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定语从句定语从句 vsvs 同位语从句同位语从句attributive clause vs appositive clause语法功能和概念语法功能和概念先行词先行词引导词引导词语法功能和概念上的区别语法功能和概念上的区别定语从句形容词性从句：对先行词的性质、特征进行描述与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系（即修饰限定）同位语从句名词性从句：对前面名词进一步的补充性解释说明 它与前面的名词是同位关系，即前面名词是从句的概括总结，从句是前面名词的具体内容 名词与该同位语从句有逻辑上的系表关系，可用“主+系+表”来构成它们之间的逻辑关系，而定语从句与它所修饰的先行词无法用be来构成语法上的逻辑关系。（即解释说明）语法功能和概念上的区别语法功能和概念上的区别实例：There is a faint chance that you will find him at home.若用“主+系+表”结构来表示，则是“a faint chance is that you will find him at home”,这在逻辑上成立。实例：It was the chance she had been waiting for.而“the chance is she had been waiting for”这在逻辑上不成立。先行词先行词上的区别上的区别定语从句的先行词可以是名词，代词，主句的一部分或是整个主句。同位语从句的先行词是抽象名词，如：idea，news，answer，fact，hope，thought，belief，order，truth，possibility等。同位语从句的先行词往往没有复数形式实例：The messages that he would teach us English cheered us up yesterday.（）注意：stage,situation,point,case,position,condition等词一般用where引导定语从句，表达“阶段、情况”先行词上的区别先行词上的区别实例：The boy who is playing football is my classmate Those who work hard will succeed The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody The fact that you are talking about is important 在句中，其先行词是普通名词boy，是定语从句，它不能用作同位语从句的先行词。在句中，其先行词是代词those，是定语从句，代词不能用作同位语从句的先行词。在句是同位语从句，其先行词是名词fact，它同样可以用作定语从句的先行词，句便是一例。由以上分析可见，同位语从句的先行词一定可以用作定语从句的先行词，但定语从句的先行词不一定能用作同位语从句的先行词。引导词的区别引导词的区别定语从句和同位语从句共同的引导词有四个：that，when，where，why。引导词如how,whether,what可以引导同位语从句但不能引导定语从句。*We are investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.引导词引导词的区别的区别1引导词that 引导定语从句的that叫做关系代词，它除了起连接作用，还在定语从句中充当成分（作宾语可省略），并且在意义上代表先行词；引导同位语从句的that叫做从属连词，它只起连接作用且不可省略。实例：The news that you told me yesterday was really exciting No one can deny the essential fact that the traffic problem over the last years has caused wide pubic concern all over the world.句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语，在意义上指代先行词news。句是同位语从句，that没有任何意义，只起连接作用。引导词的区别引导词的区别2引导词when，where，why 引导定语从句时，它们叫做关系副词，在从句中充当状语，可以转换成介词关系代词的形式；引导同位语从句时，它们叫做连接副词，在从句中充当状语，但不能转换成介词关系代词的形式Peoplewillalwayskeepinmindthetimewhen(=atwhich)HongKongandMacaoreturnedtoourmotherland.Peopletrappedintheroomhadnoideawheretheywerewhentheyregainedawareness.Thejourneyaroundtheworldtooktheoldsailorninemonths,duringwhich(=when)thesailingtimewas226days.Forevergonearethedayswhen(=onwhich)theChinesepeopleused“foreignoil”.HarmoniousinterpersonalrelationshipistheprimaryreasonwhyIenjoyworkinghere.小结功能和概念功能和概念先行词先行词引导词引导词定语从句修饰限定名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句that,which,who,whom,whose,when,where,why同位语从句解释说明抽象名词（可数名词为单数）that,who,what,when,where,why,how,whether,whatTranslate sentences below：1.ThiswastheperiodwhenNewtonbegantheresearchwhichresultedinthecreationofhisfamousTheoryofGravity.2.Hemadeapromisethatwhoevercouldsethimfree,hewouldshowhimallthetreasuresintheworld.3.AbrightideasuddenlystruckmethatIcouldusethemoneyIsavedtohelpapoorstudentinthecountryside.4.Althoughheisagreenhand,hehasenterpriseandcreativitywhicharedecisiveinwinningsuccessinthefield.5.Thewholetruthcameoutatlastthathewasawolfinsheepsclothing.6.Thepossibilitythatthemajorityofthelabourforcewillworkathomeisoftendiscussed.Practice makes perfect:1.There is no obvious evidence _there is life on any other planet in the solar system.A.which B.that C.how D.where2.I can think of many cases _students obviously know a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay.A.where B.which C.that D.at whichPractice makes perfect:3.Thereisanewprobleminvolvedinthepopularityofprivatecars_roadconditionsneed_.A.that;tobeimprovedB.which;tobeimprovedC.where;improvingD.when;improvingPractice makes perfect:4.Astorygoes_ElizabethIofEnglandlikednothingmorethatbeingsurroundedbycleverandqualifiednoblemenatcourt.A.whenB.whereC.whatD.that5.Ofthetwobrothers,Billis_youngerone,andheisaquiteboy,_thatmostadultslikeverymuch.A.a;oneB.a;theoneC.the;oneD.the;theoneThanks for listeningLiving without an aim is like sailing without a compass.-John Ruskin 生活没有目标，犹如航海没有罗盘。-罗斯金 What is your aim?还可以说：It struck/hit/occur to/come to sb that.都表达某人突然想到.*类似的用法还有：There is no doubt/denying/possibility/chance that.无疑/不可否认/不可能 注意:固定搭配It is no wonder that.难怪There is no denying that the phenomenon has harmed all the animals that the earth is becoming increasingly warm.*以下隐含有“地点”之意的词如：point,situation,stage,position,case,condition常用where(=介词+which)引导定语从句Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepoint_hecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.A.whenB.whereC.whichD.whose*That is the point that the teacher wants to stress.*固定搭配The/A story goes that.意为据说.=It is said that.类似表达如：The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery.The rumour spread that a new school would be built here.Report has it that the Smiths are leaving the town.Word/News came that most people had survived the accident.*Is this factory_ your father worked in last year?Is this the factory _ your father worked last year?Is this museum_ we visited two years ago?The number 911 is a special number,_,I think,that will be remembered by the Americans forever.注：one替代“a单数可数名词”，表泛指；若需特指，则用 the one*
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