2023年新概念知识点总结

新概念2知识点总结第一部分、时态总结一、一般过去时；一、定义。1. 表达过去的动作或状态，常和明确的过去时间状语连用，如：yesterday, last week, three days ago, in 1998,just now等，或与由when引导的从句连用。2. 也可以表达过去某一段时间内经常或反复出现的动作。句子中常带有every day, often, usually, always, sometimes等时间状语。例：When I worked in the company, I got up early every morning. 在那家公司上班时，我天天上午都起得很早。In the past few years she usually went touring during her summer holidays.在过去的几年里，每逢暑假她总是出去旅游。二、一般过去时态句子结构1 Be 动词的一般过去时态在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词， am is 的过去式为was; are的过去式为were.如：I was late yesterday.We werent late yesterday. She wasnt a teacher three years ago.Were you ill yesterday? Were they once your classmates？ -Yes, I was. -No, I wasnt.Who were your best friends in your primary school?2. 实义动词的一般过去时态肯定句要使用动词的过去式，否认句和疑问句要使用助动词do和 does 的过去式 did. 如：I went home at nine oclock yesterday. I didnt go home yesterday. He didnt tell me about you. Did you go home yesterday?-Yes, I did. -No, I didnt. When did you finish your homework last night/the day before yesterday? 3. 助动词和情态动词过去式如下：shallshould（将要）用于第一人称单数 willwould（将要）用于所有人称can could（能，会） maymight（可以） mustmust （必须） have tohad to（不得不）助动词和情态动词的过去时态要使用他们的过去式，后面的动词还使用原形。如： I had to do my homework yesterday. (昨天我不得不做作业。) 三、一般过去时态动词变化形式一般过去时态由动词的过去式表达。大多数动词的过去式是在动词原形后加上ed构成。这类动词称为规则动词。1） 一般情况下在词尾直接加ed。 如：playplayed workworked2） 以e结尾的动词只加d. 如：like- liked loveloved 3） 以辅音字母+Y结尾的动词，变Y为I，再加ed. 如：studystudied carrycarried4） 以重读闭音节结尾的动词，假如末尾只有一个辅音字母，要双写最后这个辅音字母，再加ed. 如：stopstopped 5） 不以ed 结尾的过去式，称为不规则动词,如：write（写） -wrote go-went do-did have-had see-saw take-took make-made come-came buy-bought技巧：巧记一般过去时：【一巧】时间状语（即标志词）巧。一般过去时表达过去发生的动作或存在的状态，恰巧与表达过去的一些时间状语连用。【二巧】形式巧。它与一般现在时同样，形式多样：当主语是第一人称单数或第三人称单数时，谓语动词用was；主语是第二人称或其别人称复数时，谓语动词用were。 例如： I was in the classroom yesterday morning 昨天早上我在教室里。 He was at school last Tuesday 上周二他在学校。 They were over there a moment ago 刚才他们在那边。【三巧】否认句结构巧。与动词be的一般现在时同样，它在动词后面加not即可变成否认句，并且was, were与not可以缩写成wasnt, werent。即： 主语 wasnt werent 表语 其他。例如： I was not (wasnt) here yesterday 昨天我不在这儿。 My parents were not (werent) at home last Sunday 上周日我父母不在家。【四巧】 疑问句式巧。把was, were提到句首，句末用问号即可变为一般疑问句。即：Was(Were) 主语 表语 其他？这恰巧与动词be的一般现在时的疑问句式相似。例如：Were you at home the day before yesterday 前天你在家吗？ Was she late this morning今天早上她迟到了吗？更巧的是疑问句的答语也相似，肯定回答用“Yes, 主语waswere”； 否认回答用“No,主语wasntwerent”。 例如：Were Wei Hua and Han Mei here just now 刚才魏华和韩梅在这儿吗？ Yes, they were (No, they werent) 是的，她们在。（不，她们不在。）练习一、用be动词的适当形式填空1I _ an English teacher now.2She _ happy yesterday.3They _ glad to see each other last month.4Helen and Nancy _ good friends.5The little dog _ two years old this year.6Look, there _ lots of grapes here.7Today _ the second of June. Yesterday _ the first of June. It _ Childrens Day. 二、用动词的适当形式填空1. I _ (watch) a cartoon on Saturday.2. Her father _ (read) a newspaper last night.3. We _ to zoo yesterday, we _ to the park. (go)4. _ you _ (visit) your relatives last Spring Festival?5. _ he _ (fly) a kite on Sunday? Yes, he _.6.Jim _ (pull) up carrots last National Day holiday.7. I _ (sweep) the floor yesterday.8. What _ she _ (find) in the garden last morning? She _ (find) a beautiful butterfly.1. He _ (live) in Wuxi two years ago.2. The cat _ (eat) a bird last night.3. We _ (have) a party last Halloween.4. Nancy _ (pick) up oranges on the farm last week.5. I _ (make) a model ship with Mike yesterday.6. They _ (play) chess in the classroom last PE lesson.7. My mother _ (cook) a nice food last Spring Festival.8. The girls _ (sing) and _ (dance) at the party.9. It _ (be) Bens birthday last Friday.10. We all _ (have) a good time last night.11. He _ (jump) high on last Sports Day. 二、现在完毕时一句型：Eg: I have finished my homework. He hasnt watered the flowers. Have they watched the film? -Yes, they have. -No, they havent.二用法1、现在完毕时表达过去发生或已经完毕的动作对现在导致的影响或结果Eg. I have spent all of my money (so far).(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) Jim has (just/already) come. (含义：吉姆现在在这儿)My father has gone to work.(含义是:我爸爸现在不在这儿) 2、现在完毕时可以用来表达发生在过去某一时刻的,连续到现在的动作（用行为动词表达）或状态（be动词表达）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用. for+时段since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从以来）since+时段+agosince+从句（过去时）It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）E.g. Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 三、现在完毕时的标志 现在完毕时的含义之一是过去完毕的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义: * 以already, just和yet为标志 He has already got her help.他已得到她的帮助。He has just seen the film.他刚刚看过这场电影。He hasnt come back yet.他还没有回来。* 以ever和never为标志This is the best film I have ever seen.这是我曾经看过的最佳的一部电影。He has never been to Beijing.他从没有到过北京。* 以动作发生的次数为标志He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。* 以so far（到目前为止）为标+before He has got to Beijing so far.到目前为止他已到了北京。注意：1)现在完毕时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago 等; 2)不能与when连用 3)现在完毕时往往同表达不拟定的过去时间状语连用.四、过去分词变法小结1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。 (1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 e.g. work-worked-worked (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。 e.g. live-lived-lived , (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 y 变为 i ，再加“ ed ”。 study-studied-studied ,cry-cried-cried (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped , drop-dropped-dropped 2 、不规则动词：AAA型 E.g. let let let cut cut cutAAB型 E.g. beat beat beatenABA型 E.g. become became become run ran runABB型 E.g. bring brought brought feel felt feltABC型 E.g. begin began begun drive drove driven 五、易混知识辨析1、has gone (to),has been (to)的区别Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场)Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai. Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方）My father has been to Shanghai. 2、since和for的区别since后接时间点，如1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got therefor后接一段时间，表达“长达多久”，如ten years, a while, two days等。Exercise:1、 用since和for填空1. Jim has been in Ireland _ Monday.2. Jill has been in Ireland _ three days.3. His aunt has lived in Australia _15 days.4. Mary is in her office. She has been there _ 7 oclock.5. India has been an independent country _1974.6. The bus is late. Theyve been waiting _ 20 minutes.7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty _ many years.8. Mike has been ill _a long time. He has been in hospital _ October.Keys：1. since 2. for 3. for 4. since 5. since 6. for 7. for 8. since2、单项选择1. -Where have you _, Kate? -Ive _ to the bank.A. gone, goneB. been, beenC. gone, beenD. been, gone 2、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two years . is writing .was writing .wrote .has written3、Our country _ a lot so far .Yes . I hope it will be even _ . has changed ; well . changed ; good. has changed ; better . changed ; better4、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years . was ; studying . will ; study. has ; studied . are ; studying5、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . know . had known . have known . knew 6、_ you _ your homework yet ?Yes . I _ it a moment ago . Did ; do ; finished . Have ; done ; finished. Have ; done ; have finished . will ; do ; finish7、 His father _ the Party since 1978 . joined . has joined . was in . has been in8、 Miss Green isnt in the office . she_ to the library .has gone . went .will go . has been 3、填空。1. I_ already _ (see) the film. I _ (see) it last week.2. _ he _ (finish) his work today? Not yet.3. My father _ just _ (come) back from work. He is tired now.4. Wheres Li Ming ? He _ (go) to the teachers office.5. I _ (work) here since I _ (move) here in 1999.6. So far I _(make) quite a few friends here.7. How long _ the Wangs _(stay) here ? For two weeks.8. I _ just _ (finish) my homework. 9._ you _ (find) your science book yet? 10. Ive lost my pen. _ you _ (see) it anywhere? 三、一般将来时一、用法.“will / shall + 动词原形”构成的一般将来时，其被动形式为“will / shall + be + 过去分词”。(1) 表达单纯的将来。如：Her elder sister will be thirty years old next month. 下个月她姐姐就30岁了。(2) 表达在说话时决定要去做某事。如：We are really lost. Ill stop to ask someone the way. 我们真的迷路了。我要停下来问问路。(3) 用于“祈使句+连词+简朴句”固定句式中。如：Go straight on and youll see a church. You wont miss it. 直走你就会看到一座教堂，你不会错过的。二一般将来时的句型(have/has done)1.肯定句：The workers will build a new school here next year. 2.否认句：He wont play football with you before he finishes his work. 3.疑问句：Will you be back in ten minutes? 4.特殊疑问句：Where will you go next week? 三、注意事项 1. 用“be going to动词原形”构成的一般将来时。 (1) 人作主语时表达打算，“有计划要做”。如：My daughter is going to be a doctor when she grows up. 我女儿打算长大后当医生。(2) 物作主语时表达目前有迹象表白将要发生某事，“有的趋势（如天气变化）”。如：Look at the black clouds. Its going to rain. 看那些乌云，要下雨了。(3). 在具有条件状语从句的主从复合句中，主句一般不用begoingto，而常用will（第一人称用shall）。从句用一般现在时表达一般将来时：如： Thefootballmatchwillbeputoffifitrainstomorrow.假如明天下雨，足球赛将被推迟举行。(4). 在时间、条件或让步状语从句中常用一般现在时表达将来。如： They will go home for the winter vacation as soon as they finish their exams.他们一考完试就回家过寒假。Exercise()1. He _ able to come on Friday because he fails in his exam. A. will be notB. will not beC. is going to beD. isnt going be()2. When _ again?-When he _, Ill let you know.A. he comes ;comes B. will he come;will comeC. he comes ;will he come D. will he come;comes ()3. Do you think Tom _ his uncle if he arrives?A. calledB. callsC. will callD. is calling()4. Dont get off the bus until it_.A. will stopB. stopsC. shall stopD. is stopped()5. We _ begin our lessons if you _ ready.A. will ; will beB. shall ; Will getC. will ; getD. /; are()6. Ill tell her about it as soon as she _ back.A. shall comeB. will comeC. comesD. is going to come()7.- Its Saturday tomorrow. Im glad we _ any classes. -So am I. Ill go fishing. Would you like to go with me?A. havent hadB. wont haveC. dont haveD. wouldnt have() 8. She _ him a lovely dog on his next birthday.A. givesB. gaveC. will givingD. is going to give() 9. If it _ tomorrow, well have a picnic.A. isnt rainB. wont rainC. doesnt rainD. doesnt fine() 10. We _ the homework this way next time.A. doB. will doC. going to doD. will doing() 11. The day after tomorrow he_ a volleyball match.A. will watchingB. watchesC. is watchingD. is going to watch() 12. There _ a meeting tomorrow afternoon.A. will be going toB. will going to beC. is going to beD. will go to be() 13._ a concert next Saturday?A. There will beB. Will there beC. There can beD. There are() 14 If they come, we _ a meeting.A. haveB. will haveC. hadD. would have to be() 15. They _ an English evening next Sunday.A.are havingB. are going to haveC. will having D. is going to have( ) 16.Charlie _ here next month.A. isnt working B. doesnt working C. isnt going to working D. wont work( ) 17.He _ very busy this week, he _ free next week.A. will be; is B. is; is C. will be; will be D. is; will be( ) 18.There _ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening.A. was B. is going to have C. will have D. is going to be 四、将来进行时一、将来进行时的构成 将来进行时是由shall/will + be + 现在分词构成的。 E.g. Dont phone me between 8:00 and 10:00. Well be having classes then.二、将来进行时的用法 将来进行时的基本用法 : 表达在将来某一时间正在进行的动作。常与soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, in two days, tomorrow evening等表达将来的时间状语连用例如：Ill be taking my holiday soon. 我不久就去度假了。 将来进行时的特殊用法 A. 表达因素、结果或猜测。 例如：Please come tomorrow afternoon, Tomorrow morning Ill be having a meeting.请你明天下午来吧。我明天上午有个会。 (表因素)Stop the child or he will be falling over. 抓住那个孩子，要不他会掉下去的。 (表结果)You will be making a mistake. 你会犯错的。(表推测) B. 用在问句中，表达委婉礼貌。 When shall we be meeting again?我们什么时候再见面？ C. 表达稍后一点儿的安排。The students are studying Unit 3 this week, and next week theyll be studying Unit 4.这周学生们学第三单元，下周他们将学第四单元。 【注意】在时间、条件等状语从句中，用现在进行时代替将来进行时。如： Be careful when you are crossing the street. 过马路时要当心。Exercise将来进行时练习1. What_ you_this time tomorrow? A willdo B willhave done C willbe done D willbe doing2. The street lights_on when night falls.A will have gone B will have been going C will be going D will be gone3. Joe_the piano in a few minutes.A shall be played B will have been playing C shall be playing D will have played4. I _ my grandmother at three this afternoon.A shall be visiting B shall have visited C shall be visiting D will visit5. “Can you attend the party tonight?”“No,_ the boss about something urgent.”A I see BI shall have seen C Ill be seeing D I can see【将来进行时与一般将来时的比较】两者都表达将来的行为，但在用法上有所区别：(1) 将来进行时表达将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作；而一般将来时表达将来某时将要发生的动作。如：She wont be having a meeting in her office at 8:00 tomorrow. 明天8点她不在办公室开会。What will you do at five tomorrow afternoon? 明天下午五点你将干什么？(2) 将来进行时常用来表达说话人设想已经安排好的事；而一般将来时表达临时决定。如：We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July. 七月份我们要去海边度假。Did you tell Julia about the result? 你告诉朱莉娅结果了吗？Oh, no. I will call her now. 噢，没有。我现在就告诉她。(3) 将来进行时不表达个人意愿。如：They will be meeting us at the station. 他们会在车站接我们的。(4) 将来进行时比一般将来时在语气上要委婉客气。如：When will you finish these letters? 你什么时候会解决完这些信件？When shall I be expecting you this evening? 今天晚上我几点等你？五、过去完毕时一、过去完毕时的概念与结构特点 概念：过去完毕时表达在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完毕了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。-|- |-|-那时以前 那时 现在 构成：过去完毕时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。 E.g. They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. 二、过去完毕时的判断依据 1. 由时间状语来鉴定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完毕时连用的时间状语有： （ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“过去的过去”来鉴定。 过去完毕时表达“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完毕的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完毕时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （ 1 ）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完毕时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）状语从句中 在时间、条件、因素、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完毕时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 自身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表达的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （ 3）表达意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完毕时表达原本，未能We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3. 根据上、下文来鉴定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.三、过去完毕时的重要用法 1. 过去完毕时表达一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完毕或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如： When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”） 2. 过去完毕时是一个相对的时态，表达的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如： He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 ) 3. 过去完毕时需要与一个表达过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如： Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years. Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 4. 过去完毕时表达某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，并且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的也许。如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，尚有继续进行下去的也许）四、易混时态辨析1、过去完毕时与现在完毕时的区别 现在完毕时表达的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或导致的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完毕时则是一个相对的时态，它所表达的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较： I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 Im sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点连续到现在） John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 Where had he been? 他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完毕时是指约翰在 returned home 之前往了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”） 2、过去完毕时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表达过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：1）. 时间状语不同：过去完毕时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过 去某一特定的时间。试比较： They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2）. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完毕时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如： She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 3）. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，准时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完毕时；此外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词自身已经表达出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完毕时。如： He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. I (had) called her before I left the office.例题解析：1. He _ in Shanghai University for four years before he _ Beijing.A. studied, had gone B. had studied, wentC. has studied, goes D. had studied, had gone解析：他去北京之前在上大学学习了4年 。在上海学习的动作发生在去北京之前，因此第一个空应用过去完毕时。此题选B。2. Mary said it was at least five years since he _ a good drink.A. enjoyed B. was enjoying C. had enjoyed D. would enjoy解析：It was + 时间段+since 引导的从句中用过去完毕时。应选C。3. Xiao Pei said she _ Hainan for 3 months.A. has been in B. had been in C. had been to D. had gone to解析：小培说她去了海南三个月 。have been to 和have gone to 都是短暂性的动词短语。所以适应表达状态的have been in. 应选B.第二部分、直接引语与间接引语直接引语：直接引用别人的原话，一般要加引号。 间接引语：用自己的话应用别人的话，不用引号。间接引语的三要素：1）引导词 2）语序 3）时态（及人称的变化）间接引语:四种情况 主句-从句(语序):主+谓+宾+.1陈述句 (句号) -that(可省略)2一般疑问句 (问号) - if/whether(or not)引导词 3特殊疑问句(问号)-特殊疑问词(what/how开头) 牢记:特殊疑问词+ to do sth. 4祈使句/请求-ask/tell sb.(not)to do sth.时态：主句:一般现在时 从句:任何时态主句:一般过去时 从句:过去的某种时态主句: 真理(无论什么时态) 从句:一般现在时图表解析分类连接词例句注意事项补充说明当直接引语为“陈述句”时连接词：that（口语中经常省略）He says, “ I will go to the park tomorrow.”-He says (that) he will go to the park tomorrow.He said, “ I will go to the park tomorrow.”-He said (that) he would go to the park tomorrow.He said to me, “ you can help her.”-He said to me (that) I could help her.1. 连接词：that2. 人称：1主，2宾，3不变3. 时态。1. 黑体部分是连接词。斜体部分为间接引语部分。2. 间接引语部分均为陈述语序。3. 间接引语部分事实上是宾语从句，连接词之间的叫主句。4. 当主句是一般现在时态，间接引语部分与直接引语的时态相同。5. 当主句是一般过去时态，间接引语部分变为相应的过去时态。当直接引语是“一般疑问句”时。连接词：if或者whether.可译为：是否He asked me, “Are you good at math?-He asked me if I was good at math.He asked Amy, “ Do you love me?”-He asked Amy whether she loved him.He asks me, “Is she reading?”-He asks me if she is reading.1. 连接词：if , whether2. 语序：改为“陈述语序”。 （去掉：Do, Does, Did改变Are, Is, Will, Can位置）3. 人称：1主，2宾，3不变4. 时态。当直接引语为“特殊疑问句”时。连接词：直接引语中的特殊疑问词。He