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Training and Pruning Basics,Objectives and Tools,Strong Tree Framework,Facilitate Management,Harvest Sunlight Efficiently,Maintain Productivity,What happens if you do not prune?,Faster growth Earlier fruiting Less light penetration Poor spray coverage More difficult to manage,Objectives of training,A. Establish a strong tree framework B. Facilitate management of tree and crop C. Harvest sunlight efficiently D. Maintain productivity by renewing fruiting wood,A. Establish a Strong Tree Framework,Upright vertical trunk Well distributed scaffolds Wide crotch angles,Structural Wood,Establish a Strong Tree Framework,Well Distributed Scaffolds,Establish a Strong Tree Framework,Wide branch angles are stronger Narrow angles are weak and increase shading inside canopy,A Strong Tree Framework:,Major objective of the first three years Must last the lifetime of the tree Structural support for fruit crop Should not be crowded,B. Facilitate Management of the Tree and Crop,Height of primary scaffolds Distribute scaffolds well Tree uniformity Tree size,Facilitate Management:1. Height of Primary Scaffolds,Access to tree base Irrigation, herbicides, fertilizers Allow air movement to minimize disease pressure,Facilitate Management: 2. Distribute Scaffolds Well,Easy entry to tree Thinning, pruning, harvesting Good pesticide coverage,Facilitate Management: 3. Tree Uniformity,Easier to train employees Mechanization possible,Facilitate Management: 4. Tree Size,Small trees are easier to work No ladders needed Easy to reach all parts of tree Better spray penetration,Facilitate Management of the Tree and Crop,Optimize height of primary scaffolds Allow space at tree base Distribute scaffolds well Do not over crowd scaffolds Tree uniformity Limit tree size with summer and winter pruning,C. Harvest Sunlight Efficiently,Maximize surface area of orchard covered by canopy Limit canopy depth,Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: 1. Maximize surface area of orchard covered by canopy,Most rapid in high density plantings,Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: 2. Limit Canopy Depth,Light Intensity Decreases Within the Tree Canopy,Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: 2. Limit Canopy Depth,Photosynthesis Decreases at Lower Light Levels,Harvest Sunlight Harvest Efficiently:,Poor fruit color Poor fruit distribution Less fruit bud development Poor fruit size Poor fruit flavor,Poor Light Intensity Leads to,Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: Poor Light Intensity Leads to poor Color,Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: Light Intensity Affects Fruit Color and Size,Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: Light Intensity Affects Fruit Color and Size,Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: Light Intensity and Fruit Size,% Light Penetration,Fruit size (grams),Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: Light Intensity and Fruit Distribution,% Light Penetration,% Fruit Distribution,Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: Light Intensity and Fruit Flavor,% Light Penetration,% Soluble Solids,Harvest Sunlight Efficiently,Maximize Orchard Floor Covered with Canopy Limit canopy depth to 1.0 m. Expose all parts of the canopy with at least 50% sunlight,D. Maintain ProductivitySustain maximum bearing area for maximal time,D. Maintain Productivity,Maintain light distribution in canopy Remove unproductive wood Maintain good vegetative/fruit balance,Maintain Productivity: Maintain light distribution in canopy,Only sun-exposed areas produce quality fruit Limit canopy depth to 1.0 m. Control tree size Unless control tree size the fruit moves up every year Lower part of tree will be shaded,Maintain Productivity: Remove Unproductive Wood,Fruiting wood which hangs down Fruiting wood which is shaded Water sprouts and root suckers Diseased or damaged wood Weak or thin wood,Maintain Productivity: Remove Unproductive Wood,Remove weak or thin wood,Maintain Productivity: Remove Unproductive Wood,Remove weak or thin wood,Maintain Productivity: Maintain good vegetative:fruit balance,Thin out excessively vigorous vegetative growth during summer Allows light into center of tree,Maintain Productivity: Maintain good vegetative/fruit balance,Remove excessive fruiting wood In peaches - remove 40-60% of new fruiting wood each year,Conclusions:How should you train your trees?,Many approaches work Open center is most common for peaches Central leader is most common for pome fruit Find a program that works and stick to it,Conclusions:How should you train your trees?,Keep in mind the four objectives Establish a strong tree framework Facilitate management of tree and crop Harvest sunlight efficiently Maintain productivity by balanced renewal,Tools used in Tree Training,Manipulation of apical dominance Controlled by the plant hormone auxin Produced by actively growing shoots Moves down the branch with gravity,Effects of auxin,Inhibits lateral bud break Inhibits lateral shoot growth Affects branch angle,PruningRemove the Source of Auxin,Heading Cut Remove part of the branch Stimulate bud break near cut Stimulate localized branching,PruningRemove the Source of Auxin,Thinning cut Remove branch at point of origin Least invigorating cut Promote light penetration into canopy Maintenance pruning,Bend Branch Towards Horizontal,Decreases amount of auxin moving from tip,Increase lateral branching Decrease terminal growth,Bend to a 45 to 60 degree angle,Bend Branch Towards Horizontal,Decreases amount of auxin moving from tip,Increase lateral branching Buds at highest point break Decrease terminal growth,Bend below the horizontal,Timing of pruning,Dormant pruning Most common approach Summer pruning Works well in combination with dormant pruning Open up the tree to allow light into center,Pruning Response Varies with Tree,Different varieties/crops grow differently Spur types in apples Vigor level of the tree Age of the tree Rootstock Fertility/irrigation/soil constraints Small fruited vs. large fruited crops,
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