从句重点难点

一定语从句1.只能用that ,而不能用which 的情况1）当定语从句修饰的先行词是：all, any, every, few, a few, only, no, some, very, something, anything, nothing, little, much 等不定代词或先行词被上述不定代词修饰时，连接词只能用that；You can take any seat that is free.2）当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级等修饰时，其后的关系代词要用that Jack is the best student that I have ever taught.3) 先行词被the only, the very, the last 修饰时He is the only person that I want to talk to.4) 先行词既有人又有物时用 that They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school2. that 可用于表示“方式”、“时间”、“地点”的词语后取代“when”、“where”、“in which”等也常省略看看汤姆处理工作的方式。Look at the way (that / in which ) Tom tackled the job. 不幸的是，我们跨越海峡的那天海上波涛汹涌 The sea was, unfortunately, very rough the day (that / when / on which ) we crossed the channel.这是我父亲住了30 年的房子。 This is the house ( where / in which / that ) my father lived for thirty years. 3.介词后不能跟“that”，在某些固定短语中介词不应与短语分开而前置 listen to; look at; look for; pay attention to; take care of Your inefficiency, which we have put up with far too long, is beginning to annoy our customers.（put up with 为短语动词，with不能前置。）这是我跟你说到的那本书。Here is the book that I told you about.不可使用：Here is the book about that I told you. 因为that 前不能加介词。）4.名词或数词+ of + which / whom 表示部分与整体的关系 There are many forms of energy, one of which is atomic energy.（which的先行词是many forms of） The book, the cover of which is gray, is mine.（which 的先行词是the book）5.but 作关系代词 “but”用做关系代词时，作“who / thatnot”或“whichnot”解，用在否定结构中通过双重否定达到强烈肯定的修辞效果 凡是规则皆有例外。There is no rule but has exceptions. = There is no rule that does not have exceptions.即：Every rule has exceptions.More examples:Not a day went by but brought us bad news at that difficult time.=Not a day went by which did not bring us bad news at that difficult time.There are few of us but admire your accomplishments.=There are few of us who/that do not admire your accomplishments.6.关系代词和关系副词的省略1)在there be 结构的定语从句中，用作主语的关系代词that/who/which 可以省略，there is 或 there has ever been 等结构通常在定语从句中有“目前有的，曾经有的”之意。e.g. Henry was the only person (that) there was to witness the car accident. This car is probable faster than any of its kind (that) there has ever been.2)当先行词是reason且关系代词在句中作原因状语时，关系代词why 可以省略e.g. That is the reason (why) I like her so much.3). 当先行词是way且关系代词在句中作方式状语时，关系代词in which 或 that 可以省略。e.g. That was the way (in which) he found out the solution to this problem.7.what 用作关系代词“what+名词”相当于“all the +名词+that”e.g. I have given you what help I can.= I have given you all the help that I can. She saved what little money she earned to help this old lady.= She saved all the little money that she earned to help this old lady.8. 先行词为表示“情况”的名词时（situation, conditions, instance等），定语从句用where 引导：e.g. This is a situation where he can still remain calm.二状语从句1.时间状语从句1) when, as, while比较“when”可指一段时间，也可指一点时间，可表示短暂性动作，也可表示持续动作 “as”表示动作与主句同时发生，与延续性动词连用，意为“随着” “while”只能表示持续性的动作或状态 e.g.When I came home, I handed my mother a paper bag.（表示一个动作紧接另一个动作发生。） As I left the house I forgot the key.（表示两个动作同时发生，持续时间较短。） Tom broke a glass while she was washing up.（两动作同时发生，从句动作比主句动作延续时间长。） 2) till, until, not until 比较until 比till 更具有强调意味，故用于句首时通常用“until”而不用“till” 主句为肯定式，则谓语动词是表示延续性的动作，意为“一直到为止” 主句为否定句，则谓语动词表示非延续性动作，意为“直到才” not until 放在句首时，主句的主语和谓语要倒装，表示加强语气 Not until people lose friendship do they know its value. not until 常用于“It was not until that ”的强调结构It was not until I had investigated the matter that I had some idea of it. 3) no sooner than, hardly (scarcely, barely ) when 主句用过去完成时，从句用过去时 连接词放在句首，则主谓部分倒装 She had no sooner walked out of the classroom than she realized her mistake.（不用倒装）Hardly (barely / scarcely) had the words been spoken when he realized that he should have remained silent.话刚一出口，他就意识到自己本应该保持沉默。 No sooner had she walked out of the classroom than she realized her mistake. 她刚一步出教室就意识到了自己的错误。4) “一就”的不同表达方式“the moment / minute / second / instant / day”“的那一刻分秒天就” Jack stopped talking the moment he heard Toms voice at the door.一听到门外汤姆的声音，杰克就停止了谈话。You see the lightning the instant it happens, but you hear the thunder later.你会在闪电发生的那一刻就看见它，而要过一会儿才能听到雷声。几种不常用的表达举例：They went into action directly/immediately/instantly/presently they heard the alarm.(in British English)5)几种需用完成时态的时间状语从句：by the time; it is the first/second time; hardlywhen/before; scarcelywhen/before; no soonerthan; since; ever since; now thate.g. By the time I got home, they had left for the airport.It is the first time that I have visited such a big museum.Wed hardly arrived before we had to go back.6) 下列词组可引导时间状语从句：every time/any time/next time/the first time/the last timethe day/the week/the month/the yearthe morning/the afternoon/the evening/the nighte.g. Every time he went back home, he would went to visit his grandma first.xi2.地点状语从句地点状语从句一般由where 和wherever或everywhere引导 The teacher started where she stopped yesterday. 老师从她昨天停止的地方开始。John went wherever he could find work.约翰去了任何一个可以找到工作的地方。 3. 条件状语从句1)由if 引入的条件从句 a. If it rains, I shall / will stay at home. b. Peter wont catch the bus if he doesnt hurry. （这两句从句用一般现在时，主句用将来时。）c. If you go out, you must / should / may /can take the umbrella. (主句可采用不同的情态动词。)d. If it was fine, he usually walked to school. (主、从句都用过去时。)e. If you will have it so, I have nothing to say against it. 如果你非要如此，我也什么反对的。(从句中的will，表示“意愿”。) 2) if 从句的否定形式可用“if not”或“unless”，译为“除非”Unless you start at once youll be late.3)还有一些连接词及词组可引出条件状语从句providing / provided that, given that, so / as long as, on condition that,supposing /suppose that, in the event that4）几种不常用的条件状语从句：e.g. In the event that she can not arrive on time, we will go first.如果她不能按时到，我们就先走。Say what he said were true, what would you do about it？假如他说的是真的，你将如何应对？Assuming your calculation is correct, we should travel northeast.假如你的计算是正确的，我们应向东北方向行进。5) 祈使句 + and / or (else) 也可表示条件句，这时祈使句可以理解为省略了if 的条件句Turn on the television or open a magazine and you will often see advertisement showing happy, balanced families. 开开电视或翻开一份杂志，你往往会看见广告上展现出一个个快乐和谐的家庭。 4.目的和结果状语从句1) 由从属连词that, so that, in order that 引导的目的状语从句 Man does not live that he may eat, but eats that he may live. 人生存不是为了吃饭，吃饭则是为了生存。2) 在连接词so that 中so 是副词，直接修饰形容词和副词，其句型如下：a. so + 副词 + that b.so + 副词 + that c. so + 形容词+ a + 单数可数名词 + that It was so hot a day that we slept most of the time. 3) 连接词such that 结构中，such 是形容词，直接修饰名词，其句型为：a. such + a + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + that b. such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that c. such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that 4) 在so that 引入的从句中，可把so 放在句首，进行强调，但主谓需倒装，So terrible was the storm that the roofs were all ripped off. 5) 其它结果状语从句such that (是）这样（以至）e.g.The situation is such that agreement is unlikely.so much so that 如此以至于e.g.Alan likes hamburgers so much so that he eats them almost everyday.with the result that 结果是e.g.I was listening to the music, with the result that I didnt hear the doorbell.to the degree that; to such a degree that; to the extent that以至于，到地步，程度e.g.The bad news upset me to the degree that/to such a degree that/to the extent that I couldnt fall into sleep last night.5.原因状语从句 1) because, as, since, for比较because 引入的从句既可以位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后,表示主句谓语动词的直接原因，译作“因为”，as 引入的从句放在句首或句末，译作：“由于”since 引入的从句通常放在句首，表示已为人们所知的原因或理由, 多译作：“既然”for 所表达的语气最弱，出现在句末表示附带说明的理由e.g. I asked her to stay for tea, for I had something to tell her. 我请她留下来喝茶，因为我有事要告诉她 because 比as, since,for 语气更强，表示直接原因，因此用why 开头的疑问句只能用because 回答。2) 原因状语从句还可用短语连接词引导a. in that，意为：“因为，在于” ，常用于两事物间的比较e.g.This machine differs from the other one in that it is more powerful.b. now that 意为：“既然”，与since 同义，它连接已经完成的动作，习惯上放于句首e.g.Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. 既然我们已经完成了这门课程，我们即将开始复习工作。 c. not that but that 相当于not because but becausee.g.Not that John doesnt want to help you, but that its beyond his power. 不是约翰不想帮你，而是他没办法帮。注意：这个句式并不是一个完整的句子，完整的句式是It is not that but that d. seeing that 和considering that 意为：“鉴于，由于” Seeing that he could not persuade the other members of the committee, he gave in. 鉴于他无法说服委员会中的其他成员，他放弃了。 e. in as/so much as意为“因为”e.g.A thorough physical examination is important in as/so much as it serves to reassure the patient.全面体检很重要，因为它能打消病人的疑虑。6. 让步状语从句 1) as 引入的让步状语从句表达的语气强烈，被强调的词要放在as 之前 Patient as he was, he had no intention of waiting for three hours. 尽管他很有耐心，但也不想等上三个小时。Much as she needed the job, she had to refuse.不管她是多么需要这份工作，她只能拒绝。 2) while 和whereas 引起的状语从句表示强烈对比 While I sympathize with your point of view, I cannot accept it. 我虽然同情你的看法，但不能接受它。They want a house, whereas we would rather live in a flat. 他们想要一所大宅子，而我们更想住在一套单元房里。3) No matter+疑问词不能引导主语从句和宾语从句，可用疑问词+ever来引导(错）No matter what he says has nothing to do with me.(对）Whatever he says has nothing to do with me.4) 其它引导词引导的让步状语从句In spite of the fact that he was deaf and dumb, he had a genius for music.For all that there were a lot of difficulties, he finally entered the final competition and won the first prize.Granted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited. 5) For all (that) 表示让步概念，“that”可以省略，相当于“in spite of”或 “in spite of the fact that”，其后可接短语或从句e.g. For all the fine words he may say to your face, he doesnt like you at heart. For all (that) you say, he will not change his mind.6)with 引导的介词短语也可表示让步概念。e.g. With all our advice, he insisted on going there alone.7)alough/though/yet 的使用用了although 或 though, 就一定不能在后面的从句同时用but, 但是though 可以和yet 连用e.g. Although they were very tired, they were still working.Though they were very tired, yet they were still working.7. 比较状语从句 1) 倍数比较：times + as + 原级+ as；times + 比较级+ than；times that of e.g.Line A is five times longer than Line B. A线是B线的5倍长。A线比B线长4倍。This box is four times as heavy as that one. 这个盒子比那个盒子重3倍。The number of the students in this college this year is twice that of (the number of / as many as) last year.这个学校今年的学生人数是去年的两倍。 2) the more the more结构，意为：“越，越” The more learned a man is, the more modest he is. 一个人越有学问，他就越谦虚。The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is). 温度越高，压力越大The earlier (it is), the better (it is). 越早越好。 3）下面一些短语也表示比较 superior to 优于；inferior to劣于；senior to比高级；junior to比低级；prior to早于，先于。e.g.We are superior to others in many respects. 我们在很多方面优于别人。 4) 其他比较结构的用法 a. more than 的其他意义：I was more angry than frightened. 与其说我被吓坏了，不如说是给气坏了。(= I was angry rather than frightened.)His politeness is more than I can stand. 他的礼貌多得让人无法忍受。(= I cant stand his politeness.)more than 意为“非常”，其反义词为less than, worse than 等e.g. I am more than happy to see you here. 非常高兴能在这儿见到你。b. no more than(不多于，仅仅)；no less than（不少于）The pipe is no more than ten feet long. 这根管子只有十英尺长。Lee wrote no less than six books last year. 李去年写的书多达六本。c. no(not any)morethan “与都不” no(not any)lessthan“与一样都”He is no more a teacher than we are.他和我们一样都不是老师。He is no less a teacher than we are.他和我们一样都是老师。Jane is not less diligent than Mary.简不比玛丽懒。Jane is no more careful than Tom.简和汤姆都不仔细。d. more than 与rather than（rather than），other than 的区别：1) more than 是“量上”或“程度上”多少的比较2)rather than 意为“不是而是”或“并非”，它用于“否定”后面的某一事物3) other than 是所题及的事物之外的什么人或物，还常以“no other than”或“noother than和none other than不是别的（人物）而正是”的形式出现She is more of a musician than her elder sister. 她比她姐姐更有音乐天赋。Nuclear science is developed to benefit people rather than harm them. 核科学的发展是为了造福人民而非为害人民。The girl who knocked down Prof. Li was no other than his little daughter. 撞倒李教授的女孩正是他的小女儿。e. just as, so “正如,也”As food is important to men, (so) oil is to machine.正如食物对人重要一样，油对机器也很重要。f. A is to B what/as C is to DA 之于B就如C之于D一样Food is to men what/as oil is to machine.食物之于就如油之于机器一样重要。g. “all the +比较级+原因（for, because, as 或 that 从句）”与“so much the +比较级+原因（for, because, as 或 that从句）”表示“因更加”之意。e.g. The rich will become all the richer and the poor will become all the poorer because of this economic system. His words made her so much the angrier and she slammed the book on the table and left.h. “none(not) the +比较级+for” 意为“不因而更好/更坏”e.g. I guess he did none the better for your advice.我想你的建议并没有使他做得更好。i. “比较级+than+to do”意为“不至于，懂得不该”e.g. He is wiser than to see through his superficial charm.他不至于看不破他的表面功夫。8.方式状语从句 1）as, just as, just as so 意为：“如同一样”。注意as 与like 的差异as 是连词，后面接句子，有时可省略主语或谓语的一部分而like是介词，不可接从句Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50% of patients do not take drags as directed. 细致的调查表明有50% 的病人不按指令服药 2) the way, in the same way as 意为：“以方式”。Melted iron is poured into the mixer much in the same way as tea is poured into a cup from a teapot. 铁水被倒进模子里的方式很像把茶从茶壶里倒进茶杯的方式。 3)as if/ as though 的用法两者意义和用法相同，引导的方式状语从句既可用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气。The old lady treats me as if/as though I were her own son.(与事实相反）It looks as if the weather may clear soon.(实现的可能性较大）三名词性从句 1. that 引导的名词性从句 That shes still alive is sheer luck. 她还活着纯属运气。1)从句做主语。that 起连接作用，不做句子成分。）2. 在某些形容词后，that 引导的从句表示说话人对某一事物的态度并带有感情色彩。I feel very happy that you can come to our party. 你能来参加晚会我感到非常高兴。常见的这类形容词还有：amazed, astonished, aware, certain, sure, delighted, glad, grateful, proud, sad, sorry, surprised 3. 用连接代词或连接副词引导的名词性从句前面不能再加that，比如不能说：I dont know that where I can find Jim.（此处that 不应有。）4. 用连接代词或连接副词引导的名词性从句中，主语和谓语应按陈述句的语序排列。 When we start hasnt been decided. 我们什么时候出发还没有决定。5. if 和whether 引导的名词性从句都表示“是否”，它们既有相同点又有不同之处。 1）相同点： a. 引导宾语从句时多可替换使用 I wonder if / whether you can help me. b. 都可与or 连用 They didnt say if they wanted meat or fish. 他们没有说他们想要肉还是要鱼。 I dont care whether it will rain or shine. 我不在意下雨还是晴天。 (2) 不同点： a. if 不能引导主语从句，但whether可以 Whether he will go remains a question. b. if 不能引导介词的宾语，但whether 可以 It all depends on whether they will support us.c. if 不能引导同位语从句，但whether 可以 例如：You have yet to answer my question, whether I can count on your vote.d. Whether 后可紧接or not，if 后面不能紧接，而必须后移 I dont care whether or not she will apologize to me. I dont care if she will apologize to me or not. 6. 同位语从句前面的先行词所包含的名词多为抽象名词。常见的这种先行词还有： hope, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, belief, message, word, news, promise, question, reply, rumor, likelihood(可能，可能性), (on the )ground(s), (on the) understanding, (with the ) exception 等。7. that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别 that 在同位语从句中是连词，只起连接作用，无具体词义 同位语从句只对其先行词起解释或说明的作用 同位语从句与其先行词之间是平行并列关系 而that 在定语从句中是关系代词，充当一定的句子成分，并有相关的词义，从句与其先行词之间是修饰与被修饰，限定与被限定的关系。 The news that he was resigning his position proved to be incorrect. The news that was spreading proved to be incorrect. 8.形式主语it主语从句在句中作主语，通常位于句首，大多数主语从句都可用形式主语it代替e.g. That he survived the car accident is a miracle =It is a miracle that he survived the car accident. Whether he comes or not makes no difference. =It makes no difference whether he comes or not. How the prisoner escaped is a mystery. =It is a mystery how the prisoner escaped.当what 引导的主语从句表示“的东西时”，一般不用it作形式主语，whatever, whoever 与 whichever 一般也不用it 作形式主语What he needs is more money.Whatever he said has nothing to do with me.形式宾语it宾语从句在句中作宾语。在带复合宾语的句子中，it也常被用作形式宾语放在真正宾语that 从句的前面。We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to he outside world.表语从句：表语从句位于系动词后，充当复合句中的表语，引导表语从句的that 通常可以省略。e.g. It seems (that) it is going to rain. That is why Jane was praised.That is how Mike got the first prize in the final competition.表语从句中的特殊结构：The reason why/that Mike got the first prize in the final competition is that he had both the dream and strong will.What he saw was that the old man was stealing something in the supermarket.This is because he has both the dream and the strong will. 9