初中英语知识点

2011初一 初二 初三英语知识点归纳与中考实战解析初一（上）l Pronunciation英语国际音标表（48个）元音（20个）单元音长元音/i:/:/U:/:/:/短元音/ /e/双元音合口双元音/e/a/a/集中双元音/e/辅音（28个）轻辅音/p/ t/ k/f/s/浊辅音/b/d/ /g/v/ /z/ 轻辅音/ts/t/tr/浊辅音/dz/ /d/dr/ 其他辅音/m/n/ / /r/ h/w/j/l Grammar1. 词类（Parts of Speech）词类意义例词名词表示人或事物的名称boy,pencil,book,backpack冠词用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物a ,an, the代词用来代替名词、形容词或数词we, that, his, what形容词用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征old, red, fine ,good数词表示数量或顺序one, thirteen, first动词表示动作或状态look, go, be(am, is ,are)副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词not, too, here, often介词表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系in, on, of, to, under连词用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句and, or, but感叹词表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感oh ,hello, hiA名词的总体分类：专有名词和普通名词B按名词的性质分：可数名词和不可数名词2. 名词C可数名词的单数和复数形式（重点掌握：名词复数的变化规则P95）单选、填空、改错、写作（8-10）D名词的所有格（单数名词+S，以S结尾的复数名词+）难点：1.不规则名词的复数形式：man-men, woman-women2.表示民族的名词，有的在词尾+S，如American-three Americans; 有的单、复数形式相同，如a Chinesefour Chinese人称代词3代词 物主代词改错、写作（3-5）指示代词A. 人称代词人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称he she ithim her ittheythemB. 物主代词人称类别单数复数一人称二人称三人称一人称二人称三人称形容词性物主代词myyourhis, her, itsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshis, hers, itsoursyourstheirsC. 指示代词指示代词用法例句This(these)一般用来指时间或空间上较近的事物Is this your pencil?These are my friend.That(those)常用来指时间或空间上较远的事物Is that his book?Those are my brothers.基数词4. 数词单选（2-3）序数词Be 动词（肯定式和否定式疑问式和简略回答）5. 动词实意动词的用法（助动词dodoes在否定句和疑问句中的使用）单选、句型转换、填空、完型、改错、写作（20-30）6. 介词：介词一般用于名词或代词前，表示该词与句子其他成分的关系。（介宾短语）常考介宾短语举例：at home at six thirty learn about Chinese history before breakfast play with them a picture of a classroom固定搭配（4）陈述句：用来说明事实或说话人的看法：My name is Gina.疑问句：用来提出问题：Is this your pencil? Can you play the guitar?7. 句子的种类：祈使句：用来表示请求、命令：Spell it,please. Lets play soccer.句型转换、英汉互译（8-10）感叹句：用来表达强烈的感情：What a funny time to eat breakfast!. 一般疑问句（由情态动词，助动词，Be动词提前来构成。 回答一般用YesNo）Eg. -Do you have a baseball? -Yes,I do. No,I dont.8. 疑问句 特殊疑问句(由特殊疑问词what, where, why, when, how 引导。)选择、英汉互译（5-8） Eg.-Whats his name? -His name is Jack.-When is your birthday? -My birthday is November 11th.初一（下）l Grammar1. 冠词：虚词，置于名词前，帮助说明名词的含义。选择、改错（2-4）l 不定冠词a, an 区别使用:a very interesting country an interesting countryl 定冠词的用法：可数名词单数、复数及不可数名词前均可用thel 零冠词：专有名词和不可数名词前（China,milk）,名词前已有作定语的this,that,my,your,some等（Some people dont like his new look.）,复数名词表示一类人或事物（I like elephants.They are cute.）,在星期、月份、季节、节日前（on Sunday）,在称呼语、头衔和职务等名称前（I like my music teacher，Mr Green.）,在一日三餐前（for lunch）,在球类运动的名称前（Can you play tennis?）, 在某些固定词组中（at homeschool, by train）现在进行时be doing sth.陈述句、否定句、疑问句的变换（注：动词-ing形式的构成）Tom is swimming.一般过去时陈述句、否定句、疑问句的转换（注：动词过去式的构成-规则动词与不规则动词）Tom was swimming.2. 动词的时态选择、句型转换、英汉互译 There be句型（注：be 动词时态的用法，句型转换，就近原则）（12-15） There is a pen and two pencils on the desk.时间介词： at, on, in, before, after地点介词：at, on, in, above, under, before, in front of3. 介词其他介词：about, from, with, of选择、改错（3-4）固定搭配：at first, at last, on duty, on time, in all, in English4. 进一步巩固深化句子种类：祈使句、疑问句。初二（上）l Grammar1. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 选择、填空、翻译（2-3）规则变化与不规则变化eg. High-higher-highest fine-finer-finest big-bigger-biggest easy-easier-easiest beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful goodwell-better-best用法比较级：表示两者的比较，“比较级+than”的句型Eg.Who runs faster, Lucy or Lily?最高级：表示三者以上的比较，在最高级前一般要+the，后面可带of(in)短语来说明比较的范围。Eg. Who is the funniest actor of the three?3. 动词的种类 选择、句型转换、翻译（15-17）类别说明例句实意动词表示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语She has a new friend from America.联系动词不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语He is popular in school.助动词不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语，表示否定、疑问、时态或其他语法形式I dont want to go for a drive.(否定)情态动词不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语，表示说话人的语气和情态，情态动词没有人称和数的变化She can speak a little English.You should drink more water.be going to+V原型“打算、计划、决定要做的事情”eg. We are going to visit theGreat Wall.动词的时态现在进行时表将来“意图、打算”eg. What are you doing for vacation?4. 句子成分：主、谓、宾、定、状、补、表、同位5. 句子类型：简单句、并列句（and,so,but, or）、复合句（I think Screen City has the most comfortable seats.）宾语从句的了解：An old lady said (that) she found a job as a foreign language teacher.初二（下）l Grammar1. 情态动词maymight”可以” will和would”意愿、意图”综合运用 选择（2）2. 动词时态进一步深化： 一般将来时“will+V原型”，过去进行时“waswere+Ving”,现在完成时“havehas+过去分词”，现在完成进行时“havehas been +Ving”Ive been doing morningexercises for years.3. 附加疑问句（反义疑问句）“前否后肯，前肯后否”选择、改错（2）He is a student, isnt he?He didnt go their yesterday, did he?4. 直接引语：直接引述别人的话。前后加引号。Eg. John said,”I like reading adventure stories”(直引)间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话。多数情况下构成宾语从句。Eg.John said that he liked reading adventure stories.(间引) 句型转换（2）初三（全）l Grammar1. 不定代词：不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词。不定代词大都可代替名词和形容词。 选择、改错、翻译（3-4）2. 不定代词的用法例句Some(肯),any（否，疑）Zhu Ming says he was met some wonderful people.I cant think of any good advice to give her.All(两个以上)，both(两者)He called up all his friends and told them about the problems.Both John and Mike play soccer.Either （两者中的任何一个），neither(两者中一个也不)I think either method will work.Did you see Peter and Mike?No,I saw neither of them.No(只用于名词之前)，none(三者或三者以上都不)Before 1929,there was no sound in movies.I know none of them.Each(每个，各自的)，every(每个，每一的)What was each person doing when the UFO arrived?I decided to take lots of grammar notes in every class.Many,much, a lot of,lots ofEnglish can help us understand many books.You are afraid of too much homework.I used to spend a lot of time playing games.You should eat lots of fruits and vegetables.Few,a few,little,a littleIts polite to take a few flowers as a gift.Few people know how basketball started.过去完成时“had+过去分词” When I got to school,Any had finished herhomework.2. 动词 动词不定式“to+V原形”（作宾语、状语、宾补、定语、主语） 重：（10-13） Eg.To learn a foreign language is not easy.(主)被动语态：”be+过去分词” English is spoken in Canada.3. 定语从句：在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句That（人、物）The girl that we saw yesterday is Jims sister.关系代词 which（物）The story which he told was very popular选择、改错、翻译（5-6）Who, whom(人) I love singers who write their own music.合成法classroom,good-looking,everyone派生法unfriendly,review,telephone4. 构词法转化法water(水)浇水，walk(V.散步)-take a walk(N.散步)选择（2）