外文翻译--车身碰撞后的校正

黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计附 录A(外文文献)Body collision correction In modern automobile body for main body structure of space vehicle ,integral of the body in order to absorb energy collision, automotive usually designed as in collision, by making by pieces of broken folded and body to absorb the impact energy; The relay route crash force ,can such image depicted as will the culmination of collision point as the collision, cone-shaped centerline can harness karabiners direction for collision, The depth and scope of conical expansion, said the crash force function direction and the transmission range. through body. Integral by stamping thin body structure formation, metal material plate connected to the welding, most of the collision impact energy was bought component metal materials plate pieces, collision and shock absorption, the influence of the component is through the body passed,therefore, the member body repair people based on this idea of analysis, design of the collision of the repair process program body. Auto body injury can through comparing the gap between body structure, also can judge by comparing the front wing son plate and the clearance before judge wheels; Also can measure the installing hole behind the front bumper frame beams parts prior to the left and right sides of the size of the comparison of the car body, many cars have high installation clearance requirements. Body damage when the examination, should check component of the gap between and cooperate, because each body structure smell with hinge is installed in the car door pillar, publication in order to determine whether the damage, such as door pillar by closing and opening the doors can be simple method, to observe the position is correct. In a front-end collision accident, important is to inspect the back door and wing of the differences between son board, another option is more car controls two side clearance. In order to hold the space body possible examine all damage, can be divided into five ministries and space body inspect. First part: direct collision point directly damage caused, carefully examined the bodywork pieces of metal coating, plastic, glass of body accessories, decoration and body components such as outer panel damage; For example in the front of the collision of the case, the site should check at least include: front bumper system, grille, engine cover, the former guard board, halogen halogen lamps, glass, the doors and the wheels;If the collision point in a cars rear, should check at least include: the parts HouYi son after bumper system, after the board, luggage, lights, glass, wheels, etc.; If the collision point in a cars profile, should check parts include at least the original: the door, roof, glass, pillar, floor plate part and suspension, etc. The second part: refers to the outside except the collision point occurred in other parts of the damage; Therefore, it may involve large scope.Check indirect damage, should check clear collision force size, direction, absorb impact strength, etc; component.Observe component surface trace, any body thin metal materials purchase components can be generated by the collision extrusion, tiny flaw .For example body roof damage, should present the convex shape body component individual Angle inspect component of metal material yield conditions The third part: mainly is the inspection car parts, check the damage engine and sports system undamage each assembly. The fourth part fourth place: basically check passenger cabin, uncover the damage part accessories carpet and insulation materials, observe around the surface of the metal material components, check seats installation, seat belt anchor, instrument panel, etc. The damage marks,can also rotating direction in run straight disc wheel steering dish, saw his position in the middle, and whether without free trav.The fifth part: check whether the bodywork component, decorative thread matching aligned and coating whether state, etc. Do not think that the work is not important, is a waste of time, the body of the collision of the correction, collision damage examination is the key body calibration process. Auto repair correction body, there is one basic principle, namely in accordance with collision force opposite directions in collision regional correction and exert tension corrected. Automobile body damage when collision damage is small, according to the injury, this method is simple to have the effect very much, now all vehicle body repair workshop are already equipped with body panels.it repair machine, so simple and easy to repair operations. The causes of automobile body damage is very complicated, because body structure and component forming reasons, especially by body structure of thin-walled box component, the analysis of the impact and repair, such enormous difficulties with simply cant tensile operating mode is body returning to its original shape. For example, under the car after collision physique pieces, into a complex shape; Meanwhile, its strength also changed, if it is only exert tension in the opposite direction, it is to cannot make its restore its original shape. Because every body component intensity and correction recovery were different. For example, body wing son board in bending radius of smaller parts intensity big, the deformation smaller by collision damage in wing a relatively flat parts son board will look great, actually deformation by collision impact is small, annex damage, as long as wing results when bending radius son smaller parts plastic correction, compare flat parts will also return to the depression component original shape. Sure calibration process method is a complex problem, often need to repair personnel master various knowledge, such as body structure of the mechanical properties of materials, metal, equipment reasonable apply, etc. Here the decomposition of the first stretching force analysis and process method is introduced. Body collision correction should try to adopt body calibration equipment, the calibration equipment safety in need of place; the tensile At this moment, repair personnel needs will stretching force direction and the component in vertical position injured area; At this moment, repair personnel needs will stretching force direction and ending two or more direction pulling force.This method is the force have a point, if parts bending degree, the stiffness of excessive constitutive component is stronger, the calibration result is bad, cant even will component correction back to its original shape. In different point can be applied on exert tension strength, pulling the deformation set according to the component of component multiple directions corrected.For example from the above stretching force analysis can know, but will this one direction of force is decomposed into two direction in the reality, which can also process of correcting according to deformation degree, at any time to recover, if adjustment of tensile component in calibration process coupled with other calibration methods can be better effect. If tensile systemconstitute triangle is not normal state, it must immediately stop tensile, otherwise, zipper ends of the clamp may appear overload, cause equipment, zippers or other damage. In operation, and the position of the junction of bodywork height also is a key operation, should try to make dynamic plunger and zipper time Angle and plunger and protection, when the Angle between the equal to a higher tensile point position, power pole strength elongation, chain will also elongation. In implementing the tensile operation precautions: (1) integral body metal materials some for high strength materials, had better not tried to step will finish, but plastic correction through a series of tensile operations, including tensile - balance - again - balancing tensile self-repeating again, so can make metal materials, the operation flabbily slowly can check calibration schedule, especially in the body component damage stress, prevent type produces excessive stretch。That is to say, slowly, carefully to enrage starting hydraulic system, observe carefully body damage mobile, look to whether correction to the appropriate position and shape, if not, should check the specific reason, adjust the Angle and direction to start, reoccupy after eliminating stress, hammer with hammer striking the, the stress release in tensile, again, that is flabby, if not sure stress has been released in full, will again tapping with hammer. (2)stretching equipment and body component fixed position, and in the process of drawing, particularly easy because the parts connected by overloading damage, can add some fixed clamp method, will load the multiple parts scattered in body. (3)use fixed device to fixed body part from the center outwards stretch and straightening, but every fixtures, tightened after check appropriate fixed device, according to its location bolt tensile Angle and need change in position, to complete the damage of deformation correction. While intermittently beginning applied tensile, part inspection determine tensile force in the damage which is effective, if see no effect, be about to consider to change the direction of tensile force of fixed position and body stretching. (4)Body parts, such as by lateral bending beam position of curved areas, can be clamped body component bends surface stretch: constructing the wound on the surface of the pin can weld depression by sliding hammer or other tensile device pull out. (5)If some sag serious parts. Members of a torn metal materials for its danger need when heated, heating the edges in the component in only two layer board or component connected place heating. For example, in frame rail beam position, or in the medial low box section heating, heating only as the internal stress of metal materials to repair a auxiliary means, not as a part of the metal material that component the softening of method.Although do not recommend commonly in the component high strength metal materials plate heat with welding torch, but sometimes it can be careful to use welding torch heating reached auxiliary correction method. (6)In the predetermined position and direction on components exert tension, the damaged component restored to its original size and shape, and to complete the restoration components metal materials plate internal stress, can better correction effect. The whole process of the body correction, to prevent tensile excessive.The reason general tensile unduly have two: One is not follow for repair within the first after the tensile principle, cause, the quality repair program confusion, repair good board piece incident now in other board when the original deformation repair affect the size and shape of the components, previously has correction good parts be spun; Second, in the calibration process cannot precisely, to measure the size of the control points often can cause pull litre excessive. In order to prevent excessive, tensile in tensile device stretch correction in the process, to the site of injury calibration process measurements;Because the metal material plate will component is relatively easy, stretched through process method but will, in turn, makes it is difficult to shorten. Any damage in the automotive components, after the body, more than the original body component size and shape, it is hard to shrink plastic, many body parts repair process, the only repair methods tensile transition is replaced. 附 录B车身碰撞后的校正现代汽车车身都以承载式车身为主要车身结构，承载式车身为了吸收碰撞时的能量，汽车车身通常设计成为在遭到碰撞时，通过使车身结构件的折叠和破裂来吸收冲击能量；碰撞力的传递路线，可以这样形象的描述为将碰撞点视为碰撞的顶点，锥形的的中心线可以为碰撞方向上的作用点，锥形的深度和扩展范围，表示碰撞力的作用方向和经过车身的传递范围。承载式车身结构由冲压薄金属材料板形成后，采用焊接连接而成，碰撞时的大部分冲击能量是被购构件金属材料板件吸收的，而碰撞冲击波的影响，是通过车身构件传递的，因此，车身修复人的员依据这一思路的分析、设计车身碰撞的修复工艺方案。汽车车身的损伤情况可以通过比较车身结构件之间的间隙来判断，也可以通过比较前翼子板和轮毂前后的间隙来判断；也可测量前保险杠后面的安装孔到前车架梁部件左右两边的尺寸进行比较，许多汽车的车身的安装间隙都有较高的要求。车身损伤检查时，应检查构件间的间隙和配合闻，由于各个车身构架都是用铰链安装在的车门立柱上的，刊为了确定车门立柱是否损伤，例如可以采用关闭和开启车门的简单方法，来观察车门的位置是否正确。在前端碰撞事故中，重要的是检查后门与翼子板间隙的差异，另一个办法是比较汽车左右两侧的间隙。为了能持的检视承载式车身可能发生的全部损伤，可将承载式车身分为五个部委进行检查。第一部位：直接碰撞点造成直接损伤，仔细检查车身外钣金件涂层、车身附件的塑料件、玻璃、装饰件和车身构件外板等损伤情况；例如在汽车前部碰撞的情况下，应检查的部位至少包括：前保险杠系统、格栅、发动机罩、前护板、前大灯、玻璃、车门和车轮；如果碰撞点在汽车的后部，应检查的部位至少包括：后保险杠系统、后翼子板、行李箱、后车灯、玻璃、车轮等；如果碰撞点在汽车的侧面，应检查的部位至少包括原：车门、顶板、玻璃、立柱、地板盘部分以及悬架等。第二部位：是指除碰撞点以外发生在其他部位的损伤；因此，它可能涉及较大的范围。检查间接损伤时，应当检查清楚碰撞力的大小、方向、吸收碰撞力构件的强度等；观察构件表面的痕迹，任何车身薄金属材料购构件经碰撞挤压都会产生细小的裂纹，例如车身顶板损伤呈现凸起形状，应在车身构件个别角处检查构件金属材料的屈服情况等。第三部位：主要是检查汽车部件的损伤，检查发动机以及运动系统各个总成有无损伤。第四部位 第四部位：主要检查乘客舱内部分附件的损伤，揭开地毯和周围隔热材料，观察金属材料构件的表面，检查座椅的安装、安全带锚栓、仪表板等的损伤痕迹；也可以转动方向盘式车轮处于直线行驶位置，见他转向盘是否在中间位置，又无自由行程等。第五部位：检查车身外形构件是否匹配，装饰线是否对齐以及涂层状态等。千万不要以为这些工作不重要，是在浪费时间，车身碰撞的校正，碰撞损伤的检查是车身校正工艺的关键。汽车修复校正车身时，有一个基本的原则，即按照与碰撞力相反的方向进行校正，在碰撞区域施加拉力进行校正。汽车车身损伤的当碰撞损伤很小，按损伤比较简单时，这种方法很有效果，现在各种汽车车身修复车间都已经配备了车身钣金修复机，这样修复操作简单易行。汽车车身损伤产生的原因很复杂，由于车身结构和构件成形的原因，特别是车身构件采用薄壁厢型结构，给碰撞力的分析和修复带来很大困难，这样简单的用拉伸操作方式就不能够是车身恢复原形。例如，车身板件在遭受碰撞后，变成了复杂的形状；同时，其强度也改变了，如果是只在相反方向施加拉力，是无法使其恢复原来的形状的。因为每一个车身构件的强度和校正恢复都不完全一样；例如，车身翼子板在弯曲半径较小的部位强度很大，受到碰撞损伤的变形较小在翼子板较平的部位变形看上去会很大，其实受到碰撞冲击很小，附件损伤校正时，只要将翼子板弯曲半径较小的部位整形校正，比较平整的部位凹陷也会恢复到的构件原来的形状。确定校正工艺方法是一个综合复杂的问题，常需要修复人员掌握多方面的知识，例如车身结构，金属材料的力学性能，设备的合理运用等。这里先将拉伸力的分解工艺方法进行分析和介绍。车身碰撞校正应尽量采用车身校正设备，把校正设备安全放在需要拉伸的位置；这时，修复人员需要将拉伸力的方向与构件受伤部位相垂直的位置；这时，修复人员需要将拉伸力的方向跟结尾两个或多个方向的拉力；这个方法只是把力交到一个点上，如果部件弯曲程度过大，构构件的刚度较强，校正效果不好，甚至不能将构件校正恢复到原来的形状；可以在不同的点上施加拉力施加拉力施加拉力，根据构件的变形设置多个方向对构件进行校正；例如从以上拉伸力的分析可以知道，可将这个一个方向的力分解成两个方向的分力，在校正的过程中还可以根据变形恢复程度，随时进行拉伸分力的调整，如果在校正过程中再配合其他校正方法就可以得到更好的效果。如果拉伸系统构成的三角形处在不正常的状态，就必须马上停止拉伸，否则，拉链端部的固定夹可能出现超载，造成设备、拉链或其他损伤。在进行操作时，与车身的连接点的位置高度也是一个操作要点，应当尽量使动力顶杆和拉链时间的夹角与顶杆和固定点之间的夹角相等，当拉伸点一项较高位置时，动力杆加力伸长，链条也会伸长。在实施拉伸操作时的注意事项：(1)整体式车身的金属材料有的为高强度材料，最好不要试图一步就完成整形校正，而是要通过一系列的拉伸操作，包括拉伸保持平衡再次拉伸再保持平衡循环往复，这样可以使金属材料慢慢地松弛，操作时可以注意检查校正进度，特别是车身构件损坏处的受力情况，防止式产生过度拉伸；也就是说，慢慢地、小心地气起动液压系统，仔细观察车身损坏部位的移动，看是否校正到合适的位置和形状，如果不是，应该检查具体原因，调整角度和方向后重新开动，再用锤击消除应力，用铁锤敲打，使应力释放，在拉伸，再次使之松弛，如果不能确定应力已经完全释放，就要再次用铁锤轻轻敲击。(2)拉伸设备与车身构件的固定位置，在拉伸的过程中，特别容易因为相连接的部位超载而损坏，可采用多加一些固定夹钳的方法，将负载分散于车身的多个部位。(3)用固定装置固定车身时要从中心部分向外进行拉伸和矫直，但每一个固定装置检查合适后，拧紧固定装置螺栓将其定位，按照需要变动拉伸的角度和位置，来完成损伤处的变形校正。开始时一边间歇地施加拉伸力，一边检查进一步确定所拉伸力在损坏部位是否有效，如果看不到任何效果，就要考虑改变拉伸力的方向和车身拉伸的固定部位。(4)车身构件弯曲靠位置，例如侧梁的弯曲部位，可以夹住车身构件的弯曲内侧表面进行拉伸：构建表面上的凹陷伤痕可以焊接上销钉并用滑动锤或者其他拉伸装置拉出。(5)如果一些凹陷严重的部位。构件金属材料有被撕裂的危险，就需要对其加热，加热时只能在构件的棱角处或者构件的两层板连接的地方加热。例如，在车架轨梁内侧低点位置，或者在箱形截面部分加热，加热只能作为修复金属材料内部应力的一种辅助手段，而不能作为使构件某一部分金属材料软化的方法，虽然一般不推荐在构件高强度金属材料板上用焊炬加热，但有时可以小心地用焊炬加热达到辅助矫正的方法。(6)在预先确定的构件的位置和方向上施加拉力，将损坏的构件恢复到原来的尺寸和形状，并且要完成修复构件金属材料板的内部应力，才能取得较好的校正效果。在车身校正的整个过程中，要防止拉伸过度；产生过度拉伸的原因一般有两个：一是为修复中没有遵循“先内后外”的拉伸原则，导致质修理程序的混乱，修理好的板件在其他板件发生现变形修复时影响了原先构件的尺寸和形状，是原先已经校正好的部件被拉长；二是在校正过程中不能精确地、经常地测量控制点的尺寸，有可能造成拉升过度。为了防止拉伸过度，在用拉伸装置进行拉伸校正的过程中，都要对损伤的部位的校正进程进行测量；因为将构件的金属材料板拉长是比较容易的，但是要反过来通过工艺方法使其缩短则是很难的。任何损坏的汽车车身构件，在那身之后，超过了原车身构件尺寸和形状，就很难再收缩整形了，很多车身构件的修复过程中，拉伸过渡唯一的修理方法就是更换。