侍者的内心独白内心独白，这里短暂地出现地人物的想法，是对整个文本视角模式地临时偏离，因此显得更为突出。并且由上文实在的人物对话（外部因素）突然转至人物的心里想法（内心世界），形成了一种现实与内心的对比、存在与虚无的对比。这一大段的内心独白里，人称几次变换，从而引起了叙事视角的变换，对年长侍者内心想法的直接表达使人物的思想自然地与叙述流融合在一起，读者在无任何心理准备的情况下直接进入人物视点，将读者直接引入年长侍者经历事件时的内心世界，它的自我意识感减弱了，拉近了读者与人物地距离，易使读者产生共鸣、激发同情心。Text study:A Clean,Well-Lighted PlaceAnalysis of the three characters:The old man.The older waiter.The young waiter.Theme of the text:Writing style:Question:why are the three characters in the story nameless?Hemingway indicates the universal nature of his characters by giving them no names.He sees them as Everyman.CHARACTERSThe old man:rich,life was meaningless for him,committed suicide,drank excessively.The middle-aged waiter:sympathetic,realized that youth,love and passion must be followed by aging,despair and nothing.He also looked for order and meaning by staying in the clean,well-lighted cage,experiencing nothing.The young waiter:eager to go back home,confident and ignorant of truth of life.The story:no plot,a loose sketch:an old man leaves a caf late at night,two waiters talk while closing up,one waiter stops for a cup of coffee on the way home and does not sleep until morning.On closer examination,the story proves to be heavily symbolic.As one of Hemingways most compact stories,it presents two contrasting attitudes to life.Beginning:the scene,the climate:a cool evening in a hot dusty Spanish city;an old man,alone,on the outdoor terrace of a restaurant is a part of the landscape.Two waiters discuss the old mans attempted suicide.Nothing:key word,to the young waiter,the old man had no reason to kill himself because he was not poor.Poverty would be the only excuse for suicide.Hemingway gives the word a deeper meaning:no hope,no close loving friend,no truth or meaning in life,was the exact reason for the old mans suicide.the old manrich,lonely,in despair,commit suicidethe elder waiterthe young waiteryouth;confidence;job;competence;family;love;lifeunderstandingcafeLife is essentially a nothing and meaninglessness.Life is a continuous process of loss of things that are valuable in life.From birth to death,man suffers losses of:youth;confidence;job;competence;family;love;life Grace under PressureDignity in Face of AdversityPlot and structureplot:When:late at night,close timeWhere:in a cafWho:an old man,a senior waiter and a junior waiterWhat:its closing time,but an old man still sits there,drinking.The young waiter gets impatient,because he is eager to go home,for he has a wife waiting.In contrast,the senior waiter is unhurried.It turns out that he goes into another bar himself because he cannot sleep until daylight.Structure:chronological The Old ManRichlonelyin despairtry to kill himself “他心里再熟悉不过了，这是虚无。全是虚无，他心里再熟悉不过了，这是虚无。全是虚无，人也是虚无的。人也是虚无的。有些人生活于其中却从未觉察到，可是，有些人生活于其中却从未觉察到，可是，他知道一切都是虚无，还是虚无，虚无，还是他知道一切都是虚无，还是虚无，虚无，还是虚无。虚无。”Life Is Essentially a Nothing and Meaninglessness.p184:nada y pues nada y nada y pues nada:Nothing and then nothing and nothing and then nothingp184:thy kingdom nada thy will be nada in nada as it is in nada:Thy kingdom come,thy will be done,in Earth as it is in Heaven.p184:Give us this nada our daily nada and nada us our nada as we nada our nadas Give us this day our daily bread,and forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors p184:but deliver us from nada But deliver us from evil.Life is a continuous process of loss of things that are valuable in life.From birth to death,man suffers losses of:youth;confidence;job;competence;family;love;life Not give up;belief in lifeStill act out Hemingways Code of ConductGrace under PressureDignity in Face of AdversitySeek Comforts against NothingnessComforts against Nothingness cleanness;light;order;live with dignity -He drinks without spilling -went down the street“unsteadily but with dignity”character1.What do we know about the old man?old,deaf,rich,drunken,alcoholic but still clean,“drinks without spilling”“walking unsteadily but with dignity”,once tries suicideFrom the above,we see an old suffering man.Old,deaf and lonely,but,still remains clean and dignified.Rich and dignified,but,old and dying.2.How do we know about him:through his own words or actions?interior monologue?other characters words?the narrator?3rd point of view is used,but everything about the old man,why“a clean,well-lighted place”,the theme,has been displayed through the conversation of the two waiters,plus the elder waiters actions,instead of the 3rd narrator,the knowing-all.Usually,the 3rd narrator is standing on the stage and telling everything about the story,because he is omniscient“knowing-all”.But,here he takes a distant position,so as to witness everything going on in the caf,like sitting with us in the audience,watching the old man,listening to the waiters,and watching the elder waiter.He watches with us calmly and leaves no comments.The two waiters do the comments.Their conversations,their contrasting actions and opinions tell all about the old man and the theme.It is a calm 3rd point of view.This is the so called Ice-berg theory3.The two waitersYoungerYounger Not Not Sympathetic All confidence:youth,confidence,job Go home to be with his wife There are bodegas open all night long You have everythingSleepolderolder Sympathize with Sympathize with Nothing but work:not Nothing but work:not confident,nor young.confident,nor young.One of those who like to stay One of those who like to stay late at the cafe.late at the cafe.It was the It was the lightlight of course of course but it is necessary that but it is necessary that the place be the place be cleanclean and and pleasant.pleasant.It wasIt was that he knew too that he knew too well.It was all a well.It was all a and and a man was a nothing too.It a man was a nothing too.It was only that and light was was only that and light was all it needed and certain all it needed and certain cleanness and order.hail cleanness and order.hail nothingnothing full of full of nothing.nothing.NothingNothing is with thee.is with thee.(emptiness,isolation,(emptiness,isolation,loneliness.)loneliness.).Lie in the bed and finally,.Lie in the bed and finally,with daylight,he would go to with daylight,he would go to sleep.Probably only insomnia.sleep.Probably only insomnia.Why must be a clean and well-lighted place to drink?Clean and well-lighted place is homey,make you feel not lonely.what cause the difference between them?They are at different stage of life.The young waiter is still young and has family.He cannot understand the loneliness the olds feel.So he is not sympathetic to the old man.The elder waiter is not as old as the old man,but he is suffering the same as the old man.So he is more sympathetic.themelon