英汉翻译之增词法

Amplification 增词法增词法教学内容：教学内容：1.1.适当增添的必要性适当增添的必要性 2.2.增词法在英汉翻译中的运用增词法在英汉翻译中的运用Warming-up ActivityvRead the passage“Two Bills”and discuss in groups how to translate the underlined sentences.Two BillsWhen Bill Clinton and Bill Gates played golf on Marthas Vineyard a few years ago,they didnt click.The President gave Gates a heavy dose of the Clinton treatment,oozing charm and seeking emotional common ground in the fact that both had recently lost their mothers.Clinton must have been disappointed by the cool response of Gates,who saw the subject as unduly personal.Gates,for his part,was put off that Clinton didnt engage him on his favorite topic,technology.When the golfing ended,the two men went their separate ways.Gates didnt take sides in the Clinton-Dole election a couple of years later.Clinton let his Justice Department pursue a potentially devastating antitrust lawsuit against Microsoft.Its not hard to see why these two larger-than-life figuresone is the worlds most powerful man,the other is the richestdidnt become fast friends:the two Bills are as different as the two ends of the baby-boom generation they represent.Clinton,who entered college in 1964,is dripping with Sixties values:a John F.Kennedy-style belief in public service as a calling;an Age-of-Aquarius focus on emotional connection;and a countercultural streak of sex,drugs,and rock n roll.Gates,who came of age in the 1970s,has a Watergate-year detachment from politics,a mind-set more me-generation than“love-in”,and a passion for the great revolutionary force of his own decade:the personal computer.But Clinton and Gates are remarkably alike in other ways,particularly in their flaws.Both have almost limitless drive and self-absorption and a willingness to push the rules to the edgeor pass itto get what they want.When called to account,both have been dismissive of the legal process and have had a strained relationship with the truth.These qualities have landed both men in similar binds:Clinton is waiting to hear if he will be removed from office;Gates is fending off the Justice Departments effort to rein in,or even carve up,Microsoft.Their flaws will take center stage this week,as both men mount defenses in their respective trials.Both men found their callings early.Clinton was elected a senator at Boys Nation at 16.On a Washington field trip that year,he shook hands with President Kennedyan ironic moment captured in a photo.After Yale Law School and a Rhodes Scholarship,Clinton,at 32,became governor of Arkansas.The single-minded rise to political power is a timeless story,but Clintons came with the distinctive trappings of his era:the scruffy beard and antiwar protests while at Oxford,the experiment with pot,the civil rights movement sensibility and the feminist wife who kept her nameat least initially.vThe President gave Gates a heavy dose of the Clinton treatment,oozing charm and seeking emotional common ground in the fact that both had recently lost their mothers.vClinton let his Justice Department pursue a potentially devastating antitrust lawsuit against Microsoft.克林顿总统克林顿总统以自己以自己惯用的惯用的热烈的待人接物方式热烈的待人接物方式对对待盖茨，满脸魅力、待盖茨，满脸魅力、笑容可掬笑容可掬。因为因为两人都新近两人都新近丧母，丧母，所以他满以为所以他满以为能在两人之间找到共同语言。能在两人之间找到共同语言。克林顿则听任司法部克林顿则听任司法部对微软公司提出反垄断诉对微软公司提出反垄断诉讼讼这对微软公司这对微软公司可能会是一场毁灭性的可能会是一场毁灭性的打击打击。Warming up Activityvthe two Bills are as different as the two ends of the baby-boom generation they representvGates,who came of age in the 1970s,has a Watergate-year detachment from politics,a mind-set more me-generation than“love-in”.两个比尔两个比尔禀性禀性大不一样大不一样，他们，他们分别分别代表了代表了战后战后生育高峰首尾两端生育高峰首尾两端出生的这两类人出生的这两类人。盖茨盖茨2020世纪世纪7070年代长大成人，年代长大成人，具有具有“水门事件水门事件”年代的人年代的人对政治冷漠超然对政治冷漠超然的特点的特点，其其心态更心态更接接近近“唯我的一代唯我的一代”，而不是，而不是“颓废派颓废派”。Warming up ActivityvWhen called to account,both have been dismissive of the legal process and have had a strained relationship with the truth.vThe single-minded rise to political power is a timeless story,but Clintons came with the distinctive trappings of his era.当当要求要求他们对自己的所作所为进行他们对自己的所作所为进行解释解释时，两时，两人都蔑视法律程序，欲盖弥彰。人都蔑视法律程序，欲盖弥彰。一心一心从政而最终从政而最终把握大权把握大权，这是一个永恒的话，这是一个永恒的话题。然而，克林顿的题。然而，克林顿的平步青云平步青云则明显地带有当则明显地带有当时那个时代的印记。时那个时代的印记。Warming up ActivityvReflection:How did you translate the italicized parts in the previous sentences?What did you need to do to make your translation convey the original meaning and meanwhile read smoothly?What technique did you use in translating them?Why is it sometimes necessary for a translator to add some words when translating?Warming up ActivityvAs a matter of principle,a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to or subtract any meaning from the original work.vHowever,this does not mean that a translator should refrain from supplying necessary words or omitting unnecessary words in translation to make her version both accurate in meaning and consistent with the idiomatic use of the target language.The Necessity of AmplificationAmplificationvAmplification,also called addition,means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.v We resort to amplification for the purpose of“faithful representation”of the thought of the author because English and Chinese are entirely different languages and each has its own historical and cultural backgroundAmplificationvBesides,many ideas,idiomatic expressions and shorthand words,etc.that are well understood in the country of their origin can hardly make sense to foreigners.Therefore,it is unimaginable for a translator to stick to the original pattern without alteration.For example,the translation of the word“wash”:vMary washes before meals.vMary washes before going to bed.vMary washes after getting up.vMary washes for a living.vMary washes in a restaurant.玛丽饭前玛丽饭前洗手洗手。玛丽睡前玛丽睡前洗漱洗漱。玛丽靠玛丽靠洗衣洗衣为生。为生。玛丽在饭店当玛丽在饭店当洗碗洗碗工。工。玛丽起床后玛丽起床后洗漱洗漱。出于结构需要而增词出于结构需要而增词为了明确语义而增词为了明确语义而增词出于修辞需要而增词出于修辞需要而增词.Amplification in English-Chinese Translation增词法在英汉翻译中的运用增词法在英汉翻译中的运用I.为了明确语义而增词为了明确语义而增词 为了表达清晰和自然，翻译时可能需要根据为了表达清晰和自然，翻译时可能需要根据具体情况增加合适的译语词汇，包括动词、具体情况增加合适的译语词汇，包括动词、形容词、副词、名词、量词、语气词、概括形容词、副词、名词、量词、语气词、概括词以及承上启下的词等等。词以及承上启下的词等等。I.为了明确语义而增词为了明确语义而增词1.Supplying Words to Make Concepts Clear 英译汉时，按照汉语的习惯，有时需要将抽象名词英译汉时，按照汉语的习惯，有时需要将抽象名词的含义具体化。但当的含义具体化。但当具体名词表示抽象概念具体名词表示抽象概念时，具时，具体名词后应体名词后应增加相应含义的名词增加相应含义的名词。1)I was struck by their cordiality to each other.2)He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge,and declared his own son guilty.他们彼此的他们彼此的亲密态度亲密态度让我吃惊。让我吃惊。他让法官的他让法官的职责职责战胜父子的战胜父子的私情私情而判决他儿子有罪。而判决他儿子有罪。3)Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.4)This lack of resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electronic computers.5)After all preparations were made,the plane took off.氧化氧化作用作用会使钢铁生锈。会使钢铁生锈。这种在低温金属中没有电阻这种在低温金属中没有电阻的现象的现象可能对电子计可能对电子计算机很有用处。算机很有用处。一切准备一切准备工作工作就绪以后就绪以后，飞机就起飞了，飞机就起飞了。I.为了明确语义而增词为了明确语义而增词2.Supplying Words Omitted in the Original 原文中暗含的意思，有时需通过加词明确表达出来。原文中暗含的意思，有时需通过加词明确表达出来。1)Inflation has now reached unprecedented level.2)Matter can be changed into energy and energy into matter.通货膨胀已发展到了空前通货膨胀已发展到了空前严重的严重的地步。地步。物质可以转化为能物质可以转化为能，能也可以，能也可以为物质。为物质。v增加动词增加动词1)In every Chinese city,we got into the streets,shops,parks,theatres and restaurants.2)In the evening,after the banquets,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions,he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu.3)I forgot my key.在中国，我们每到一个城市就在中国，我们每到一个城市就大街、大街、商店、商店、公园、公园、演出、演出、名菜。名菜。晚上在晚上在宴会、宴会、音乐会和音乐会和乒乓球表乒乓球表演以后演以后，他还得起草最后公报。，他还得起草最后公报。我忘了我忘了钥匙。钥匙。v增加副词增加副词人群人群散开了。散开了。他一坐下来就讲开了，他一坐下来就讲开了，讲个没完。讲个没完。v在不及物动词后增加隐含的宾语在不及物动词后增加隐含的宾语v增加形容词所修饰的隐含名词增加形容词所修饰的隐含名词I.为了明确语义而增词为了明确语义而增词3.Supplying Words to Make Generalizations or to Convey the Concept of Plurality 根据汉语习惯，有时需要添加概括性词汇。根据汉语习惯，有时需要添加概括性词汇。1)Henry Kissinger had slept there before,in July and again in October.两度两度2)The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers,man-made satellites and rockets.这三个领域这三个领域3)The ASIAN countries have designated 1992 as“Asian Tourism Year”,and are cooperating in a drive to convince the worlds pleasure-and-culture-seekers of their attractions.几个国家几个国家许多许多旅游景观旅游景观。v增加概括性词汇以承上启下增加概括性词汇以承上启下Yes,I like Chinese food.Lots of people do these days,sort of fashion.这种情况这种情况v增加表示名词复数的词增加表示名词复数的词增加重迭词表示复数增加重迭词表示复数增加数词或其他词表示复数增加数词或其他词表示复数Flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵朵朵The lion is the king of animals.百百1.The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest.2.If so grand,why so poor?If so poor,why so grand?3.Air pressure decreases with altitude.Time to Practice最好的导体电阻最小最好的导体电阻最小,最差的最差的导体电阻导体电阻最大。最大。既然那么阔，干嘛要既然那么阔，干嘛要叫叫穷？既然那么穷，干穷？既然那么穷，干嘛嘛摆摆阔气？阔气？气压随海拔高度的气压随海拔高度的增加增加而下降。而下降。4.Note that the words“velocity”and“speed”require explanation.5.He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars.6.The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.请注意，请注意，速度速度 和和 速率速率 这这两个两个词需要解释词需要解释.他伸出他伸出双双腿，露出腿腿，露出腿上的上的道道道道伤痕。伤痕。群群山开始向山谷投下山开始向山谷投下一道道一道道蔚蓝色的长影。蔚蓝色的长影。7.I was taught that two sides of a triangle were greater than the third.8.A friend exaggerates a mans virtue,an enemy his crimes.我学过，三角形的两边我学过，三角形的两边之和之和大于第三边。大于第三边。朋友宣扬人的美德，敌人朋友宣扬人的美德，敌人夸大夸大人的罪过。人的罪过。9.According to scientists,it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.10.A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses,his theories,and his conclusion.根据科学家们的根据科学家们的看法看法，自然界要用，自然界要用500 500 年年的的时间时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。科学家经常设法推翻自己的假设，否定自科学家经常设法推翻自己的假设，否定自己的理论，放弃自己的结论。己的理论，放弃自己的结论。II.出于结构需要而增词出于结构需要而增词1.Supplying Necessary Connectives 1)Heated,water will change into vapor.2)However carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed,some heat escapes and is lost.3)Since air has weight,it exerts force on any object immersed in it.水水如如受热受热,就就会汽化。会汽化。不管锅炉壳与蒸汽管封闭得多么严密，不管锅炉壳与蒸汽管封闭得多么严密，还是还是有一有一部分热散失损耗掉。部分热散失损耗掉。因为空气具有重量，因为空气具有重量，所以所以处在空气中的任何物处在空气中的任何物体都会受到空气的作用力体都会受到空气的作用力 。II.出于结构需要而增词出于结构需要而增词2.Supplying Words to Indicate Different Tenses or Sequences 1)He served in the army for ten years.2)In Beijing,there was a divine scale and a higgledy-piggledy scale.他服他服过过十年兵役。十年兵役。过去的过去的北京既有一种神圣的规模，又有北京既有一种神圣的规模，又有一种杂乱无章的格局。一种杂乱无章的格局。II.出于结构需要而增词出于结构需要而增词3)We wont retreat;we never have and never will.4)I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection,but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.我们我们不会不会后退，我们从未后退后退，我们从未后退过过，将来将来也也绝不后退。绝不后退。我我原本原本以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但现现在在看来，这是为了嗅嗅小羊羔气味，以断定看来，这是为了嗅嗅小羊羔气味，以断定它是不是自己的孩子。它是不是自己的孩子。Amplification for Purposes of Rhetoric or Coherence I came to a garden of grottoes,pavilions and shapely rocks and trees.我来到一个假山花园前，园中亭阁我来到一个假山花园前，园中亭阁玲珑玲珑，山石，山石嶙嶙峋峋，树木，树木葱郁葱郁。III.出于修辞需要而增词出于修辞需要而增词Amplification by Repetition v英语为避免重复，尽量使用各种替代手段；而汉英语为避免重复，尽量使用各种替代手段；而汉语喜欢排比结构，英译汉时，可适当增加一些重语喜欢排比结构，英译汉时，可适当增加一些重复词，以顺应汉语行文的特点。复词，以顺应汉语行文的特点。1)Studies serve for delight,for ornament,and for ability.2)Ignorance is the mother of fear,as well as admiration.足以足以足以足以足以足以的根源的根源。v翻译比喻性词语、成语、歇后语、双关语有翻译比喻性词语、成语、歇后语、双关语有时需要增添一些解释性词语，才能把意思完时需要增添一些解释性词语，才能把意思完整明白地表达出来。整明白地表达出来。1)shed crocodile tears2)It catered to large appetites and modest purses.假慈悲假慈悲吃客吃客。1.Oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.海洋与其说是分隔了世界不如说是连接了整海洋与其说是分隔了世界不如说是连接了整个世界。个世界。2.Avoid using this computer in extreme cold,heat,dust or humidity.Time to Practice不要在过冷、不要在过冷、过过热、灰尘热、灰尘过重过重、湿度、湿度过大过大的情况下使用此电脑。的情况下使用此电脑。3.I had experienced oxygen or/and engine trouble.4.Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.Time to Practice我曾经遇到的情况，不是氧气设备我曾经遇到的情况，不是氧气设备出故障出故障，就是引擎就是引擎出故障出故障，或两者都，或两者都出故障出故障。失败失败中吸取教训中吸取教训5.Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修饰之学使人善辩。使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修饰之学使人善辩。Time to Practice