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III、非谓语动词 非谓语动词在句中不可单独作谓语，不 受主语的人称和数的影响，但是可用作 其他句子成分。非谓语动词有三种，即 不定式，动名词和分词 。 不定式和动名词的区别： 不定式和动名词都可作主语 ,表语和宾 语，有时二者可互换。但按照传统语法， 二者的区别表现为： 动名词表示：笼统、泛指的意思 / 抽象或 经常性的动作 / 已成为过去或经验之谈 不定式表示：一时性的具体的或特定的动 作 / 现在或将来的动作 资料：例子 补充 :A postman duty is delivering mails. Your task this morning is to deliver the papers to Professor Smith. 二、非谓语动词的句型 (1) It takes sb. + some time + to do = sb. spend some time (in) doing It took me three hours to finish my assignment. I spend three hours ( in) finishing my assignment. (2) It is + adj. + for sb. + to do 不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语，通常有 两种形式： for sb. + to do / of sb. + to do It is very difficult for us to finish the task . (3) It is + adj. + of sb. + to do (常用的形容词有： kind, nice, considerate, thoughtful, stupid, wise, brave， good, careful, polite, rude, clever等 .)表示人物性格，特征等形容词 之后，常用 of 引出不定式的在逻辑主语 It was very nice of you to think so much of us. 练习题 52 （ 4），（ 5）看资料 (6) have difficulty (trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time) + (in) + doing sth. I have some difficulty in learning English grammar. 练习： 72题 (7)go + doing,表示短暂而又愉快的户外 活动 如 :go + jogging(慢跑 ) /fishing / dancing/ skating / bowling(打保龄球 )/ shopping / sightseeing / camping / surfing (冲浪 ) (8) be busy + doing = be busy with sth. 忙着做 sb. spend time (money, energy) in doing sth. 三、 V1 + V2 的模式 ( 这个部分的词汇 及其用法需要牢记 ) 1. V1 + V2 (to do) （跟不定式作宾语） 资料 I want to go traveling this summer vacation. Im not going to ask the teacher why he gave me that grade. I intend to let the matter rest. He likes traveling / to travel alone. 练习： 49题， 91题 2. V1 + 2 (V doing)：资料 I avoid meeting her because she is too talkative. I dont mind your delaying making the decision as long as it is not too late.(真题 1/ 17) 练习： 32题，真题 3/ 23 3. V1 + V2 (介词 + doing) (有些动词短语也要求动名词作宾语，常 见的有： ) persist in/ insist on ;feel like 想， give up ; put off ; look forward to cant help 忍不住 ; cant stand 等 练习： 83题 4. V1 + V2 (to do 或 doing), 但语义 不同 资料 练习： 24题， 84题 , 真题 4/ 20, 真题 4 / 25 5. V1 + sb. / sth. + V2 (do / doing / done) (V1为感官动词 ) * 资料 练习 14题 , 真题 2/ 22 四、 非谓语作定语 1.不定式作定语 资料 2.分词作定语，（ 表语，宾补等） (1)现在分词表示主动意义 ,过去分词一般表示 被动含意 . The weather this summer is disappointing. We are disappointed at his performance. (2)现在分词表示 正在进行 ,过去分词表示 状态 ,或做完 (完成 )的事 . （资料例句） 练习 56， 57， 80题 （过去分词作宾补，表示宾语是逻 辑上的承受者，构成逻辑上的动宾关系） 3. 不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系 资料 练习 75题 五、非谓语动词作状语 1. 不定式作结果状语 资料 2.分词作状语 资料 3.分词作状语与主语的关系 资料 练习题练习题 88， 100 4.分词作状语时前面可用连词 资料 5.动词不定式和分词作状语的区别 资料 6.独立结构 1) 结构： (with) + n./pronoun. + doing(done, adj., prep. phrase) 资料 2) 结构： S1 , S2 . (S1和 S2的 主语不一致 ) 练习 77题 1非谓语的完成式： V1 + V2 (V2 的动 作发生在 V1的动作之前 ) 资料 2.不定式的进行式 （ When mother came in, the child pretended to be sleeping.） 练习 17题 3非谓语动词的语态 资料 七、非谓语动词常考的其它结构 1.疑问词 + 不定式结构 资料 2.不带 to的不定式 (1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不 带 to. find, feel, notice, hear, observe, listen to, perceive(察觉 ),see, look at, overhear, watch, notice (2)使役动词 make,1et,have. 如 : Let him do it. / I would have you know that I am ill. 真题 3/ 17 资料其它 从句的重点 名词性从句 名词性从句在句中起名词 ,名词词组所起 的作用，可用作句子的主语，表语，宾 语，和介词宾语等，按其句法功能可分 为 主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同 位语从句 等。 引导名词性从句的有连接词 that, whether和 if, 关系代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever 以及关系副词 when, where和 how。 1.主语从句 1) that 引导的主语从句 That the match will be cancelled is now certain.(that 引导主语从句时不能省略 ) That既可放在句首，也可放在句后。 但为保持句子平衡，常用 it作形式主 语，真正主语在句后。 用 it作形式主语已经形成一些固定用法， 如 It is a fact that /It is a pity that It is certain that / It is natural that It is said that / It is reported that It seems that / It follows that （由此可见） 2) wh- 词引导的主语从句 What I have told you (All that I have told you) is convincing. When he will come is not clear. That 与 wh- 词引导主语从句的 区别： That只起引导作用，在句中不作 任何成分； wh-词既起引导作用， 又在从句中作一定成分。 3） whether与 if 引导主语从句的 区别： Whether we will go depends on the weather. 如在句首，只能用 whether. It is not important if / whether you win or lose. What is important is how you play the game. 2. 宾语从句 1） that 引导的宾语从句（ that常可省略） 我们相信他是诚实的 We believe ( that) he is honest. He told me that the road was closed. She suggested that he (should) do it at once( 虚拟） 2) 如果宾语从句后跟有补语，常用 it作形 式宾语，而将从句放在宾补之后。 We consider it necessary that the instrument should be adjusted each time it is used. 3) wh- 词引导的宾语从句 She asked me where the post office was. You cant imagine what awful weather we did have. * wh-词既起引导作用，又在宾语从句 中作一定成分 Wh- 宾语从句不能用倒装语序。 介词后可跟宾语从句 4. No one was aware of where she had gone. He has not change at all except that he is no longer so talkative. 1. He asked me if / weather my brother was at home. 2. It is a question of weather we should go. 介词后的宾语从句只能用 weather. 3. 表语从句 What surprised me was that he couldnt speak English. That is why he was late for an hour. 表语从句中值得注意的两个问题： His first question was _ Tom had arrived yet. A) if B) whether Whether 可用来引导表语从句， if 不能。 The reason I didnt go to school that day was _ . A)that I fell ill B) because I fell ill 当主句的主语是 reason时，后面所 接的表语从句要用 that, 不能用 because. 4. 同位语从句 在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同 位语从句。同位语从句一般用 连接词 that引导，常放在 fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, promise, answer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion等抽象名词后面，。 说明该名词的具体内容。换言之， 同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容 上为同一关系，对其内容作进一步 说明 . 例： The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school. 他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整 个学校。 析： they had won the game说明 The news的全部内容，因此该句为 同位语从句。 1同位语从句意义完整，即 that 不充当 任何成分，只起连接作用。 例： The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once. 析： the soldiers should cross the river at once是 the order的全部内容，且意义 完整，因此应用 that引导同位语从句。 同位语从句的隔裂 练习题 28 同位语从句和定语从句的 区别 The fact that he has been to college is no sign that he is cultured. Thats the best film that I have ever seen. It 引导的强调句 结构： It is ( was) + 被强调部分 +that (who)+句子的其余部分。这种结构 可用来强调除动词以外的任何句子 成分。 David bought a walkman from a store yesterday. It was David who/ that bought a walkman from a store yesterday. It was a walkman that David bought from a store yesterday. It was from a store that David bought a walkman yesterday. It was yesterday that David bought a walkman from a store. 练习 7 二 . 状语从句 由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓 语（或其他动词）、形容词、副词或是 整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、 原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、 让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目， 也是一个考试重点。 1.时间状语 从句：资料 He started as soon as he received the news. Once you see him， you will never forget him. 练习题 60 2.原因状语从句 是表示原因或理由 的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词 是 because， since， as ， now that（既然）等， for 表示因果关系 时，语气不如 because强。 资料 2 He is disappointed because he didnt get the position. As it is raining， I will not go out. Now that you mention it， I do remember. 练习题 5， 29 3. 条件状语从句分真实性（有 可能实现的事情）与非真实性 （条件与事实相反或者在说话者 看来不大可能实现的事情）条件 句。引导条件状语从句的词（组） 主要有： if, unless(除非 ), suppose, supposing(仅用于问句 ), provided, as/so long as, given that , on condition that， if only 注意：条件从句中的 if 不能用 whether替换。 You can get the job on condition that you have Masters degree. You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean. 练习题 31， 97 4. 让步状语从句 让步状语从句可由 although， though， as， even if （ though）， however， whatever， whether or， no matter who （ when， what， ） 等引导。注意 ： as引导的让步状语从句 一般是倒装的。 资料 Child as/ though he is， he knows a lot. Whatever （ = No matter what ） you say， Ill never change my mind. 注意：在时间、条件、方式、 让步状语从句中，表示将来的动 作用一般现在时态，不用将来时 态。 If he comes to Chongqing, I will treat him. 5、地点状语从句 引导地点状语从句的连词是 where 和 wherever等。 Sit wherever you like. Make a mark where you have a question. 6.目的状语从句 引导目的状语从句最常用的词 （组）是 so， so that（从句谓 语常有情态动词）， in order that， in case（以防，以免）等。 Speak clearly， so that they may understand you. He left early in case he should miss the train. 7. 结果状语从句 结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从 句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。 由 so that（从句谓语一般没有情态动 词）， so that， such that 等引导。 She was ill， so that she didnt attend the meeting. He was so excited that he could not say a word. She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her. 8. 方式状语从句 方式状语从句常由 as， as （ though）， the way， rather than等引导。 You must do the exercise as I show you. He acted as if nothing had happened. 9. 比较状语从句 比较状语从句常用 than， so （ as） as， the more the more等引导。 I have made a lot more mistakes than you have. The busier he is, the happier he feels.
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